Hi,
I have attached my new essay: Heidegger, the Jews, and Religion : Thoughts on Martin Heidegger, Between Good and Evil, by Rüdiger Safranski, Translated by Ewald Osers (1989). Yes, there is a discussion of Maimonides in the essay.
https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/a8eec7_35dc6165f3bf4662bf0298ee88590999.pdf
Enjoy!
Your friend, שבת שלום!
Scott Alexander
- Hi ScottMany thanks.It is so: Heidegger was indeed a dirty nazi and nobody today can deny it.I have read the Gesamtausgabe of Heidegger ( more or less 5 years of reading) and it is necessary to acknowledge, in my personal opinion, that his first Writings ( for example, his Dissertation about Duns Scotus) and other books ( about Kant and Aristoteles and a few others) are good Philosophy.The extant works are, more or less, like Safranski said and holds.Personally, I have a "souvenir": I studied "illo tempore" with a Polish Logician ,I. Bochenski, at the Fribourg Univ. (Switzerland): he said that "Sein und Zeit" and other Writings were a nice joke, without Logic and Coherence.Today in France there is a serious revision of Heidegger ( Jean Luc Nancy, etc).Notwithstanding, if you read Rosenzweig's last "Vertauschte Fronten" about the Davos Conference, he said that Heidegger was the continuation and like the best disciple of Hermann Cohen and not Ernst Cassirer. Rosenzweig wrote it before his death.Any reference to Heigger and Hannah Arendt? Also Karl Lowith ( of Jewish origin) studied with Heidegger and he was convinced that the nazism of Heidegger was undebatable.Safranski is perhaps a gifted "best seller" but his references to the Rambam are light.Anyway thanks to you and Shavua tovavi
- Thank you for your fascinating response. I am replying in this post and in a private one, because there are certain comments I want to make about this subject which might be inappropriate in a public forum.I am amazed that you have made it through the collected works of Heidegger. Apart from Safranski himself I don't know of anyone who has done this. Having achieved this, how did you feel having finished it, and what could you tell us about it?
From what little I know, Heidegger's Aristotle material is very important, and may be part of the motivation for Joe Sachs' brilliant recent translations of the Physics and Metaphysics.I still think that a lot of the ideas in Being and Time are compelling. I don't know about its coherence, but I think it's probably an overstatement to regard the book as a philosophic joke, as Mr. Bochenski has it. Everything about Heidegger is much too serious to regard as a joke, which is part of the reason why Safranski's light touch is welcome. My problem, which I hoped to clearly express in my essay, was with the misuse of meditation, and the attempt to forge something like a sacred space for the material of being.I think that, on the whole, Safranski does a pretty good job of explaining Heidegger, irrespective of my criticisms.I was interested that you mention Rosenzweig, and Hermann Cohen, is much as they remained committed to the importance of ethics and morality in modern philosophy. This is precisely the problem with Heidegger. Since his contemplation proceeds from the lower, and not from the higher, in its singular focus on material being, and its rejection of all other foci as being inauthentic and the oblivion-of-being, I do not recognize any interest whatsoever in the philosophy of morality and ethics. It would seem as though anything that leads to the disclosure of being, or as Heidegger used to say in the 1930s, the overthrow of the German Dasein, would be moral, no different than the instrumentality made of morality by all the 20th century totalitarianisms.But going deeper than that I would like to discuss this question of philosophical morality in terms of two important works that I'm looking at currently. I am coming to the conclusion of Rabbi Dr. Yehuda Even-Shmuel's long introduction (130 pages in Hebrew) to the second book of Maimonides' Guide to the Perplexed, and damn several chapters into Jacob Howland's brilliant Glaucon's Fate. In the latter work, the author provides the real historical background to Plato's Republic, including an in-depth examination of its characters. In his telling, the main character, Glaucon, Plato's brother, becomes the subject of Socrates reform program. Glaucon is an ambitious but still wet behind the ears future political leader in the Athenian aristocratic party whom Socrates hopes to influence in the direction of the philosophic and moral life. According to Howland, the failure of this project constitutes the tragedy of the Republic. In other words, philosophy fails its most significant attempt to make one person good. Rav Even-Shmuel, on pages 127 through 128 of his introduction, having exhaustively treated the relationship between Judaism and the Athenian philosophers from every possible angle comes to the conclusion that secular philosophy is incapable of doing more than creating moral individuals, and that only rarely. His claim is that it has never been able to create a righteous nation, something that can only come through the agency of Revelation.
Since I was so impressed by the contrast and congruity between these two accounts, I have included below my translation of Rav Even-Shmuel's text, and followed it with his original Hebrew.
Sincerely,Scott Alexander_________________________________________________________________________________Translation of Rabbi Dr. Yehuda Evan Shmuel, introduction his commentary to volume 2 the Guide of the Perplexed, pages 127 – 128.Has free choice always led man to morality?
For the most part, free will brought mankind to corruption, to debauchery, and to the rule of evil men. The great philosophers, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, believed that if man let his mind rule his will he would arrive at pure morality. But the human mind did not always prevail to the side of morality, and the moral education of the great philosophers affected only a few individuals. As for communities as a whole, none were influenced by the example of Socrates, nor by Plato’s “utopia” [presumably referring to “The Republic”], nor Aristotle's political philosophy, to improve social arrangements or to raise the public to a purely moral life.
What is the reason for this failure of philosophy?
The laws of Plato (in “The Republic” and “The Laws”) were based on the Socratic assumption that the knowledge of the ideal of the good which individuals reached through philosophical education would suffice to produce a law-abiding society. However, human law did not stand the moral test in any society known to us. No state of laws has ever made a righteous nation.
Even Aristotle's belief that the individual’s political nature would lead society to morality, because that would bring happiness to most people, has not been confirmed by history. Aristotle tried to ground man's moral will when subordinated to nature’s law to the framework of the natural causality operating in the animate world. In doing so he succeeded in explaining much of the ethical activity arising in everyday moral challenges. Still, he did not recognize morality in its supreme manifestation, the pure morality of the prophets and the righteous, the pious and the holy. Like Socrates and Plato before him, he did not acknowledge the unique actualization of pure righteousness in the life of society, when it received its constitution from those inspired bearers of righteousness. Its true moral origin is neither in human nature nor in human wisdom, nor even in the wisdom of those messengers, but rather in God’s demand to mankind:
"It hath been told thee, O Man, what is good,
and what the LORD doth require of thee!" (Micah 6:8)
This demand does not arrive through the weight of knowledge nor from intellectual activity. Pure moral rectitude cannot come from any logical inference. It arises from decisive facts: the fact of prophecy in the life of the prophets, and the fact of the revelation of Mount Sinai in the life of the prophetic people.
In prophecy, God only revealed Himself to the prophets as a teacher of men, showing them at Sinai how to gain knowledge of His will, the will revealed in the giving of the Torah. The Torah taught them true opinions, legislated righteous laws and judgments, and commanded the performance of purifying deeds that strengthen right-mindedness.
Before Sinai man was subject to the dictate of nature, but henceforth a new kingdom, the kingdom of the Torah, opened before him. In the kingdom of nature, he was enslaved by the laws of nature, but in the kingdom of Torah he became free. Here, too, there were many laws [as there were in the legislation of the Athenian philosophers], but here, man has the choice: He may choose to accept the Torah and keep its commandments, liberating him from bondage to nature, from bondage to his instinctive drives, as well as from the bondage of human tyranny, such that no mere mortal could ever rule him.
_
אך כלום תמיד הובילה הבחירה החופשית את האדם אל המוסריות? לרוב הובאו רבים דוקא על ידי רצונם החפשי השחיתות, אל ההוללות, ואל שלטון האדם באדם לרע לו. הפילוסופים הגדולים, סוקראט, אפלטון, ואריסטו, סברו כי אם ישליט האדם את הסכל על הרצון יגיע למוסריות צרופה,--אולם לא תמיד הכריע השכל האנושי לצד המוסריות, והחינוך המוסרי של הפילוסופים הגדולים השפיע רק על יחידים מועטים. אשר לקיבוץי אנשים לא הושפעה שום עם לא מן הדוגמה של סוקראט, לא מן ה”אוטופיה” של אפלטון, ולא מחכמת המדינה של אריסטו, להיטיב את הסדרים
.החברתיים, ולהעלות את החיים הציבוריים לחיי מוסריות צרופה.
מה היא הסיבה לכישלון זה של הפילוסופיה?
החוקות שהוצאו על ידי אפלטון (ב"מדינה" וב"חוקים") היו מיוסדות על ההנחה הסוקראטית כי ידיעת הטוב שאליה יגיע היחידים על ידי חינוך פילוסופי דיה להשפיע בדרך חקיקה על החברה,--אולם חוקי אנוש לא עמדו במבחן המוסריות בשום ציבור הידוע לנו מין ההיסטוריה, ושום מדינת
.חוק לא נעשתה למדינה מוסרית
אף אמונה אריסטו כי תביעותה של ההרגשה החברתית בכל יחיד תוליך את החברה כולה למוסריות, שתביא אושר רב למרבית בני אדם, לא אושרה בהיסטוריה. בנסותו לבאר את הרצון המוסרי של האדם כחלק מן החוקיות השוררת בטבע, כמשועבד לחוקים, כנתון במסגרת הסיבתיות הפועלת בעולם החי, הצליח אמנם אריסטו להסביר יפה את פעולות הרצון האנושי המתגלה ב'אתיקה', במוסריות היומיומית, אולם הוא לא הכיר את מוסריות בהתגלותו העילאית את המוסריות הצרופה של נביאים וצדיקים, חסידים וקדושים. כסוקראת וכאפלטון לפניו לא חכיר בייחוד את פעולת המוסריות הצרופה בחיי חברה שלמה, שקיבלה את חוקתה מנושאי מוסריות זו. אכן מקורה של מוסריות זו אינה לא בטבע האנושי ולא בחוכמה אנוש, אף לא בחכמתם של
:הנושאים הללו, יסודה בדרישת האלוה מבני אדם
"הגיד לך, אדם, מה טוב, ומה ה' דורש ממך!"
על דרישה זו עמד האדם לא מתוך שיקול דעת ופעולה מחשבתית: בתחום המוסריות הצרופה לא המופת ההגיוני הוא המוליך את המסקנה,--כאן העובדות מכריעות: הנבואה בחיי הנביאים, והמימד הר סיני בחיי עם הנביאים.
בנבואה נגלה האלוה לנביאים כקורא אל בני האדם, כרוצה בקירבתם כמודיעם את רצונו; במעמד הר סיני נגלה לעם כנותן התורה, כמלמדם דעות אמיתיות, כמחוקק חוקים ומשפטים צדיקים, וכמצווה על מעשים אשר בהם תצורפנה המידות הטובות, והתחזקנה הדעות הנכונות.
עד אותו מעמד היה האדם נתון במלכות הטבע,--מעתה נפתחה לפניו מלכות חדשה, מלכות התורה. במלכות הטבע היה משועבד לחוקי הטבע,--במלכות התורה נעשה בן חורין. גם כאן רבים החוקים, אבל לו, לאדם, ניתנה הבחירה: רצונו--הוא מקבל את התורה ושומר על חוקיה, המשחררים אוטו משיעבודו לטבע, מהשתלטות יצריו עליו ומשלטון עריצים ורשעים בחברה האנושית, רצונו--הוא שב להיות נפעל, סביל, ונתון במסגרת חוקי ברזל של הטבע, שכאילו אין האדם יכול להיות שליט עליהם.
Scott Alexander
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