Updated: October 1990

The World Anti-Communist League was founded in 1966 in Taipei, Taiwan. WACL was conceived as an expansion of the Asian People's Anti-Communist League, a regional alliance against communism formed at the request of Chiang Kai-shek at the end of the Korean War. (1,9,30,35) The Asian People's AntiCommunist League (APACL) had roots in the China Lobby, a group dedicated to stopping official international recognition of the Chinese Communist government. The China Lobby had U.S. government connections, and allegedly Ray Cline of the CIA assisted this group in establishing the Taiwanese Political Warfare Cadres Academy in the late 1950s. (45) The founders of APACL were agents of the governments of Taiwan and Korea, including Park Chung Hee who later bacame president of Korea; Yoshio Kodama, a member of organized crime in Japan; Ryiochi Sasakawa, a gangster and Japanese billionaire jailed as a war criminal after World War II; and Osami Kuboki and other followers of the Reverend Sun Myung Moon, head of the Unification Church. (4,8,9,11,30) Sasakawa provided major funding for Moon and the Unification Church. When Park became president of South Korea after the 1961 coup, he adopted the Unification Church as his political arm. (45)

One resource states that the Anti-Bolshevic Bloc of Nations (ABN), headed by the notorious Yaroslav Stetsko since the 1950s, entered the group in the early 1960s. (11,45) The ABN is the largest and most important umbrella for former Nazi collaborators in the world. (11)

During the 1970s WACL spread to all six continents and chapters were opened in Japan, Europe, Britain, Australia, the U.S. , and Latin America. The organization attracted former Nazi supporters in Europe and in Latin America. The Latin American group, Confederacion Anti-Comunista Latinoamericana (CAL), headed by Raimundo Guerrero, sprang from the roots of Los Tecos, a World War II fascist group. (11) CAL was overtly fascist and connected to a chain of rightwing military plots in Latin America. (59)

The Unification Church (UC) of Sun Myung Moon has remained a major power within WACL. Moon claimed that he raised $1. 4 million for WACL's 1970 annual conference. (41) In 1975, Moon denounced WACL as being too fascist, and claimed to sever connections between it and the UC. Reports in the New York Times, Searchlight and elsewhere, however, indicate the separation is nominal only. (41) In 1985, WACL's Japanese branch was still run by Osami Kuboki who also headed the Japanese Unification Church. (5)

From 1978 to 1980 Roger Pearson, well known for his theory of white supremacy and his fascist sympathies, was chairman of WACL. Pearson concentrated his efforts in Europe and attracted more radical fascist elements to WACL. For a time WACL appeared to be more anti-semitic than anticommunist. (11) Pearson and the more radical WACL branches attempted to oust more moderate groups, but his attempted coup failed. In 1980, WACL expelled Pearson and said it had purged its fascist elements. As with the separation from the UC, however, the separation from the fascists was cosmetic only. Most of the individuals involved were reported by the New York Times, the Los Angeles Times and other newspapers to be among the attendees at succeeding annual conferences. (2,31)

After Pearson's ouster, Major General John K. Singlaub (ret. ) and his newly-formed U.S. chapter of WACL, the United States Council for World Freedom (USWCF), became WACL's most active branch. USCWF was founded in 1981 by Singlaub with a $16,500 loan from the Taiwanese branch of WACL and generous support from beer baron Joseph Coors. (28,35) From 1984 through 1986, Singlaub was the chairman of WACL. (11)

In 1984, columnist Jack Anderson wrote a series of exposes on WACL connecting the group with death squads operating in Latin America, and once again linking them with fascists, this time in Latin America. He reported that the "godfather" of the death squads in Guatemala, Mario Sandoval Alarcon, a principal of the CAL, had been on the CIA payroll for 30 years--since the National Liberation Movement (MLN) was organized by the CIA to overthrow progressive President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman of Guatemala. (24,25) Further articles by Anderson reported that CAL, which operated out of Guadalajara, Mexico, was an outgrowth of Los Tecos. (26,27)

As a result of this expose, Singlaub put pressure on Dr. Ku, the life-chair of WACL from Taiwan, to expel CAL. (28) Ku complied but, as with the fascists in Europe, the disassociation was probably only nominal. (30) A new Latin American wing, the Federacion de Entidades Democraticas de America Latina (FEDAL), was begun with Dr. Carlos Barbieri Filho of Brazil as head. Barbieri Filho has connections to the Argentine AAA death squad. Moreover, former CAL chieftain Mario Sandoval Alarcon was present at the 1985 WACL convention in Dallas. (30)

WACL maintains offices in a Taipei, Taiwan government building, and runs its daily affairs out of "The Freedom Center," a cluster of buildings in Seoul, South Korea. (30,38) WACL has an executive structure headed by an honorary chairman, chairman, executive board, and secretariat. It has eight regional organizations: Asian Pacific Anti-Communist League (APACL); North American Regional WACL Organization (NARWACL); European Council for World Freedom (ECWF); African Organization for Freedom and Democracy (AOFD); Federacion de Entidades Democraticas de America Latina (FEDAL); Middle East Solidarity Council (MESC); Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (ABN); and World Youth Freedom League (WYFL). (54) WACL has 130 chapters, and estimates of the number of countries involved ranges from 90 to 100. (31,35,38) The group publishes a quarterly magazine, Freedom Digest. (54)

Funding:

The U.S. affiliate, USWCF, had tax exempt status from the Internal Revenue Service from 1982 through 1987. (38) This enabled Singlaub to solicit tax-deductible donations from private parties. The status was withdrawn because of complaints to the IRS about the types of activities in which the USCWF was involved in Nicaragua. (50) Dallas heiress Ellen Garwood donated $65,000 to WACL to buy a helicopter for the Nicaraguan contras. (35) Burt Hurlbut of the USWCF board stated that Taiwan and South Korea were providing $50,000 a month to WACL for the contras. (11,33) Singlaub reported that USWCF was raising $50,000 a month from a group of wealthy Texas conservatives including Bert Hurlbut of First Texas Royalty and Exploration Co and John Howell of Howell Instruments. (35) Singlaub told the Washington Post in May 1985 that the Brazil and Argentina chapters of WACL were very active in supporting WACL activities. (11) A 1985 article attributes donations of $100,000 a year to the WACL chapter in Saudi Arabia. (35) Other contributors include Nelson Bunker Hunt and Herbert Hunt, oil fortune heiress Tarlton "Topsy" King, and Scott Parrott of the Parrott Oil fortune. (63)

An undetermined amount of WACL's funding comes in non- monetary form. For example, a large donation of clothing was obtained from a Korean manufacturer at greatly reduced prices. WACL also receives support from other rightwing groups. Singlaub reported that he received commitments for $100,000 from a fundraising campaign with fellow members of the Council for National Policy. (35)

The purpose of the World Anti-Communist League is spelled out clearly in its name. WACL operates internationally to overcome and eliminate groups or governments considered to pose a "communist" threat. To achieve this end, WACL appears to be willing to align itself with any and all governments and movements it considers to be anti-communist. (38) The group revised its charter in 1987 to include among its purposes the development of "political and psychological warfare methods in order to expose and counteract the evil designs and intrigues of Communist imperialism."(53) At the 1984 convention the group established committees to support and assist eight anti-communist resistance groups: Nicaragua, Angola, Mozambique, Ethiopia, Afghanistan, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. (6,17,21)

Much of the inspiration for WACL activities and the training in psychological and political warfare come from Taiwan. (11,30,39) Training courses are offered, with all expenses paid by WACL, at the Political Warfare Cadres Academy in Peitou. Political warfare is described by the academy as a system "to remove obstacles to national unity within and to resist aggression from without."(11) Roberto D'Aubuisson said of his training there,"(It was) the best course I ever took."(11) Taiwan is no longer recognized by only the United Nations and its government is recognized by two dozen nations, half of which are in Latin America. (11)

WACL activities in Central America expanded greatly in 1984 when Congress shut off all funds to the contra forces. (11) Between 1984 and 1986 WACL became the principal publicly identified source of funding for the contras. Singlaub said that he "quite frankly used the WACL organization... to meet with some people who are capable of contributing" to the contra cause. He identified his three principal WACL sources for funding as Latin America, Taiwan, and South Korea. (59)

Afghanistan:

At its 1984 and 1985 conventions WACL voted to support the anti-communist mujahedeen rebels in Afghanistan. (6,17,21,39) WACL was very active in the foundation and support of the Committee for a Free Afghanistan (CFA). CFA was founded in 1981 and was given office space at the Heritage Foundation. (21) CFA--directed by retired Major General J. Milnor Roberts, a board member of USCWF--raised large sums of money to purchase arms, ammunition and medical supplies for the mujahedeen. (21,48) In 1985 WACL, through USCWF, initiated "Project Boots" to bring humanitarian aid to the Afghan resistance. (21) In 1988, General Daniel Graham, vice chair of USCFW, was one of an eight-man delegation that met with President Ronald Reagan in an effort to block the Geneva accords calling for a withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan. (21)

Canada:

After the U.S. Congress prohibited the CIA from further assistance to the contras in 1984, the Canadian WACL chapter became active in procuring and shipping goods to the contras. In 1984 and 1985 the Canadian WACL, Canadian Freedom Fdn (CFF), headed by John Gamble, a former conservative member of parliament, arranged a series of fundraising meetings for Singlaub, including some with members of parliament. (38) CFF also supported the WACL campaign on behalf of the mujahedeen in Afghanistan by raising funds and holding anti-Soviet demonstrations. (38) A WACL affiliate, the Freedom Council of Canada, was active in rallying anti-communist sentiment in Canada following the student protests in Tienanmen Square and the violent response by the Chinese government. The group claimed to rally the support of some 4,500 Chinese students studying in Canada. (55) The group is presently trying to act as official representative of the Vietnamese exile groups in North America, but as yet agreement has not been reached. (55)

Costa Rica:

In 1986, Bernal Urbina Pinto headed the WACL chapter in Costa Rica and was vice president of FEDAL. FEDAL replaced CAL after it was expelled from WACL because of its fascist connections in 1984. Urbina Pinto was also the leader of the political group, Free Costa Rica Movement, which coordinatedthe Organization for the National Emergency (OPEN), a paramilitary, anti-terrorist force. OPEN trained thousands of peasants in the basic tactics of counterinsurgency. (11)

In 1982, Argentinians came to Costa Rica to organize contra forces who had slipped across the border from Nicaragua. They worked with Urbina Pinto and the Free Costa Rica Movement. (11) Cuban exiles who are members of WACL also live in Costa Rica. Most notable among them is Nazario Sargen head of Alpha 66, a Cuban terrorist group and long-standing WACL member. (11)

John Hull--whose ranch in Costa Rica was used as a base by the CIA and private groups to bring supplies and military support to the contras--is a member of WACL. (20) In fact, WACL was considered by some to be the main CIA conduit in the supply network for the contras. (20)

El Salvador: Roberto D'Aubuisson, Adolfo Cuellar and Raul Molina, worked together under the direction of National Guard commander General Jose Alberto "Chele" Medrano. All were members of WACL and all rose to power in El Salvador. (11) D'Aubuisson, who rose through the ranks of the Salvadoran National Security Agency (ANSESAL)--the Salvadoran counterpart to the CIA--became El Salvador's national representative to WACL. (31,61) In 1977, he went to Peitou, Taiwan for three months of training at the Political Warfare Cadres Academy. In 1980, D'Aubuisson went to the WACL convention in Buenos Aires where he arranged for Argentine intelligence operatives to come to El Salvador and give the National Guard instruction in countersubversion. (31) The advisers helped Salvadorans set up safe houses out of which the death squads operated. (28) The project was funded by WACL. (11) D'Aubuisson became an important figure in politics in 1981 when he established the Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) party. ARENA is modeled after the ultra-right, militarist MLN of Guatemala. Soon after ARENA's founding, investigative reporters linked D'Aubuisson with Mario Sandoval Alarcon of the MLN. Sandoval Alarcon is head of WACL in Guatemala and of La Mano Blanco, a major Guatemalan death squad. (10,11) Testimony of U.S. Ambassador Robert White fixes responsibility for the murder of Archbishop Oscar Romero on D'Aubuisson. (11)

Adolfo Cuellar was a member of the National Assembly for the National Conciliation Party (PCN), a rightwing party in El Salvador. In 1970, he became head of the Democratic National Organization (ORDEN), a rural paramilitary group of some eighty thousand anticommunist informers and vigilantes. He was assassinated in 1981. Medrano went on to achieve power in the National Guard. (11)

Guatemala: In 1954, with the formation of the CIA-sponsored Army of Liberation (AOL) organized to overthrow reformist President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman, Guatemala became fixed in a pattern of anticommunist political violence which persists today. (11) The Eisenhower administration tagged Arbenz as procommunist and sent E. Howard Hunt of the CIA (and, later, of Watergate fame) to organize the AOL. (45) In 1957, a radical right faction of the government set up by the U.S. to replace Arbenz assassinated his successor, President Castillo Armas, and formed a new party, the National Liberation Movement (MLN).

Mario Sandoval Alarcon was the driving force behind the government, and the MLN became the legitimize of his paramilitary operations. (11) Sandoval Alarcon, known as the "godfather," launched his career in the AOL, and has been head of the WACL in Guatemala since 1972. (11) He was the coordinator of La Mano Blanco, which oversaw the operations of many of the death squads in Central America. La Mano Blanco was coordinated by CAL. The death squads have terrorized Guatemala since their formation in the 1960s. When interviewed by the authors of Inside the League a political analyst said,"People ask if the death squads are controlled by the [Guatemalan] Army. They are the Army."(11) Sandoval Alarcon was head of the National Congress and vice president under Colonel Kjell Laugerud Schell from 1974 to 1978. While vice president, he established close ties with Taiwan through his leadership of WACL. He sent an estimated fifty to seventy Guatemalan army officers to the Academy in Taiwan for training. (11) In 1980, WACL requested that Sandoval Alarcon help D'Aubuisson establish death squads in El Salvador. (11,45)

In 1979, John Singlaub and Daniel Graham of the American Security Council and soon to be founders of the new U.S. WACL branch, the USCWF, visited Guatemala. The purpose of their junket was to begin to heal the relationship between the U.S. and Guatemala that had become strained under the Carter administration. They also informed the Guatemalan government that a Reagan victory would lead to a resumption of military ties between the countries. Mario Sandoval Alarcon attended President Ronald Reagan's inaugural ceremonies. (11) Alberto Piedra, WACL member, was appointed ambassador to Guatemala by President Reagan. (38,40)

While Sandoval failed in his bid to become president of Guatemala, he remained the power behind the throne. In 1985, he was still the head of WACL, claimed to have a private army of three thousand, and the ability to put thousands more paramilitary troops into action on short notice. (11)

Honduras: In the late 1970s, General Gustavo Alvarez Martinez brought Honduras into the anticommunist warrior ranks. During his term as president, he created the Honduran AntiCommunist Movement (MACHO) and its action arm, the AntiCommunist Combat Army (ELA)."Lobo," a leader of the ELA, was a member of the United Democratic University Front (FUDD) which served as the ELA's front group. (11) He was also a member of the youth wing of the Latin American Anti-Communist Confederation (CAL)."Lobo" and other representatives of FUDD were present at the 1980 WACL conference in Buenos Aires, and there arranged for WACL members from Argentina to come to Honduras to train contras from Nicaragua. (11) During 1980 and 1982, Jesse Helm's aide John Carbaugh, who attended the WACL convention in 1980, made numerous trips to Honduras. (11) The WACL chapter in Honduras was headed by Moises Jesus de Ulloa Duarte, a conservative radio commentator who traveled to Korea at the invitation and expense of the Unification Church. (11)

Refugee Relief International, a project of Soldier of Fortune, joined forces with WACL to deliver supplies to contra camps in Honduras in 1984. (11)

Mexico: The Confederacion Anticommunista Latinoamericana (CAL) was run out of the Autonomous University in Guadalajara. (11) CAL was formed from a well-established, elite, pro-Nazi network called Los Tecos. (26,27) CAL did not cast off its anti-semitism to don the cloak of anticommunism; it simply incorporated the latter into its agenda. (11) The Jack Anderson expose of fascist elements in CAL forced WACL to expel the group in 1984. However, an article in the Village Voice noted that "the core of the old Latin fascist apparatus remains."(30)

Philippines: In 1987, General Singlaub visited the Philippines with Ray Cline, former CIA deputy director. (32,51)

They met with CIA station chief Norbett Garrett. Singlaub set up an office in Manila at the Nippon Star, a subsidiary of the Japanese firm, Nippon Electronics. (51) Cline and Singlaub, along with Garret and General Robert Sweitzer met with Juan Ponce Enrile and General Fidel Ramos prior to an abortive November coup. (62) Singlaub has also met with Alberto "Magri" Maguidad, alias Jack Madigan, infamous vigilante leader from Taguegarao. Madigan has acknowledged that his group has the backing of Singlaub and WACL. (62)

The Manila Chronicle reported that Singlaub offered financial support to sugar planters organizing an anticommunist drive on the island of Negros. (51) Meetings were held with General Luis Villa-Real, the president of WACL in the Philippines and head of the National Intelligence Coordinating Authority. (51)

The Counter-Insurgency Command (CIC), a rightwing civilian vigilante squad, admitted having the backing of "an international organization led by retired General John Singlaub." The CIC claims to have 2,000 members and 100,000 sympathizers. (34)

The Philadelphia Reporter and the Washington Post reported that Singlaub had recruited 37 mercenaries from around the world to train Philippine soldiers in counterinsurgency tactics. Singlaub denies this. (51) A Senate Committee headed by Frank Church commented on Singlaub's activities in the Philippines, calling it "sheep-dipping," i. e."the process by which military men are given civilian documentation, ostensibly resign from the service and are employed overseas as civilians primarily for the CIA."(62)

Taiwan: Taiwan, home of the China Lobby and founder of WACL, is still run by the Kuomintang (KMT). (1,11,45) The Taiwanese government is no longer recognized as the government of China and has diplomatic legitimacy in few countries. As a result, some observers feel that Taiwan uses WACL as its main political conduit for its anticommunist political policies. (11) It is through WACL that the KMT offers training in unconventional warfare, interrogation and counterterror tactics at their Political Warfare Cadres Academy. The KMT philosophy, carried out in the academy training, is to create a politicized military whose first loyalty is to the party, then to the military, and finally to the nation. Through the academy, both Taiwan and WACL have established a military and political network in Latin America. (11)

According to the authors of Inside the League, Taiwanese students in the U.S. are watched by KMT agents who fill out monthly reports about the total number of students suspected of being "communist."(11)

United States: The first WACL chapter in the U.S. was the American Council for World Freedom (ACWF) founded in 1970 by Lee Edwards. Edwards was the former director of Young Americans for Freedom, the youth arm of the John Birch Society. (11) John Fisher of the American Security Council served as ACWF's first chairman. The American Security Council is a virulently anticommunist group that originally focused on internal security. It currently heads up the rightwing lobby group the Coalition for Peace Through Strength, which includes among its members a number of members of Congress. (61) In 1973, the ACWF, at the urging of board member Stefan Possony, complained to WACL about the fascist members from Latin America. The report was discredited, but in 1975, ACWF left WACL and its members drifted off to other groups in the New Right. (11)

The second U.S. chapter of WACL (1975-1980), the Council on American Affairs, was headed by noted racialist Roger Pearson. During this period Pearson had strong links to the American Security Council. (61)

In 1980 John Singlaub went to Australia to speak to the Asian branch of WACL. (46) Shortly thereafter he was approached to begin a new U.S. chapter of the organization. The U.S. Council for World Freedom (USCWF) was started by the retired General in 1981 with a loan from WACL in Taiwan and local funding from beer magnate, Joseph Coors. (28,35) USCWF has been the most active chapter of WACL of this decade, with the action picking up tremendously in 1984 with the cessation of official U.S. government funding to the contras. Singlaub was selected by the White House in 1984 to be the chief private fundraiser for the contras. The key private funders were to be wealthy business people, Taiwan, South Korea, and "an anti-communist organization with close ties to those governments."(9) Other major contributions came from Guatemala and Argentina, countries where Singlaub had strong WACL connections. In his position as chief private fundraiser for the contras Singlaub reported directly to Colonel Oliver North of the National Security Council. (59) It is highly likely that Singlaub's USCWF/WACL high-profile,"private" contra fundraising may have served as a cover for North's illegal government-sponsored supply network.

In his deposition at the Iran-Contra hearings, Singlaub's claims that he raised $10 million in contra aid were questioned. In 1985, for example, when claims of millions of dollars in aid raised from private sources were reported frequently by the media, the USWCF financial statement reported income of $280,798. (46) In the previous year, reported income was just over $41,000. (47) Singlaub responded that a good deal of the aid was "in-kind" and that the dollar values were somewhat uncertain. He also claimed that his statements had been exaggerated by the press. (46)

What Singlaub has done as a private citizen and what he has done in the name of USCWF and WACL is unclear. However, WACL paid for the services of the public relations firm of Carter Clews Communications to improve Singlaub's public image in order to enhance his fundraising efforts. (46)

The USCWF and Soldier of Fortune established a private training academy for Salvadoran police forces and Nicaraguan contras. Located in Boulder, Colorado, the Institute for Regional and International Studies was headed by Alexander McColl, the military affairs editor of Soldier of Fortune Magazine. (11) Robert Brown of Soldier of Fortune invested $500,000 in Freedom Marine. In December 1985 Freedom Marine sold three "stealth boats" to USCWF for $125,000. The hulls of the boats had been reinforced for machine gun mounts. In Honduras the coastal re-supply system for rebels inside Nicaragua utilized three "stealth boats."(7) Bruce Jones, former CIA liaison to the contras in Costa Rica, worked for USCWF in Tucson. (11)

In 1987, USCWF lost its tax-exempt status because of complaints about the group's support of the Nicaraguan contras and is reported to be short of money. (38,50) USCWF apparently moved its offices from Phoenix to Alexandria, Virginia in 1988. Singlaub was indicted in 1986 and 1988 over USCWF activities in support of the contras. (56,57) Because of these costly legal problems USCWF has been politically inactive and NARWACL did not hold its annual meeting in 1988-1989. (55)

David Finzer and Rafael Flores founded the World Youth Freedom League (WYFL), the youth branch of WACL in 1985. Flores, worked for contra fundraiser, Carl (Spitz) Channell, also indicted in the Iran-contra case. Finzer and Flores worked together at the International Youth Year Commission, a group linked to Oliver North's contra supply network. (44)

In April 1989 the ABN held a policy seminar at the Heritage Foundation in Washington DC. The conference was attended by 100 representatives from the subjugated nations and Rep. Bill Young from the U.S. Congress was the main speaker. (55)

Government Connections:

The following is a brief summary of the military and intelligence activities of Major General John K. Singlaub (USA - ret. ). Singlaub was an officer in the Office of Strategic Services (predecessor to the CIA) during World War II. He served on the China desk of the CIA in 1948 and 1949 and became deputy chief of the CIA in Seoul during the Korean War. (30) He served for two years in Vietnam during the 1960s. There he was commander of the Joint Unconventional Warfare Task Force (MACV-SOG), the outfit that ran Operation Phoenix, infamous for its assassinations and counter-terror tactics, and responsible for the deaths of thousands of Vietnamese civilians. Singlaub denies participation in Operation Phoenix. (11) As chief of staff of the United Nations Command in South Korea in 1978, he publicly condemned the decision of President Jimmy Carter to reduce the number of U.S. troops in Korea. He was then forced to retire. (11) Singlaub served as honorary chairman of Ronald Reagan's 1980 presidential campaign in Colorado. (30) In 1984, Under Secretary of Defense Fred Ikle appointed Singlaub to head a committee studying U.S. responses to the insurgency in El Salvador. (28)

When questioned on the CBS Television show "60 Minutes" about his connections with contra funding Singlaub was asked by Mike Wallace,"Let me put a thesis to you, General Singlaub. Private citizen Jack Singlaub has become Ronald Reagan's secret weapon to sidestep a Congress that will not permit him to act in the areas where he believes that our security interests are at stake. True?" Singlaub's response: "True."(52)

Lieutenant General Daniel O. Graham, former director of the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency, is on the board of USCWF. Graham is the head of High Frontiers, an organization promoting the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). He is also on the board of the Council for National Policy and has been an important figure in CAUSA, the major political arm of the Unification Church. (11,39,43) Graham, Singlaub, Walter Judd, and John LeBoutillier are members of the American Freedom Coalition, an organization which is the result of a merger of a rightwing Christian lobby organization and an offshoot of the Unification Church. (13,14)

John Carbaugh, chief aide to Jesse Helms, attended WACL conventions in 1980 and 1984. Upon receiving a memo from Carbaugh, Helms assisted in the creation of the Conservative Caucus, headed by Howard Phillips, who was working in Helm's office at the time. (12) Margo Carlisle, aide to Sen. James McClure (R-ID), also attended the 1980 convention. (11) Carlisle was on the 1982-1983 board of governors of the Council for National Policy, listed there as the executive director of the Senate Republican

Conference. (39) Rep. Tom Loeffler (R-TX) spoke at the WACL convention in 1985. (19) Other congresspeople who have participated in WACL events include: Rep. Robert Dornan (RCA), Sen. Jake Garn (R-UT), Sen. Jesse Helms (R-NC), Sen. James McClure (R-ID), Sen. Steven D. Symms (R-ID), Sen. Stromm Thurman (R-SC), Rep. Duncan Hunter (R-CA), and Rep. Walter Judd (RMN). (11)

Roger Pearson, WACL chairman from 1978 to 1980, was ousted from WACL in 1980 for Nazi affiliations and attempting to expel more "moderate" WACL groups in Europe. (30) The same Roger Pearson received a letter of commendation from President Ronald Reagan in April 1982 for an article he wrote. The Anti-Defamation League protested to the president about support of a man known to be a promoter of neo-Nazi, anti-Semitic and racist ideology but received no response. In 1986, Pearson was head of the Council of American Affairs in Washington DC (11,23)

Lev Dobriansky, a former OSS officer in Germany in World War II, was chairman of the National Captive Nations Committee and on the U.S. WACL board in the 1970s. (11) He was appointed U.S. ambassador to the Bahamas by President Ronald Reagan. (11,30) Dobriansky's daughter Paula was on the National Security Council during the Reagan administration. (61)

Lewis Tambs, the ambassador to Costa Rica until 1986, was a WACL member as was Alberto Piedra, appointed by Reagan as ambassador to Guatemala. (38,40)

The Washington Post in December of 1984 reported Singlaub saying that,"he and others have sent millions of dollars in uniforms, food, medicine and other aid to contras or their families and to refugees in Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala." He went on to say,"the Defense Department has helped to coordinate the private aid."(11) In an Oct 1986 interview on "60 Minutes," Singlaub acknowledged that he and Col. Oliver North worked together to establish the Nicaraguan contra supply network. (52)

Representative Gerald B. Solomon was a keynote speaker at the 1989 WACL conference in Brisbane. The message he carried was that we must not let our guard down in the fight against communism. It is up to "us" to "finish the job and liberate this world from the blight of communism!" Solomon also delivered a personal message from President George Bush. (55)

John Singlaub is founder and chairman of the U.S. Council for World Freedom. He also has served on the boards of the Council for National Policy; Refugee Relief Intl, a subsidiary of Soldier of Fortune; Western Goals, a group involved in surveillance of the U.S. left; Committee for a Free Afghanistan, a right-wing group supporting the mujahedeen rebels; and, Western Goals in the United Kingdom, a group set up with the specific task of undermining the radical left in that country. (9,11,37). Singlaub also has served as Educational Field Director and Private Sector Co-Chairman of the American Security Council, a pro-military lobby, and as an adviser to the Council for Inter-American Security, a rightwing research and policymaking institute. (11,21) Singlaub served on the American Security Council's Task Force on Central America, a group which included Daniel O. Graham, Alexander Haig, Admiral Thomas Moorer and a number of congressmen. (61) USCWF is a member of the Coalition for Peace Through Strength, the anti-Soviet lobbying coalition of the American Security Council, which in 1987 had a group membership of 170 rightwing activist organizations. (21) In 1985 Singlaub served on the advisory board of Skyhook II Project, a group headed by John LeBoutillier that raised funds to release U.S. prisoners of war believed still to be held captive by the communist forces in Southeast Asia. General Daniel Graham also served on the advisory board. (64)

Martin Lasater, a leader of Elizabeth Claire Prophet's Church Universal and Triumphant, was sent by the church to Taiwan where he became the editor of the Asia Bulletin, a publication of the Asian branch of WACL. In 1985 Lasater became the director of Asian Studies at the Heritage Fdn. (21)

The chairman of the Committee for a Free Afghanistan, Major General J. Milnor Roberts has been on the board of USCWF. (21) Roberts attended WACL conferences in 1980, 1983, and 1984. He has been a professor at Georgetown University when it was associated with the Center for Strategic and International Studies. (11) Ray Cline, on the USCWF board, has had a close association with WACL since he was stationed in Taiwan from 1958 to 1962 as CIA station chief. He was a deputy director of the CIA from 1964 to 1967. (11)

Roger Fontaine of the USCWF board is a reporter for The Washington Times and has served as the director of Latin American studies at the Center for Strategic and Intl Studies. (11) Wealthy Texas oilman Bert Hurlbut is on the USCWF board and in 1986 was an official of the National Conservative Political Action Committee (NCPAC). (11) Stefan Possony, whose research was responsible for the ouster of CAL, quit WACL in 1975, but rejoined in 1980. Possony is a senior research fellow at the Hoover Institute at Stanford University and board member of the American Security Council. (45) In 1986, David Keene of the USCWF board was president of the World Youth Crusade for Freedom and chairman of the John Birch Society's Young Americans for Freedom. (11)

The group Civilian Material Assistance (formerly Civilian Military Assistance, CMA) headed by Tom Posey, is a member of WACL. CMA provided security at the 1985 WACL convention. (9) Posey until recently faced trial in Florida for violating the Neutrality Act for allegedly organizing and funding mercenary missions into Nicaragua. (42) WACL reportedly has given financial support to Friends of the Americas, a rightwing humanitarian aid organization which has supported the contras. (36)

The American Security Council is a member of the Coalition for World Freedom, an arm of the USCWF. (61)

Roger Pearson moved to the U.S. in 1975 and founded the Council on American Affairs. The Council shortly began to sponsor seminars and publish monographs with Edwin Fuelner, president of the Heritage Foundation and Ray Cline. The Council on American Affairs served as the U.S. chapter of WACL from 1975 to 1980. (61)

Howard Phillips of the USCWF board is chairman of the Conservative Caucus and on the board of the Council for National Policy. (40) Andy Messing, former chair of the Conservative Caucus, is on the USWCF board, on the board of the Council for National Policy and was the head of the National Defense Council Foundation. (11) J. A. (Jay) Parker, president of the Lincoln Institute for Research and Education, is on the board of USCWF and on the advisory council of the American Freedom Coalition. (48,49) He was a speaker at the 1983 CAUSA conference in Honduras. (11) David Finzer is co-founder of the World Youth Freedom League, the youth branch of WACL. (41) Finzer heads the Washington-based Conservative Action Foundation, a group which has supported the Mozambique National Resistance (MNR or RENAMO). The World Youth Freedom League reportedly received funding from WACL in South Korea. Finzer also served on the board of the International Youth Year Commission, an entity implicated in diversion of funds to the contras in the IranContra scandal. (44) Finzer coordinated the Ban the Soviets Coalition office in Washington DC. Ban the Soviets was a coalition of rightwing groups--including Cuban exile groups Alpha 66 and Cuba Independiente Democratica, the contra Nicaraguan Democratic Force, the Conservative Caucus, Friends of Freedom Foundation, American Freedom League, the Unification Church's Collegiate Association for Research of Principles, and Richard Viguerie Communications--that worked to ban the Soviets from the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles. (60)

WACL was a member organization of RAMBO (Restore a More Benevolent Order) coalition. (16) Through RAMBO, WACL was linked to Young Americans for Freedom, College Republicans, Students for America, Freedom's Friends, The Conservative Caucus, Alpha 66, American Coalition for Traditional Values, Alive and Free, Natl Young Vietnamese for Freedom, and Nemesis. (16)

Heritage Foundation, the conservative think tank, appears to be home base for the ABN in the United States. The Heritage Foundation hosted ABN conferences in April and May 1989. (55,58)

Misc:

Former President Ronald Reagan's message to the 1985 WACL convention in Dallas was,"I commend you all for your part in this nobel cause. Our combined efforts are moving the tide of history toward world freedom. We must persevere and never falter. I send you all who help in your crusade for liberty my best wishes. God bless you."(30)

President George Bush sent a message of support to the 1989 WACL conference held in Brisbane, Australia. (55)

Sayid Khybar, author of "The Afghan Contra Lobby," considers WACL a major factor in the preservation and power of the political rightwing. He wrote in 1988 that .".. it (WACL) is a coalition of three principal groups: Asian gangsters backed up by the remnants of the Japanese arm of the Axis and the Korean Central Intelligance Agency, former West German Nazis and their former East European collaborators, and elements from the Western intelligence community who were anxious to reorganize the fanatical refuse salvaged from the Hitler coalition for a new anti-Communist crusade."(21)

Comments:

WACL is an international, anticommunist, mercenary group available to rightwing governments around the world to assist in carrying out "extra-legal" activities. Since its inception it has been closely linked to the governments of South Korea and Taiwan. Fred Clarkson contends that "the Moon organization is an integral part of WACL, which in turn has played a pivotal role in the development and activities of the Unification Church."(41) Jonathan Marshall, Peter Dale Scott, and Jane Hunter in their book The Iran-Contra Connection state that WACL has played a role in the drug-funded secret war of the CIA which began in the 1950s in the Far East, was active in Vietnam and now in Latin America."A leading institution in this historic continuity has been the drug-linked WACL, which between 1984 and 1986 was the principal publicly identified source of funding for the contras."(59)

To quote from Inside the League,"As long as it serves such important purposes for so many notorious groups around the world, and as long as there are men and women who will wail about the influx of 'criminal elements' but turn around and quietly work with those elements, there will be a World AntiCommunist League. "The League is not a 'paper tiger. ' "It is a well-funded, six-continent federation of men and women who have given up on democracy, or who never believed in it in the first place, and who are now fighting their enemies on their own terms."(11)

U.S. Address: 108-A South Columbus Street, Barrister Square, Alexandria, VA 22314

Principals:

WACL council chairman in 1989 was Genevieve Aubry. (55) Dr. Ku Cheng-Kang was honorary chairman and Hon. Sen. Jose Desmarets was council chairman in 1987. Prof. Dr. Woo, JaeSeung of Korea is or was secretary-general in 1987. (54) Major General John Singlaub, was chair until mid-1986. (18) Osami Kuboki, head of the Unification Church in Japan and co-founder and chair of Shokyo Rengo, the Japanese branch of WACL and has been an executive board member for many years. (41,21) Dr. Yaroslav Stetsko, executive board member, is a former Nazi collaborator from the Ukraine; Dr. Manuel Frutos, executive board member from Paraguay; Sheik Ahmed Salah Jamjoon of Saudi Arabia, a member of the royal family representing the Middle Eastern Solidarity Council on the executive board; and Patrick Walsh of Canada, executive board member. (11)

In 1989 heads of the regional organizations were: Dr. Robert N. Thompson, NARWACL; Dr. Han, Lih-wu, APACL; Cdt. Georges A. Rombouts, ECWF; and Mme. Slave Stetsko, ABN. Sergio Tapia is vice president of FEDAL. (The acronyms are defined later in the text. )(55)

The World Anti-Communist League (WACL) does not print annual reports or publish other documents available to the public giving details about the organization and its membership. However, WACL does hold elaborate, by-invitation-only annual meetings at which the purpose of the organization is reconfirmed and long- and short-term planning is conducted. It is presumed, therefore, that those who attend the annual meetings play a principal role in setting the goals and planning the operations of WACL. Throughout this report the past tense will be used when referring to WACL memberships, but many of these people are still presumed to be active in the group.

A number of significant people have attended WACL annual conferences from Latin America. These include Carlos Barbieri Filho of Brazil, reportedly an agent of the Taiwanese government and head of the Federacion de Entidades Democraticas de America Latina (FEDAL). (37) Mario Sandoval Alarcon (the "Godfather") of the National Liberation Movement (MLN) of Guatemala; Adolfo Calero of Nicaragua, a leader in the Nicaraguan Democratic Front (FDN) contra forces; Roberto D'Aubuission of El Salvador, founder of the rightwing ARENA party and founder of the Salvadoran death squads; Benito Guanes, former chief of Paraguayan military intelligence; and Raimundo Guerrero of

Mexico, professor at the Autonomous University of Guadalajara and principal leader of the Tecos were other attendees. (11)

From the South African WACL chapter, Ivor Benson, known for his racist and anti-semitic books, has attended. (37)

The "former ruling class" has been represented by Anastasio Somoza, former ruler of Nicaragua;(37) former president of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos;(36) and former president of South Vietnam Nguyen Van Thieu. (36)

European WACL chapters have included these participants at conferences: St. C de Berkelaar of the Netherlands, former SS officer and president of Sint Martinsfonds, an organization of hundreds of former Dutch SS officers;(11) Alfred Gielen from Goebbels' Propaganda Ministry who represented West Germany until the mid-1980s;(21) and Giorgio Almirante of Italy, an official in the Benito Mussolini government. (9)

The U.S. WACL delegation has included many people from anti-Soviet (often pro-fascist) groups from eastern Europe. Among them have been Dr. Anton Bonifacic of Croatia, wanted in Yugoslavia for war crimes, and a member of the American chapter of the Croatian Liberation Movement, and John Kosiak of Byelorussia, wanted in the U.S. S. R. for war crimes. Kosiak is now in the U.S. and is chairman of the Byelorussian Liberation Front. (11) Others from the U.S. delegation were Anthony Bouscaren, William Starr, Lee Edwards, and Roger Peterson. Bouscaren, a professor at Le Moyne University has served on the board of the U.S. Council for World Freedom (USCWF). (9) William Starr of Tucson, AZ represented CAUSA, the political arm of the Unification Church. (9) Lee Edwards, founder of the first U.S. chapter of WACL, acted as a registered foreign agent for WACL until 1982. (11) An anthropologist and author of racial supremacy books, Roger Pearson was chairman of WACL from 1978 to 1980. (23)

Yaroslav Stetsko, chairman of the Anti-Bolshevic Bloc of Nations (ABN), attended many WACL conferences. Stetsko was a Nazi collaborator and briefly was the self-declared leader of the Ukraine. (11)

The Canadian WACL was represented at the conference by Patrick Walsh of the executive board and by Chirila Ciuntu, who remains a member of the Rumanian Iron Guard, a group notorious for its pogroms against the Jews. Ciuntu is active in WACL in Canada. (11)

The Asian WACL chapters have sent numerous representatives to the WACL conferences. From Japan came Ryiochi Sasakawa, a member of the Diet in World War II who was classified as a war criminal by the U.S. and served two years in prison. Takeshi Furuta, a representative of the Intl Federation for Victory Over Communism, the original political organization of the Unification Church is another major Japanese WACL supporter. (11)

South Korean representatives have included Colonel Lee Byung Hee, member of the KCIA and minister-without-portfolio for President Park and General Lee Yung-Joon. The latter was a member of the Japanese army in World War II, Korean army chief of staff in 1949, minister of communications in 1955, and in 1986 was an adviser to the Assoc of Veterans and a member of the State Affairs Advisory Council of South Korea. General Honkon Lee, in 1986 a member of the State Affairs Advisory Council, a former army chief of staff and former ambassador to the Philippines and Great Britain, has also participated in WACL conferences. Colonel Shin Chan, also a participant in WACL conferences, was a spokesman for the ministry of national defense in 1975, executive director of the Association for Promotion of War Industry in 1979, and the director of the KCIA in 1981. Another Korean participant was General Yoo Hanksoung, director of the KCIA in 1980. (11)

Edward Entero Chey of Cambodia, attended a WACL conference as a representative of Son Sann, a rebel organization fighting against the Cambodian government. Chey's expenses were paid by the government of Taiwan. (9)

Dr. Ku Cheng-kang of Taiwan is the honorary life chairman of WACL and was a high-level leader of the Nationalist Party when the group began in Taiwan. In 1986, he served as senior policy adviser to the president and was the president of the Republic of China's National Assembly. (11,28)

Sources:

1. Craig Pyes,"Private General," New Republic, Sept 30, 1985.

2."Rebel Groups May Have Broken I. R. S. Pledge," New York Times, Aug 27, 1985.

3. Moore, The Nation, Nov 2, 1985.

4. Peter Stone,"Contras' of the World Unite," Sunday Times-Times of London, Sept 15, 1985.

5. Fred Clarkson,"These 'Freedom Fighters' Act A Lot Like Fascists," Guardian, Oct 2, 1985.

6. Washington Post, Oct 19, 1986.

7. Frank Greve and Steven Stecklow,"Civilian Says He Helped CIA Ship Arms To Contras," Miami Herald, Feb 5, 1987.

8. Robert Parry and Brian Barger,"Reagan's Shadow CIA," New Republic, Nov 24, 1986.

9. Fred Clarkson,"Behind the Supply Lines," Covert Action Information Bulletin, Winter, 1986.

10. Charles Babcock,"Dallas Hosts Anti-Communist League," Washington Post, Oct 1, 1985.

11. Scott Anderson and Jon Lee Anderson, Inside the League: The Shocking Expose of How Terrorists, Nazis, and Latin American Death Squads Have Infiltrated The World Anti-Communist League (New York, NY: Dodd, Mead & Co, 1986).

12. Flo Conway and Jim Siegelman, Holy Terror: The Fundamentalist War on America's Freedoms in Religion, Politics and Our Private Lives (New York, NY: Delta, 1984).

13. American Freedom Coalition letterhead, undated but circa Fall 1987 and conversation with natl AFC office, Sep 9, 1987.

14. Wes McCune, Group Research Inc, Sep 9, 1988.

15. Washington Post, Apr 9, 1987.

16. Sara Diamond,"Shepherding," Covert Action Information Bulletin, Spring 1987.

17. Shirley Christian, New York Times, Sep 15, 1985.

18. Encyclopedia of International Organizations, 1989.

19."Loeffler's High Honor," Texas Observer, Mar 4, 1985.

20. Peter Dale Scott, Pacific News Service, Oct 21, 1986.

21. Sayid Khybar,"The Afghan Contra Lobby," (unpublished paper), Mar 1988.

22. Washington Post, Apr 13, 1988.

23. Joe Conason, Village Voice, May 7, 1985.

24. Jack Anderson,"Death Squads Have Permeated Latin America," Washington Post, Jan 13, 1984.

25. Jack Anderson,"Latin Terrorists' Leader Retains Support of CIA," Washington Post, Jan 30, 1984.

26. Jack Anderson,"Nazis' Concepts Survive Among Latin Rightists," Washington Post, Feb 9, 1984.

27. Jack Anderson,"Mexican Group Said to Promote Neo-Nazi Cause," Washington Post, Sep 11, 1984.

28. Craig Pyes, The Nation, Sep 1985.

29. Paul Valentine,"The Fascist Specter Behind The World Anti-Red League," Washington Post, May 28, 1974.

30. Joe Conason and Murray Waas, Village Voice, Oct 22, 1985.

31."Rightists: Anti-Communist League Is Prospering," Los Angeles Times, Sep 16, 1985.

32. Philippine Witness, No. 11, Jan-Feb 1987.

33. Fred Clarkson,"Behind the Times: Who Pulls the Strings at Washington's #2 Daily?" Extra!, Sep 1987.

34. Michael Bedford, Peacework, Oct 1987.

35. Peter Stone,"Private Groups Step Up Aid," Washington Post, May 3, 1985.

36. Jon Steinberg,"Discovering Right Is Wrong," Links, NCAHRN, 1987.

37. Derrick Knight,"Profile of Western Goals--UK ," British Council of Churches, Christian Aid, Nov 1988.

38. Howard Goldenthal, Glenda Hersh and Nick Filmore,"Right Winging It," This Magazine, Vol 22, No 3, June-July, 1988.

39. Listing of officers and board of the Council for National Policy, 1982-1983.

40. Conversation with Albuquerque Public Library, July 13, 1989.

41. Fred Clarkson,"God Is Phasing Out Democracy," Covert Action Information Bulletin, #27, Spring 1987.

42."Group Sending Supplies to Contras Got Tax-Exempt Status," Albuquerque Journal, July 16, 1989.

43. In These Times, Apr 8-14, 1987.

44. Jack Anderson and Joseph Spear,"North Linked to '85 Youth Conference," Washington Post, Apr 9, 1987.

45. Thomas Bodenheimer and Richard Gould, Rollback: Right-wing Power in U.S. Foreign Policy (Boston, MA: South End Press, 1989).

46. Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, Appendix B, Vol 25, 1988.

47. USCWF, Internal Revenue Service 990 form, 1984.

48. U.S. Council for World Freedom, Board of Directors, undated, received Feb 1987.

49. Phone conversation with national office of the American Freedom Coalition, Sep 9, 1988.

50. Don Devereux,"U.S. Considers Nicaraguan Canal," Scottsdale Progress, Feb 29, 1988.

51. Doug Cunningham,"Singlaubs Recruits His Own Army in the Philippines," The National Reporter, Spring 1987.

52. Copy of "60 Minutes," CBS Television, Oct 5, 1986.

53. Revised Charter of the World Anti-Communist League, 1987.

54."Freedom for All Mankind, WACL brochure, undated, received in 1989.

55. Freedom Digest, Vol 23, No. 3, WACL, September 1989.

56. Don Devereux, Scottsdale Progress, Mar 25, 1988.

57."Beltway Bandits," The Nation, Jan 16, 1988.

58. Freedom Digest, Vol. 23, No. 2, WACL, June 1989.

59. Jonathan Marshall, Peter Dale Scott, Jane Hunter, The IranContra Connection: Secret Teams and Covert Operations in the Reagan Era (Boston, MA: South End Press, 1987).

60. Sara Diamond, Spiritual Warfare: the Politics of the Christian Right (Boston, MA: South End Press, 1989).

61. Russ Bellant, Old Nazis, The New Right and the Reagan Administration: The Role of Domestic Fascist Networks in the Republican Party and Their Effect on U.S. Cold War Politics (Boston MA: Political Research Associates, 1989).

62."Vigilante Terror," The National Reporter, Fall 1987.

63. The Texas Observer, March 7, 1986.

64. Listing of the board of directors of Skyhook II Project, undated.

The underlying cites for this profile are now kept at Political Research Associates, (617) 666-5300. "http://www.publiceye.org/".

http://rightweb.irc-online.org/groupwatch/wacl.php

(copyright 28 June 2007)

In 1942, Naval intelligence was convinced that information about ship convoys leaving the US was being transmitted to the Axis by longshoreman of German and Italian extraction. Naval intelligence turned to the mob/outfit for help.

Navy Secretary Frank Knox created a special intelligence unit headed by Lt. Commander Charles Radcliffe Haffenden. Haffenden met with mob figures in his office at the Manhattan Astor Hotel. Gangster Meyer Lansky met with Haffenden and promised to get Lucky Luciano's support. Lucky Luciano became a partner with the U.S. Government to prevent sabotage on East Coast ports.

Union strikes and sabotage were practically nonexistent on the New York docks during the war. And when the U.S. forces landed in Sicily, there were mafia men waiting to show them the location of German position and safe routes through minefields.

During this final phase of the war, the mafia-military cooperation - known as Operation Underworld - moved from the Navy to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) forerunner of the CIA.

Source: Crossfire, The Plot that Killed Kennedy by Jim Marrs 156 - 167.

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On 2 December 1943 one hundred German bomber aircraft surprised the Allies in an attack that ultimately left more than fifteen merchant marine vessels at the bottom of the harbor. This incident represented the second worst naval disaster suffered by America during the war, superceded only by the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor. The cargo of one of these merchant marine vessels, named SS John Harvey, reportedly consisted of more than one hundred tons of mustard gas.

The American military transported mustard gas to the European Theatre of Operations (ETO) via the merchant marine. As a result of the German Luftwaffe attack vessel anchored in the city's harbor , the City of Bari would fall prey to a horrific accident that inevitably caused the deaths of at least sixty-nine men, and the exposure to mustard gas of another 628 people.

83 US troops die in poisoned waters. "http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/legal/cw/cwindex.html"

It is an accepted fact today that the true death toll will never be known for several reasons, among them the fact that many Italians, including physicians at local hospitals, were never informed that mustard gas had been released over the city, and that the pernicious and persistent nature of mustard would affect the region over the decades to come. Mustard is an oily brownish liquid that evaporates slowly. This liquid (or gaseous) chemical agent is incredibly persistent and has been known to cause burns after more than twenty years under certain circumstances. It will kill anyone who breathed its fumes or came into contact with its droplets one the skin. Mustard is a carcinogen, or cancer-causing agent, and it is thought that many Italians may have succumbed to its effects years after the fact.

The American military leadership under General Dwight D. Eisenhower covered up this incident for more than a decades. The motivating factor behind the secrecy applied to Bari, is that public opinion, not only during the war, but after as well, was more than anything else responsible for the actions of the British and American governments.

It would not have been beneficial for the Allies to provoke a German response with their own gas should it have been discovered that the Allies were stockpiling chemical munitions in Italy. Additionally it was thought that the Nazi propaganda ministry might be able effectively to use this incident against the Allies, and perhaps sway world opinion against them.

The Germans possessed gas weapons, including three particularly terrible nerve agents known as Tabun, Sarin, and Soman. These nerve agents were far more potent than anything the Allies had. The nerve agents were an entirely new concept completely unknown to the Allies until after the war.

According to Glenn B. Infield in his book about the incident, Disaster at Bari, he mentioned that Axis Sally, a Nazi radio propagandist, sarcastically stated soon after 2 December, "I see you boys are getting gassed by your own poison gas." This would seem to indicate that the Nazis were already aware of the fact that the Americans had transported gas to Italy, and after 2 December, were dying of exposure to it.

The wounds were generally of a more serious nature than those formerly known to be associated with mustard gas exposure and the mortality rate was considerably higher at Bari than in any known cases of mustard gas exposure during World War I. What was not investigated in Infield's Disaster at Bari was the possibility that sulfur mustard was not the culprit, or agent responsible for the casualties, but something else altogether.

In conclusion, the United States Government developed chemical weapons, transported them to Europe, and made preparations to use them against human beings in combat, and in direct violation of the chemical weapons exclusions provided for within the Geneva Gas Protocols of 1925.

Source: BARI REVISITED: REMAINING UNANSWERED QUESTIONS RELATED TO THE GERMAN AIR RAID AT BARI A Thesis MASTER OF SCIENCE : History and Politics, May 2003
by CURT MAYNARD

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During World War II, all US telegraph companies forwarded copies of international cables to the federal government. (2) One of the little-known features of (British and USA agreement) BRUSA was that President Roosevelt agreed that the two governments could spy on each others' citizens, without search warrants, by establishing "listening posts" on each others' territory.

United Kingdom and US) UKUSA agreement is the agreement that has its roots in the BRUSA communications intelligence alliance (COMINT) formed in the early days of World War II and ratified on May 17, 1943 by the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commonwealth Signal Intelligence (SIGINT or monitoring radar or radio and telephone electro-magnetic energy) Organization formed in 1946-47 brought together the UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand post-war intelligence agencies. Forged in 1947 between the US and UK, the still-secret UKUSA agreement defined the relations between the SIGINT departments of those various governments. Direct agreements between the US and these agencies also define the intricate relationship that these organizations engage in.

President Truman issued a secret order creating the National Security Agency, (NSA).

The NSA and Government Communications Head Quarters (GCHQ) through the BRUSA-UKUSA pacts, agreed to share the wealth of each other's cable intercept programs. What this meant was that, in addition to collecting all the cable and telex traffic from the three U.S. telegraph companies ( ITT, RCA Global, and Western Union /2/) under its Shamrock program in 1945, NSA would now also have access to the traffic flowing in and out of the British commercial telegraph system.

Once received, the British tape recordings would be processed through NSA watch list-alerted computers. Thus, NSA would be able to ransack the entire United Kingdom telex and cable systems to locate a reference to Jane Fonda or Muamma Qaddafi, oil or drugs, IBM or British Petroleum.

At the height of Project SHAMROCK, 150,000 messages a month were printed and analyzed by NSA agents.

That the NSA used the British intercepts to search for protesters in its domestic Minaret program was discovered by the special Justice Department task force that investigated the eavesdropping policies of the intelligence community. Project MINARET involved the creation of "watch lists" by each of the intelligence agencies and the FBI of those accused of "subversive" domestic activities. The watch lists included such notables as Martin Luther King, Malcolm X, Jane Fonda, Joan Baez and Dr. Benjamin Spock.

Several former GCHQ officials confidentially told the London Observer in June 1992. Among the targeted organizations they named were Amnesty International, Greenpeace and Christian Aid, an American missions organization that works with indigenous pastors engaged in ministry work in countries closed to Western, Christian workers. (2)

The task force report concluded that "MINARET intelligence, except one category of international voice communications involving narcotics, was obtained incidentally in the course of NSA's interception of aural and non-aural (e.g., telex) international communications, and the receipt of Government Communications Head Quarters (GCHQ) (England) -acquired telex and ILC [International Licensed Carriers] cable traffic (SHAMROCK)." (Emphasis in original.) Thus, wittingly or unwittingly, the British government became a co-conspirator in one of the NSA's most illegal operations.

GCHQ, almost certainly runs the cable and telex intercepts supplied by NSA through its own domestic watch list.

Just as UKUSA provides for the exchange of intercepted cable and telex, it also probably provides for the exchange of aural, or telephone intercepts. Duncan Campbell, an editor of the British magazine New Statesman, and Linda Melvern, a veteran reporter for the Sunday Times of London, suggested in a New Statesman article in July 1980 that one of the principal targets of the NSA's Menwith Hill Station in Harrogate, Yorkshire, is British international and domestic telecommunications.

"Operation Shamrock" ended in the May 1975 (Watergate).

.

Source: 1; The Puzzle Palace: A Report on America's Most Secret Agency, James Bamford, Penguin Books, 1983. ISBN 0 14 00.6748 5. Pages 391-425.

2. http://home.hiwaay.net/~pspoole/echelon.html

3. The Ties That Bind : Intelligence Cooperation Between the UK/USA Countries, by Desmond Ball and Jeffrey Richelson, (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1985) pp. 137-8.

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As Allied forces crossed the English Channel during the D-Day invasion of June 1944, some 10,000 intelligence officers known as T-Forces were right behind the advance battalions. Their mission: seize munitions experts, technicians, German scientists and their research materials, along with French scientists who had collaborated with the Nazis. Soon a substantial number of such scientists had been picked up and placed in an internment camp known as the Dustbin. In the original planning for the mission a prime factor was the view that German military equipment - tanks, jets, rocketry and so forth - was technically superior and that captured scientists, technicians and engineers could be swiftly debriefed in an effort by the Allies to catch up.

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Part of the Yalta Agreement between the Big Three — Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill — involved the repatriation of Russians and Americans to their respective homelands. Keep in mind that the German POW camps contained American prisoners, British prisoners, and Russian prisoners. The Big Three agreed that as the Russians liberated Germany POW camps, American and British POWs would be turned over to the American and British forces. As the Americans and British liberated German POW camps, Russian POWs would be returned to Russia.

There was one big problem with this agreement — a problem that each of the Big Three was well aware of. American and British POWs wanted to return to their own forces. Russian POWs did not want to return to Russian forces because they knew the fate that awaited them.

Stalin wanted revenge. He felt the Russian prisoners were traitors to communism and they deserved to die. Two million Russian people sent back to the communists where they were either immediately executed or sent to die in "rehabilitation and reeducation" camps, the Gulag.

In the 1920's and 30's, several White Army or White Russian organizations were formed outside Russia with the intention of overthrowing the Soviet government through guerrilla warfare. The designation White has several interpretations. First, it stood in contradistinction to the Reds—the revolutionary Red Army who supported Soviets and Communism. Second, the word "white" had monarchist associations: historically each Russian Tsar was solemnly called the white tsar. The officers who made up the core of the White Army mostly upheld monarchy ideals.

The Big Three spelled out their plans not just in the official Yalta agreement but, also, in a March 31, 1945, secret codicil to the agreement. As James Sanders, Mark Sauter, and R. Cort Kirkwood point out in their shocking book, Soldiers of Misfortune (1992), the codicil was kept secret from the American and British people for fifty years . The codicil outlined the secret plan by which the Russians POWs would be forcibly returned to Stalin's clutches.

American government officials called their part in the holocaust Operation Keelhaul.

Some of this dirty work even took place on American soil. Epstein describes what happened to Russian POWs who were imprisoned at Fort Dix, New Jersey: (Operation Keelhaul (1973), Julius Epstein)

Source: Repatriation — The Dark Side of World War II, Part 3 by Jacob G. Hornberger, April 1995 http://www.fff.org/freedom/0495a.asp

Operation Keelhaul was a program carried out in Austria by United States military forces in May and June of 1945 that decided the fate of thousands of post-World War II refugees fleeing eastern Europe.

The Refugee columns fleeing the Soviet-occupied eastern Europe numbered tens of thousands of people. They included assorted Fascist, Nazism Collaboration, Anti-communist and Civilian, both from the Soviet Union and from Yugoslavia. The group included around 70,000 Cossacks from the Soviet Union and Ustase from Yugoslavia, including about 11,000 women and children.

They were rounded up in Austria and forcibly repatriated. Most were headed for the Soviet zone of Germany in the east, or for Slovenia in the south. Many of the refugees were summarily executed, sometimes within earshot of the British. The killings at the hand of the Yugoslav forces are known as the Bleiburg massacre.

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In 1945 at the end of World War II, the OSS gave the Soviet foreign intelligence service, the NKVD an too many opportunities to confuse and counter U.S. intelligence. Throughout Europe, the NKVD sent many double agents to volunteer to work for OSS or defect to OSS, thereby, feeding the OSS massive amounts of false information.

An OSS weakness or failure during the war, was its lack of counterintelligence. Even Operation PAPERCLIP which was OSS's effort to find and recruit useful Nazis, did not take the time to investigate whether a particular Nazi's life had been spared by the Soviets because he had agreed to as a double agent for them.

While the Roosevelt Administration continued to debate the fate of postwar Germany, Donovan and Dulles secretly threw in America's lot with the worst of the Third Reich. America was actively recruiting Nazis - not simply scientists, but high-level military and civilian officials of the Hitler regime. The American Army even recruited and evacuated the head of the Gestapo, Heinrich Mueller. U.S. taxpayers paid the salaries of thousands of Gestapo, Wehrmacht, and SS officers, for example Holocaust organizer Alois Brunner, Adolf Eichmann's top assistant. OSS officer Frank Wisner accepted the surrender of General Reinhard Gehlen and his men. Gehlen had been Adolph Hitler's chief intelligence officer against the Soviet Union. Wisner step up a stopgap intelligence network using the remnants of Gehlen's spying operations. Wisner's recruits for the OSS's new espionage organization in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Germany were former SS officers on the run. "Our (U.S.) dependence on Gehlen made us sitting ducks for disinformation (being feed disinformation)... Gehlen, to a certain extent, told the us what we wanted to hear. In the process, we let his group become the lifeline for escaped Nazis." said former OSS/CIA Covert Operations Executive, Robert T. Crowley. (The Secret History of the CIA, pgs. 26-30)

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A secret World War II war crime investigation noted that on April 29th, (late 1944) on the US liberation of the Dachau death camp, a PFC John Lee and a few other US soldiers assembled about 60 German soldiers, lined them up against a wall and shot them. These Germans were SS Nazi troops with their hands up in surrender. Also a US lieutenant ordered four Germans into an empty boxcar and shot them. Several US soldiers turned their backs as two inmates beat a German guard to death with a shovel.

The Commander of these US soldiers, LTC Felix L. Sparks, said, "It was one of those situations I was unable to control for a short time." This war crime investigation was sent to Gen. Patton, who commanded the 3rd Army, but no action was taken.

Source: The Army Times, Aug 6, 2001, by David Wood

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August 18, 1945 -- U.S. Participation in the "Comfort Women" System

After the war, the Japanese government was afraid that United States and other Allied troops would commit atrocities in a similar manner as their own troops did when invading China in 1937. In order to prevent rapes, on August 18, 1945, the Japanese government opened the "comfort stations" for use by Allied troops. According to Japanese documents and testimony from former "comfort women," the women at these stations were forced to serve as sexual slaves to the American soldiers. The first "comfort station" opened for the use of United States troops in the Tokyo area on August 27,1945,

with reports that terrified "comfort women" began weeping, clung to posts in the building and refused to move.

The United States did not simply make use of Japanese initiated "comfort stations" but also requested others be built on their behalf. In September of 1945, the chief of Tokyo's Public Health Section, Yosano Hikaru met with the Surgeon General of the Army to discuss the availability of women for the United States Army. After this meeting, responsibility for the "comfort stations" was divided between Yosano and Colonel C.F. Sams, Chief of the Public Health and Welfare Department. These stations were only closed because of threat of sexually transmitted diseases.
Source: http://www.cmht.com/casewatch/cases/cwcomfort2.htm

Beginning in 1931 or 1932 and continuing throughout the duration of the Asian/Pacific wars, the Japanese Government instituted a system of sexual slavery throughout the territories it occupied. During that time, women were recruited by force, coercion, or deception into sexual slavery for the Japanese military. These women were euphemistically referred to as "comfort women" by the Japanese Imperial Army. Although historians often disagree about the number of "comfort women," the most widely used figure is estimated at 200,000. The majority (approximately 80%) came from Korea.

A review of historical documents and records show that U.S. authorities permitted the official brothel system to operate despite internal reports that women were being coerced into prostitution. Japanese police officials and Tokyo businessmen established a network of brothels under the auspices of the Recreation and Amusement Association (RAA) Ten of thousands of women (some reports say 70,000 women) were employed to provide cheap sex to U.S. troops until March 25, 1946, when General Douglas MacArthur shut the brothers down. MacArthur's primary concern was not only a moral one. By that time, more than a quarter of all U.S. troops in the occupation forces had a sexually transmitted disease, according to Toshiyuki Tanaka, a history professor at the Hiroshima Peace Institute. There were a number of private brothels outside the official system, so the number of women was likely higher. By the end of 1945, there were 350,000 U.S. troops occupying Japan.

(Source: AP and The Seattle Times, April 26, 2007, page A11)

OSS officer Frank G. Wisner, sent reports to Roosevelt informing him about what the Soviets were doing in Romania. In March 1945, the U.S. stood by while Stalin ordered the brutal removal of eight thousand Romanians to the Soviet Union on open boxcars to work in slave labor. Wisner would later become one of the top leaders of the CIA along with Allen Dulles and William "Wild Bill" Donovan. Donovan headed the OSS.

(The Secret History of the CIA, by Joseph Trento, p. 27, 2001.)

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The Vatican Bank officially known as the Institute for Religious Works (IOR). It is owned and controlled by the pope.[1] The pope founded it in 1887 and in 1941, transformed it into a "for profit" bank. It is the bank of the mini country, Vatican City and whose government is called The Holy Sea. The bank functions as the Roman Catholic Church's private bank.

In September 1943, the Nazis transferred funds from the Reichsbank to the Vatican Bank and from the Vatican Bank to Nazi controlled banks in Switzerland. As the Allies were approaching gold was transferred from SS accounts.

In 1945, the Vatican Bank was a major partner in the disappearance of $200 million form the German puppet state, Croatia. The Croatian Nazis called Ustashe, slaughtered (genocide) 500,000 Orthodox Christians Serbs, Jews, and Gypsies. This money was used to fund the Stashed government -in-exile in Argentina. According to reports from OSS. Office of Strategic Services, (OSS) was the precursor to the CIA) and reports from US Army counterintelligence in the last days of WW II, a Croatian treasure convoy made its way to Austria, where it was intercepted by British officials. The money preceded to Rome unimpeded by military authorities. In Rome, Dominic Mandic helped deposit the money into Franciscan accounts at the Vatican Bank. [2]

The Ustashe leader Pavelic and his bodyguard were sheltered at various monasteries and safe houses in Rome, according to US Army Counterintelligence file on Pavelic. The Vatican ratline sent tens of thousands of Nazis to South America, Australia, and elsewhere.

Pope John Paul II had his lawyers defending the Vatican Bank to prevent the recovery of the Nazi gold and stopping the process to officially determine if it exists.

Source: Everything you Know is Wrong, The Disinformation Guide to Secret and Lies by Jonathan Levy
and 1. Inside the Vatican by Fr. Thomas J. Reese, SJ
and 2. Unholy Trinity by John Loftus

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In A Study of a Master Spy, published in London in 1961, Bob Edwards, a member of Parliament and Kenneth Dunne, presented documentary evidence that Allen Dulles of the CIA carried on secret conferences with representatives of Hitler's SS Security Office in February and March 1943. They learned that "Official Washington knew Martin Bormann, Deputy Fuhrer of Hitler's Germany, master-minded the international 'Die Spinne' (Spider) underground organization which is planning to revive nazism.

A long-hidden trove of recently unclassified CIA files CIA documents confirms one of the worst-kept secrets of the Cold War. These documents, 18,000 pages in all, confirm that U.S. intelligence recruited and protected Nazis starting at the end of World War II. The CIA's use of an extensive Nazi (human intelligence) spy network to wage a clandestine campaign against the Soviet Union. The CIA reports show that U.S. officials knew they were subsidizing numerous Third Reich veterans who had committed horrible crimes against humanity. US Army Intelligence, a prime repository of Nazi material, also has been slow to turn over its holdings. The Army has individual files on some 20,000 Nazi-related figures.

Many Nazi criminals "received light punishment, no punishment at all, or received compensation because Western spy agencies considered them useful assets in the Cold War." The CIA...use[d] former Nazis as informers after World War II. U.S. government (OSS) systematically and deliberately recruited active Nazis by the tens of thousands, rescued them, hired them and relied upon them to serve American interests and purposes in postwar Europe. This was documented in 1988 with material obtained from the US government through the Freedom of Information Act by historian Christopher Simpson and published in his book. Blowback: America's recruitment of Nazis and its effects on the Cold War, New York: Weidenfeld & Nicholson.

http://invisiblecollege.blogspot.com/2004/01/argentina-bariloche-was-hitler-and-eva.html

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Almost as soon as the war was over, the United States disbanded much of its wartime intelligence infrastructure. Many officers who had served with distinction in the OSS and in the military intelligence returned home and resumed their pre-war lives. President Roosevelt had doubts about continuing the intelligence service in peacetime.

President Truman was not sympathetic toward the idea of a powerful intelligence service with the capability of conducting covert operations. He also had great reservations about American covert operations influence on the wartime intelligence effort. He was very suspicious of the Wall Street businessman who had dominated the OSS and on September 20, 1945 he ordered OSS with its 14,000 employees, disbanded.

(p. 31)

In 1945, J. Edgar Hoover reported to Truman that communist spy rings seemed to be operating at will in the US with the FBI having information that government officials were working for the Soviets. Hoover hated the OSS and he believed the FBI's wartime success in breaking Nazi spy rings in the US and Latin America put the Bureau in a perfect position to expand into a new worldwide role. President Truman decided on an independent new agency and that the State Department, the Army, and the military intelligence services would handle operational intelligence until Congress could create a post-war intelligence agency.

Allen Welsh Dulles on his own authority, as a private citizen, secretly organized a spy organization. He worked from the Council on Foreign Relations. Dulles formed a privately run and privately controlled shadow intelligence service they called " Project X". (p. 70). He placed those loyal to him in government positions to work with the front groups he controlled and he used the news media to mold public opinion. Frank Wisner also worked with Dulles on this project. In the fall of 1945, Dulles arranged for Wisner to get a job at the State Department. (p. 44)

In January 1946, approved the creation of a temporary civilian entity called the Central Intelligence Group (CIG) and appointed Rear Admiral Sidney Souers as the first Director of central intelligence. CIG was not permitted to conduct covert operations and the War Department picked up the covert operations from OSS.

In late 1947, , the Dulles and Frank Wisner created a covert action wing within the State Department called the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) . Frank Wisner was put in charge of the operation and recruited many of his old friends from the Wall Street law firm, Carter Ledyard. With the help of the US Army, Wisner's OPC quickly created a U.S. (human) intelligence (HUMINT) network manned by anti-Soviet Russian emigres and refugees. They concentrated on searching Eastern Europe for Nazis to use against the Soviet Union. The OPC supervised Gehlen's operations, now located in Munich.

The Red Scare so inflamed public fear that in 1947 Congress passed and Truman signed the National Security Act, which created both the National Security Council (NSC) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Truman signed NSC Directive 10/2 was one such directive, which allowed Allen Dulles to operate clandestinely through business and charitable entities. This new Directive retroactively legalized the Dulles team's violations of U.S. laws and World War II treaties. The White House, too, began deceiving the American public. (pgs 45-46).

According to the CIA's secret charter, its responsibilities include propaganda, economic warfare, preventive direct action, including sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition and evacuation procedures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance groups, and support of indigenous anti-communist elements in threatened countries of the free world.

Dulles set up Radio Free Europe as a propaganda tool. The CIA pretended it was a private organization and raised charitable contributions from patriotic Americans. (p. 47.)

Dulles hired Carmel Offie and Offie devised a plan to find Nazi engineers and scientists who remained in Soviet puppet states so the Soviets could not exploit their talents. It was code named, operation PAPERCLIP. Offie also wanted to find the most cunning Nazi collaborators who had escaped to East Germany, Hungary, and Poland occupied by the Soviets- the ones who had hidden themselves in government and finance. They could be "politically useful" in operating against the Soviet. Operation code named, NATIONAL INTEREST. Offie would recruit Nazis by making them a deal that their war crimes would be overlooked if they agreed to work for America as agents in place. (p. 51)

Carmel Offie believed that there are secrets which even presidents are not told. Secrets are often actions that break laws and treaties and violate religious and moral acceptability, and they need a particular kind of person to carry them out. Offie ran these operations out of the old I.G. Farben headquarters in Frankfurt, West Germany.

( The Secret History of the CIA, by Joseph Trento, p. 47).

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The U.S. Army's Field Intelligence Agency Technical (Unit) hunted for German scientists who would be suitable candidates for a top- secret program called "Overcast." Overcast evolved into Operation Paperclip, through which the U.S. secretly brought over hundreds of Nazi scientists and technical experts to work in American military and industrial labs. As Simpson reported in Blowback, the Joint Chiefs of Staff initiated that program in July 1945 to, according to a military memo, "exploit chosen rare minds whose continuing intellectual productivity we wish to use."

Paperclip -- because paper clips were attached to documents of German scientists and doctors. Under Operation Paperclip and its successor, Project 63, the United States Army's Counter-Intelligence Corps (CIC) recruited primarily doctors and scientists. In 1946, Operation Paperclip was approved by Truman, and over 1,000 SS agents, most of whom had conducted experiments in German concentration camps, were brought to the United States. They along with their families were given protection by the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Thus, they avoided the INS procedures and requirements to enter the United States. During Paperclip -- between the late 1940s and 1973 -- approximately 1,600 scientists and several thousand dependents were brought to the United States.

The officials operating Paperclip justified the recruitment of Nazi scientists, maintaining that they would have left for the Soviet Union had they not been invited to come to the United States. The Joint Intelligence Operations Agency (JIOA), directed by Bousqet Wey, was given the task of censoring the files of the recruits in December 1947.

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(copyright 28 June 2007)

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It was August 24, 1945, two weeks after the surrender of Japan, three months after the German capitulation. General Reinhard Gehlen in the battle uniform of an American general clambered down the steps of the U.S. Army transport plane upon its arrival at Washington National Airport. Reinhard Gehlen had been, up until the recent capitulation, Adolph Hitler's chief intelligence officer against the Soviet Union. His American captors had decked him out in one of their uniforms to deceive the Russians, who were hunting him as a war criminal. Gehlen returned to West Germany in the summer of 1946 with a mandate to rebuild his espionage organization and resume spying on the East and against the Russians at the behest of American intelligence.

The Gehlen Organization started in 1945 with about 350 agents who were released from internment camps and relocated at the group's headquarters in the Spessart Mountains in central Germany. When the staff grew to 3,000, Gehlen moved to a twenty-five- acre compound near Pullach, south of Munich, operating under the innocent name of the South German Industrial Development Organization. In the early 1950s, it was estimated that the organization employed up to 4,000 intelligence specialists in Germany, mainly former army and SS officers, and that more than 4,000 V-men (undercover agents) were active throughout the Soviet-bloc countries.

In the eyes of the CIA, Reinhard Gehlen was an "asset" of staggering potential. He was a professional (human intelligence) spymaster, violently anti-Communist and, best of all, the controller of a vast underground (HUMINT) network still in place inside Russian frontiers. Gehlen oversaw all German military-intelligence operations in Eastern Europe, the Balkans. and the USSR. His top aides were Nazi zealots who had committed some of the most notorious crimes of the war. In addition to sharing his vast espionage archive on the USSR, Gehlen promised that he could resurrect an underground network of battle-hardened anti-Communist assets who were well placed to wreak havoc throughout the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.

His checkered past mattered not. "He's on our side and that's all that matters," chuckled Allen Dulles, a U.S. intelligence officer during the war who later headed the CIA.

Gehlen derived much of his information from his role in one of the most terrible atrocities of the war: the torture, interrogation and murder by starvation of some four million Soviet prisoners. Prisoners who refused to cooperate were often tortured or summarily executed. Many were executed even after they had given information, while others were simply left to starve to death. As a result, Gehlen and members of his organization maneuvered to make sure they were captured by advancing American troops rather than Russians, who would have executed them immediately.

When the German collapse was at hand, Gehlen had looked to the future. Gehlen and a small group of his most senior officers carefully microfilmed the vast holding on the USSR in the military section of the German army's general staff. They packed the film in watertight steel drums and secretly buried it in a remote mountain meadow scattered throughout the Austrian Alps. He lugged all his files into the Bavarian Alps and cached them at a site called, appropriately, Misery Meadows. Then he buried his Wehrmacht uniform with the embroidered eagle and swastika, donned an Alpine coat, and turned himself in to the nearest U.S. Army detachment. When the advancing Russians searched his headquarters at Zossen, all they found were empty file cabinets. As Heinz Hohne and Hermann Zolling phrased it in The General Was A Spy, the German general took his entire apparatus, "unpurged and without interruption, into the
service of the American superpower.

Based near Munich, Gehlen proceeded to enlist thousands of Gestapo, Wehrmacht, and SS veterans. Even the vilest of the vile -- the senior bureaucrats who ran the central administrative apparatus of the Holocaust

Dulles named it the Geheln Organization. Gehlen promised not to hire any former SS, SD, or Gestapo members; he hired them anyway, and the CIA did not stop him. Two of Gehlen's early recruits were Emil Augsburg and Dr. Franz Six, who had been part of mobile killing squads, which killed Jews, intellectuals, and Soviet partisans wherever they found them. Other early recruits included Willi Krichbaum, senior Gestapo leader for southeastern Europe, and the Gestapo chiefs of Paris and Kiel, Germany and Alois Brunner, Adolf Eichmann's chief deputy.

Allen Dulles funneled an aggregate of $200 million in OSS/CIA funds to the Gehlen Organization (Org) as it became known. Directing operations from a fortress-like nerve center in Bavaria, Gehlen reactivated his network inside Russia. Soon, news of the first Russian jet fighter, the MiG-15, was channeled back to the West. In 1949 the general scored an espionage coup when he turned up Soviet plans for the remilitarization of East Germany.

With the encouragement of the CIA, Gehlen Org (Licio Gelli) set up "rat lines" to get Nazi war criminals out of Europe so they wouldn't be prosecuted. By setting up transit camps and issuing phony passports, the Gehlen Org helped more than 5,000 Nazis leave Europe and relocate around the world, especially in South and Central America.. Klaus Barbie, an SS man and Gestapo officer recruited by the U.S. Army Counterintelligence Corps (CIC) in 1947. Third Reich expatriates and fascist collaborators subsequently emerged as "security advisors" in several Middle Eastern and Latin American countries, where ultra-right-wing death squads persist as their enduring legacy. The U.S. Army helped Barbie flee to South America on a clandestine "ratline." Barbie assisted a succession of military regimes in Bolivia, where he taught soldiers torture techniques and helped protect the flourishing cocaine trade in the
late 1970s and early '80s.

http://invisiblecollege.blogspot.com/2004/01/argentina-bariloche-was-hitler-and-eva.html

In early 1949, the German police arrested two young Germans named Baladini and Stirner. The German police, under the U.S. Army supervision, killed Baladine during interrogation, allegedly beaten to death. The Army used a White Russian, CIA recruited spy, Igor Orlov to cover this up. Orlov would become a CIA mole, one that reached gained access to the highest levels of the CIA over the coming years. (p. 62-63)

In late 1949, George Weisz (employee of the Office of Policy Coordination, US State Dept. - soon to become the CIA) worked with Dr. Erhard Dabringhaus, a top US Army intelligence operative and control officer for several important Nazi war criminals, including Klaus Barbie. Weisz was assigned to recruit one of Barbie's networks, which included SS Colonel Guntler Bernau. (The Secret History of the CIA, page. 59)

In 1955, CIA Officer (and KGB spy) George Weisz was still working for Operation PAPERCLIP, the secret recruitment and importation of Nazis into the United States (361 Nazis). The operation was controlled by a secret U.S. Army unit, the Joint Intelligence Objective Agency (JIOA) , and was run directly out of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Colonel William Whalen was the deputy chief of JIOA. Whalen was a KGB spy and was arrested for espionage in 1964 by the FBI. The Justice Department files indicate that everything possible was done to avoid embarrassment to the Army and the CIA (cover-up-ed) in regard to Whalen's espionage because of his connections to PAPERCLIP. (p. 189, The Secret History of the CIA )

Gehlen recruited and trained an exile mercenary force ready to rush in without involving American units. Also at Dulles' direction, Gehlen tapped the ranks of his wartime Russian collaborators for a cadre of spies to be parachuted into the Soviet Union. Some of these spies were schooled at the CIA's clandestine base at Atsugi, Japan.

Gehlen pioneered the setting up of dummy fronts and cover companies to support his far-flung covert operations. A major project was to form Eastern European emigre groups in the U.S. that could be used against the Soviets. Both the Tolstoy Foundation and the Union of Bishops of the Orthodox Church Outside Russia were funded by the CIA.

The Org functioned as CIA/America's secret eyes and ears in central Europe, supplying two-thirds of raw intelligence on the Warsaw Pact countries. Under CIA auspices, and later as head of the West German Secret service. the BND (Bundesnachrichtendienst) until he retired in 1968. Third Reich veterans often proved adept at peddling data -- much of it false -- in return for cash and safety. Many Nazis played a double game, feeding scuttlebutt to both sides of the East-West conflict.

In 1955, by pre-arrangement, the Gehlen Organization was transferred to the West German Government, becoming its first intelligence arm, the BND. The BND became a Siamese twin of the CIA a global operation. They had already worked well together, in Iran in 1953, where the country's first democratic government was in power. Two years earlier Premier Mossadegh had rashly nationalized the oil industry. Dulles, with Gehlen's help, engineered a coup that toppled Mossadegh and reestablished the
Pahlevi family regime. The family patriarch, General Reza Pahlevi, had been banished from the country for his pro-nati activities during the war. Now his son, Mohammed Reza Pahlevi, ascended the Peacock Throne. The Shah of Iran became one of the CIA's most faithful assets.

By the time the Gehlen Organization became part of the West German state, Gehlen already had his agent-in-place in the United States. He was Otto Albrecht von Bolschwing, who had been a captain in Heinrich Himmler's dreaded SS and Adolph Eichmann's superior in Europe and Palestine. Von Bolschwing worked simultaneously for Dulles' OSS. When he entered the U.S. in February, 1954, he cleverly concealed his nazi past. He was to take over Gehlen's network not only in this country but in many corners of the globe. He became closely associated with the late Elmer Bobst of Warner-Lambert Pharmaceutical, a godfather of Richard Nixon's political career, which brought him inside Nixon's 1960 campaign for the presidency.

In 1968 Reinhard Gehlen withdrew to his chalet in Bavaria. The chalet had been a gift from Allen Dulles.

Von Bolschwing was recruited by U.S. intelligence at the end of the war and assigned to the Gehlen Org. In 1954, the CIA brought him to the United States. Since as a Nazi criminal he was ineligible to reside here, the agency provided the INS with a letter saying it had conducted a full investigation of him and had found no derogatory information. In 1969 Von Bolschwing showed up in California with a high-tech firm called TCI that held classified Defense Department contracts. His translator for German projects was Helene van Damme, Governor Ronald Reagan's appointments secretary. Von Damme was a U.S. Ambassador to Austria, next door to the nazi's homeland.

Von Bolschwing was discovered to be living in California in the 1970s, prompting Justice Department proceedings to deport him. In the end, he was stripped of his citizenship but allowed to remain in the country due to his age and the fact that he was suffering from a degenerative brain disease. He died in a California nursing home.

SS Commander Karl Wolff
Allen Dulles dubbed it Operation Sunrise. He mounted it from his walk-up office in Bern, Switzerland, where, since 1942, he had maintained contact with key nazis. Operation Sunrise was conceived when these nazis decided, in the face of defeat, that they preferred to surrender to the Americans and British. The agreement, which double-crossed the Russians, was signed April 29, 1945.


The principle negotiator on the German side was SS Commander Karl Wolff, head of the Gestapo in Italy. Wolff acted with full authority, for he was formerly chief of Heinrich Himmler's personal staff. Wolff's relationship with Dulles spared him from the dock at Nuremberg, but when it was later discovered that he had dispatched "at least" 300,000 Jews to the Treblinka death camp he was handed a token sentence.

When Wolff hammered out the secret surrender terms with Dulles, he had in the back of his mind a safe diaspora for his nazi compatriots. This is where the OSS, William Donovan and the overeign state of the Vatican came in.

"Wild Bill" Donovan was top dog in the OSS. Shortly before the Germans overran Europe, Father Felix Morlion, a papal functionary, had set up a Vatican intelligence organization called Pro Deo in Lisbon. When the U.S. entered the war Donovan moved Morlion lock, stock and barrel to New York and opened a sizeable bank account for him to draw on.

The priest founded the American Council for International Promotion of Democracy Under God, on 60th Street (New York) In the same building is the office of William Taub, whose name popped up during the Watergate affair. Taub is well-known as a wide-ranging middleman for such powerful figures as Nixon, Howard Hughes, Aristotle Onassis and Jimmy Hoffa, and his behind-the-scenes maneuvers were invaluable to Nixon in his 1960 run at the presidency. Taub was especially close to Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviania of the Holy See, who arranged Mussolini's 1929 "donation" of $89 million to the Vatican to ensure its neutrality with Mussolini and Hitler. The money went into a special fund in the Vatican Bank, and after the war part of it was entrusted to "God's Banker" Michele Sindona for investment. Sindona channeled a good chunk of it to the Nixon campaign.

Croatian Ustashe

These henchmen of a clerical-fascist regime (the term "clerical" is used to describe the Ustashe because the Catholic clergy controlled the fascist movement) carried out the slaughter of hundreds of thousands of Serbs, Jews and 'Gypsies.' Members of the Ustashe were among those whom U.S. intelligence 'rescued' and whose ranks swelled the CIA and other U.S. covert and semi-covert organizations.

"The Ustasa regime in Croatia exterminated and disposed Serbs, was one of the most horrendous episodes of World War II. The murder methods applied by Ustasha were extraordinarily primitive and sadistic: thousands were hurled from mountain tops, others were beaten to death or had their throats cut, entire villages were burned down, women raped, people sent on death marches in the middle of winter, and still others starved to death..." ('Encyclopedia of the Holocaust,' Macmillan Publishing Company, 1995)

When Rome was liberated in 1944 Morlion and Pro Deo relocated there. In recognition of Donovan's good works on behalf of Pro Deo, Pope Plus XII knighted him with the Grand Cross of the Order of St.Sylvester. And before he flew off to Washington to cut his deal with the CIA, Reinhard Gehlen received the Sovereign Military Order of Malta award from the Pontiff. The Gehlen Organization was a forerunner to West Germany's secret service, the BND -- which was formally recognized in 1956. Gehlen headed it until he retired in 1968.

Klaus Barbie

The French, who wanted to try Barbie for such war crimes as sending Jewish children to Auschwitz and ordering the murder of resistance leader Jean Moulin.

By 1952 Klaus Barbie had arrived in Bolivia via a stop in Argentina. He had been spirited out of Germany by the CIA, with a hand from the Vatican. Soon he teamed up with SS Major Otto Skorzeny, who now was affiliated with the CIA. Dr. Fritz Thyssen and Dr. Gustav Krupp, both beneficiaries of McCloy's amnesty, bankrolled Skorzeny from the start. Barbie and Skorzeny were soon forming death squads such as the Angels of Death in Bolivia, the Anti-Communist Alliance in Argentina, and in Spain, with Stephen Della Chiaie, the Guerrillas of Christ the King.

In 1952 Otto Skorzeny, who had been released from American custody in 1947, moved to Madrid. He created what is known as the International Fascista. The CIA and the Gehlen BND dispatched him to "trouble spots." On his payroll were former SS agents, French OAS terrorists and secret police from Portugal's PDID.

SS Colonel Skorzeny's CIA agents participated in terror campaigns waged by Operation 40 in Guatemala, Brazil and Argentina. Skorzeny was also in charge of the Paladin mercenaries, whose cover, M.C. Inc., was a Madrid export-import firm.

In 1952 Nicolae Malaxa moved from Whittier, California to Argentina. Malaxa had belonged to Otto von Bolschwing's Gestapo network, as did his associate, Viorel Trifia, who was living in Detroit. They were members of the Nazi Iron Guard in Romania, and had felt prosecution. They had one thing in common; they were friends of Richard Nixon.

Trifia had been brought to the U.S. by von Bolschwing. Malaxa had escaped from Europe with over $200 million in U.S. dollars. Upon arrival in New York he picked up another $200 million from Chase Manhattan Bank. The legal path for his entry was smoothed by the Sullivan & Cromwell law offices, the Dulles brothers firm. Undersecretary of State Adolph Berle personally testified on Malaxa's behalf before a congressional subcommittee on immigration. in 1951 Senator Nixon introduced a private bill to allow Malaxa permanent residence. Arrangements for his relocation in Whittier were made by Nixon's law office. The dummy front cover for Malaxa in Whittier was Western Tube. In 1946 Nixon had gotten a call from Herman L. Perry asking if he wanted to run for Congress against Rep Jerry Voorhis. Perry later became president of Western Tube. When Malaxa went to Argentina in 1952, he linked up with Juan Peron and Otto Skorzeny.

Dr. Gerhard Hartmut von Schubert, [formerly] of Joseph Goebbels' propaganda ministry, was M.C. Inc`s. operating manager. The nerve center for Skorzeny's operations was in Albufera, Spain. It was lodged in the same building as the Spanish intelligence agency SCOE under Colonel Eduardo Blanco and was also an office of the CIA..

In The Great Heroin Coup, Henrik Kruger disclosed that the International Fascist was "not only the first step toward fulfilling the dream of Skorzeny, but also of his close friends in Madrid, exile Jose Lopez Rega, Juan Peron's gray eminence, and prince Justo Valerio Borghese, the Italian fascist money man who had been rescued from execution at the hands of the World War II Italian resistance by future CIA counterintelligence whiz James J. Angleton."

"Assassination teams are centered in Chile. (part of Operation Condor see below) This international consortium is located in Colonia Dignidad, Chile. Founded by nazis from Hitler's SS, headed by Franz Pfeiffer Richter..."

Otto Skorzeny code-named his assault on American soldiers in the Battle of the Bulge Operation Greif, the "Condor." He continued Condor with his post-war special teams that imposed "sanctions," meaning the assassination of enemies. Skorzeny's father-in-law was Hjalmar Schacht, president of Hitler's Reichsbank. Schacht guided Onassis' shipyards in rebuilding the German and Japanese war fleets. In 1950 Onassis signed on Lars Anderson for his whaling ships on the hunt off Antarctica and Argentina. Anderson had belonged to Vidkum Quisling's nazi collaborationist group in Norway during the war.
Clay Shaw, who was charged by New Orleans D.A. Jim Garrison with complicity in the JFK assassination, was a close friend of Hjalmar Schacht.

When Clay Shaw was arrested by Jim Garrison the news was of particular interest to the Italian newspaper Paesa Sera. It followed up with a story that Shaw belonged to a cover organization in Rome named Centro Mondiale Commerciale (CMC). Its location was frequently moved, its presidents rotated; its modus operandi altered. CMC included Italian fascists, elements of the European paramilitary right, the CIA, and the U.S. Defense Department. CMC had been formed in 1961, one year after Kennedy was elected. Its principals had worked with fascist networks established after World War II. The board of directors numbered Ferenc Nagy, a former Hungarian premier who led that country's Anti-Communist Countrymen's Party in exile.

CMC was actually a subsidiary of Swiss-based Permindex, whose president was Prince Gutierez de Spadafora, Italian industrialist and large landowner. Spadafora's daughter-in-law was related toHjalmar Schacht. Clay Shaw was a director. Another was Giorgio Mantello, aka George Mandel. Once convicted of "criminal activities" in Switzerland, Mantello worked closely with his fellow Hungarian Nagy.

Clay Shaw's affiliation with Permindex would plug in later to Argentina, Spain, Rome, New Orleans and Dallas. The international range of hit teams, using CIA money diverted overseas to cover companies set up by the Gehlen Organization, started coming together after Shaw's arrest (by Jim Garrison).


Paesa Sera reported on March 4, 1967 that CMC was a creature of the CIA serving as a money conduit, and that Shaw and Bloomfield conducted illegal political espionage under its cover. In Rome he was a vital member of the boards of twin companies dealing with fascists accused of European assassinations. Shaw's address book contained the private number of Principessa Marcelle Borghese, now Duchessa de Bomartao, who is related to Prince Valerio Borghese. Called the "Black Prince" and "The New Duce," Borghese was leader of the Movimento Sociale Italiano, a neo-fascist syndicate. The Black Prince, who was a decorated submarine captain in the First World War, was convicted of cooperating with the nazis in WW II and given 12 years in prison. The Black Prince is the same Borghese rescued by the CIA's James J. Angleton.

Major L. M. Bloomfield, a veteran of the OSS who resided in Montreal, was a suspect Garrison wanted to question. In Canada he reportedly controlled Credit Suisse, Heineken's Breweries, Israel Continental Company, Grimaldo Siosa Lines and other international firms. Shaw's name was found among eleven directors of a company in Montreal that actually was based in Rome.

John J. McCloy

When the nazis occupied Europe, the banking exchanges between Britain and the U.S. on the one hand and Germany on the other carried on as usual. In Trading With the Enemy, Charles Higham documents the role of Standard Oil of New Jersey, owned by the Chase Manhattan Bank, and I.G. Farben's Sterling Products with the Bank for International Settlements. Standard Oil tankers plied the sea lanes with fuel for the nazi war machine. Prior to the war McCloy was legal counsel to Farben, the German chemical monopoly.

As an assistant secretary in the War Department during the war: McCloy blocked the executions of nazi war criminals. Forged a pact with the Vichy Regime of pro-nazi Admiral Darlan. Displaced Japanese-Americans in California to internment camps. Refused to recommend the bombing of nazi concentration camps to spare the inmates on grounds "the cost would be out of proportion to any possible benefits." Refused Jewish refugees entry to the U.S. When the curtain fell on the war, McCloy helped shield Klaus Barbie, the "butcher of Lyons," from the French. Barbie and other vicious dogs from Hitler's kennel were hidden out with the 370th Counter Intelligence Corps at Obergamergau. One of their keepers was Private Henry Kissinger, soon to enter Harvard as a McCloy protege.

When the Federal Republic was founded in 1949, Truman called on McCloy to go to Germany as Military Governor, a role in which he essentially continued the policies of his predecessor, General Lucius Clay. A year later, McCloy became U.S. High Commissioner. He commuted the death sentences of a number of nazi war criminals, and gave early releases to others. One was Alfred Krupp, convicted of using slave labor in his armaments factories. Another was Hitler's financial genius, Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, who subsequently went on the payroll of Aristotle Onassis.

In 1952 McCloy left a Germany and return to his law practice. He became president of the Chase Manhattan Bank, director of a dozen blue chip corporations, and legal counsel to the "Seven Sisters" of American oil. During this period he acquired a client, the Nobel oil firm, who had interests in Czarist Russia.

Sources: http://archive.salon.com/news/feature/2000/05/03/nazi/print.html
Declassified Files Confirm United States Collaboration with Nazis by Martin A. Lee, San Francisco Bay Guardian, May 7, 2001.
http://invisiblecollege.blogspot.com/2004/01/argentina-"bariloche-was-hitler-and-eva.html

http://www.maebrussell.com/Mae%20Brussell%20Articles/Nazi%"20Connection%20to%20JFK%20Assass.html

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HUBERT STRUGHOLD In June 1946, Colonel Harry Armstrong, an American Air Force surgeon, who had done experiments in freezing temperature and carbon dioxide tests, included Strughold and 20 other Nazi doctors on a list to be brought into the United States. Strughold entered the United States and was assigned to Randolph Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas. Strughold helped recruit other Nazis in Germany and Austria, and in 1949 he was assigned to head the Department of Space Medicine at the School of Space Aviation in 1949. He oversaw experiments in weightlessness, decompression, and the lack of oxygen. Nazi records, however, did indicate that he had attended a 1942 conference on human tests conducted in freezing temperatures.

OSKAR SCHROEDER was another Operation Paperclip recruit. He had been the chief of the Department of Science and Health in Nazi Germany, and his specialty was infectious diseases where he conducted human epidemic experiments which resulted in the deaths of prisoners. He was placed on a list of 200 persons suspected of medical war crimes and was identified by colleagues as one who had conducted concentration camp experiments involving deadly bacteria. In 1948 Schreiber entered West Berlin and was brought to Randolph Air Force Base in Texas. Four years later he and his family were secretly taken to Argentina where he lived with other Nazis.

HERMANN BECKER-FREYSENG Konrad Schaffer and Becker-Freyseng were instrumental in Germany in conducting experiments to prolong the survival of pilots who had been downed over the Atlantic Ocean. When they conducted experiments at Dachau, they first debated whether they should use Jews, communists, or Gypsies. Schaeffer ordered salt water forced down the throats of the prisoners. Others were given berkatit which killed most of the subjects within a couple of weeks. Still others had a sample of their liver tissue extracted without anesthetic. In the end, all of Schaeffer's guinea pigs died. After Becker-Freyseng came to the United States, he was arrested and sent to Nuremberg for trial. Yet the United States Air Force published an article on his research on aviation.

BARON VON BOLSCHWING. In 1945, the CIC hired Baron Otto von Bolschwing who had been the right-hand man for Adolf Eichmann in Nazi Germany. The CIC used von Bolschwing to learn of his methods in recruiting, interrogating, and hiring SS officers. After spending nine years in Europe, von Bolschwing was brought to the United States where he worked for the CIA in the area of interrogation. His expertise involved using a variety of torture methods on subjects -- bullwhips, placing needles under fingernails, drugging victims, and attaching electrodes to theirs testicles and nipples.

KRUNOSLAV DRAGONOVIC. The CIC also recruited Krunoslav Dragonovic to help Nazis escape from Europe to South America -- primarily to Bolivia, Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Brazil. He had supervised a Yugoslavian concentration camp where hundreds of thousands of Jews were incarcerated in the early 1940s. A Roman Catholic priest, Dragonovic was working for the Red Cross in the Vatican where he helped hundreds of Nazi agents escape Europe for South America. Perhaps the most notorious Nazi whom he helped escape was Croatian dictator Ante Pavelic who had supervised the genocide of between 200,000 and two million Serbs. Others included SS Colonel Hans Rudel who fled to Argentina and eventually headed Peron's air force; Dr. Willi Tank who was the main architect of Luftwaffe planes; Dr. Carl Vaernet who had overseen experiments on homosexuals -- castrating gay men and replacing their testicles with iron balls.

HUBERT VON BLUCHER. One of the fugitives recruited by the American intelligence establishment was heroin smuggler Hubert von Blucher, the son of the German ambassador. He had been trained by the German military intelligence division in the 1920s and later served in army during World War II. In the latter stages of the war, von Blucher flew for the Luftwaffe, smuggling Nazi gold bullion out of the country. Three years after the war ended, von Blucher escaped to Argentina and tuned over German marks totaling $80 million. Subsequently, he helped organize the National Socialist Party of Argentina.

WALTER BECHER. The most influential Nazi spy to be recruited by American intelligence was Dr. Walter Becher. He had joined the Nazi Party in 1931 during the early days of the Hitler regime. He was one of Hitler's Brownshirts and worked in Goebbels' Propaganda Ministry where he disseminated information advocating the purge of all Jews. He came to the United States in the early 1950s and soon built a political machine. He received the support of some leading American politicians who included Prescott Bush, Albert Gore, Pat McNamara, Strom Thurmond, Thomas Dodd, and Stuart Symington. Becher immediately established a nation-wide reputation as a leader in the anti-communist crusade.

KURT WALDHEIM. Waldheim served as Austrian president from 1972 to 1982. Then he was elected secretary-general of the United Nations. His career was clouded by allegations he that he hid a Nazi past. The U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Special Investigations (OSI) concluded that "Waldheim had participated in the transfer of civilians to the SS for slave labor; the mass deportation of civilians to death camps; the use of anti-Semitic propaganda; the mistreatment and execution of Allied prisoners of war; and the reprisal execution of civilians.

SHIRO ISHII. Meanwhile in Japan, the search continued for experts who could provide more information to aid American intelligence units in the area of torture and murder. They found Shiro Ishii who had been the head of the Japanese Army's bio- chemical division. In exchange for his expertise in areas of torture, American intelligence units were able to bring him into the United States. Ishii had conducted experiments on Chinese, Soviet, and American prisoners-of-war in Manchuria during World War II. His experiments consisted of injecting prisoners with tetanus, typhoid fever, plague, and syphilis. Additionally, he performed "live autopsies" on prisoners so he could evaluate the affect of diseases on humans. When he arrived in the United States, Ishii lectured at Fort Detrick, Maryland and worked as a researcher at Bethesda Hospital in Maryland.

Only one week after Japan surrendered, Lt. Col. Murry Sanders was among the first group of Americans to land in Japan. His mission was to locate as soon as possible the Japanese biological warfare machine and Ishii Shiro himself. In the next three months, Sanders had interrogated many important military leaders and Scientists of Unit 731, notably Yoshijiro Umezu, Chief of the Army General Staff and erstwhile Kuantung Army Commander-in-Chief, Ishii's deputy Col. Tomosa Masuda, germ bomb expert Major Jun'ichi Kaneko, but not Ishii himself.

Eager to secure the experiment data of Unit 73 1, Sanders approached General Douglas MacArthur saying: "My recommendation is that we promise Naito that no one involved in BW will be prosecuted as war criminal." The recommendation was readily accepted by MacArthur.

Lt. Col. Arvo T. Thompson, a veterinarian took over the investigation after Col. Sanders became ill and had to return to the U.S. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East had just began the trial of Japanese Class A war criminals. In the meantime, Maj. Gen. Kitano, Commander of Unit 731 from August 1942 to March 1944, was brought back to Japan from China to face interrogation. Though Ishii was declared dead in newspapers and a mock funeral was held in Ishii's home town, he was available for Thompson's interrogation which was to last from January 17 to February 25, 1946.

Taking a hint from MacArthur, Chief Prosecutor of the Tokyo Trial Joseph B. Keenan suppressed the Soviet accusation against Japanese biological warfare criminals. Maj. Gen. Charles Willoughby, MacArthur's intelligence chief, was in charge of the whole affair of Unit 731, shielding its former members from any outside contact in order to avoid any research data on biological warfare fallen into the Soviet hands.

In April 1947, General Allen Waitt, Commander of U.S. Chemical Corps, sent Camp Detrick bacteriologist Norbert Fell to Japan for investigation to assess the progress and level of achievement in biological warfare. To Fell, Ishii, Maj. Gen. Hitoshi Kikuchi, Col. Tomosada Masuda and Dr. Kan'ichiro Kamei had repeatedly expressed that more valuable data were forthcoming on condition of their immunity from war crimes.

Ironically, the conclusion the Committee for the Far East reached was: "The value to the U.S. of Japanese BW data is of such importance to national security as to far outweigh the value accruing from war crimes' prosecution." The SWNCC accepted MacArthur's recommendation and decided that "the BW information obtained from Japanese sources should be retained in 'top secret' intelligence channels and not be employed as war crimes evidence" and not be fallen into the Soviet hands.

Out of 1,485 Allied white prisoners of war taken to Mukden, 1, 174 were Americans. In their first winter (1942-43) at Mukden, 430 perished, most Americans. No matter how desperate American survivors from Mukden, like Gregory Rodriquez of Oklahoma, tried to tell how they were used by Unit 731 for human experiments, an accusation verified by Naoji Uezono, former member of Unit 731. A British Major Robert Peaty kept a diary while detained in Mukden that gives sufficient evidence of Unit 731's using Allied prisoners of war as guinea pigs. Another Australian doctor R. J. Brennan also kept a diary, indicating that how the prisoners of war underwent experimentation. What bothered him most was one day 150 American prisoners were forced to march out of the camp, from which they never returned.

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In 1948, the CIA became part of the newly created military Medical Intelligence Organization. The agency was put in charge of "foreign, atomic, biological, and chemical intelligence, from medical science's point of view." The Scientific Intelligence Committee and the Joint Medical Science Intelligence Committee authorized the CIA engaged in "body-snatching," collecting 1,500 corpses -- some with and others without the permission of relatives -- and taking tissue and bone samples from people who had been exposed to fallout from nuclear tests in the Nevada desert.

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(copyright 28 June 2007)

Dwight D. Eisenhower Jan 1953 to Dec 1961

In the Philippines, covert CIA direct action played an important role in the 1950s in defeating a communist insurgency by 1953.

Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, was a former Nazi doctor who was recruited after World War II and ran the CIA's MK-ULTRA operated out of the CIA's Technical Services Division. The CIA's secret experiments with LSD was originally dubbed MK-Naomi, and then the code-name was changed to MK-ULTRA in April 1953. "MK" was the code for "Technical Services" and "Naomi" referred to the agency secret project to develop poisons. One of the people killed was Frank Olson (a CIA germ warfare doctor whose specialty was anthrax), while they were working on Subproject-68, also known as MK-ULTRA

In 1954 the CIA orchestrated a coup against Jacobo Guzman Arbenz the democratically elected president of Guatemala and replaced him with a ruthless right-wing dictator.

During the early 1950s, reform candidate Jacobo Arbenz was elected president of Guatemala. At the time less than three percent of Guatemalans owned 70 percent of the land. Arbenz promised to help the poor dig their way out of starvation and after his election he implemented a comprehensive land reform program. He allowed the Communist Party to join his coalition government and expropriation of 400,000 acres

from the United Fruit Company. They were one of the largest and most oppressive landholders in the country. United Fruit launched a major public relations campaign in the US, aimed at convincing the American public and congress that Arbenz was part of a Russian plot and that Guatemala was a Soviet satellite.

In March 1954, during following Stalin's death Ivan Serov became the head of the KGB. He immediately set to work expanding the KGB's capacity for assassinations. He turned the KGB's assassination department into a tool for political retribution. In 1955, when Khrushchev became secretary general of the Communist Party, he gave the KGB and Serov authority to kill anywhere in the world, as long as weapons used could not be easily traced to Moscow. Serov formalized and enforced a policy requiring that all assassinations be approved by a special secret committee of the Politburo. In September 1956, the first target of assassinations were to silence the leaders of the old anti-Soviet and anti-nazi emigre movement, the National Labor Union, NTS. Some hundred thousand Russians had secretly planned covert actions against the Soviets during World War II. The CIA had recruited thousands of vulnerable refugees who fled their homeland behind the Iron Curtain and used them with little thought for their safety. Of the hundreds of these emigre (hired CIA agents) trained and sent back into the Soviet Union were killed and there is no indication that a single agent ever was successful in accomplishing his mission. (p. 179-181, The Secret History of the CIA)

President Eisenhower authorized the first CIA assassination in April 1955 of Red Chinese leader, Chou En-Lai. The assassination attempt failed when a freelancer employed by the CIA blew up an Air India plane, however, Chou En-Lai did not take the plane. A second attempt to poison Chou En-Lai was called off by General Lucien Truscott.

In February 1955, Operation GOLD started intercepting messages from a telephone wiretap on the East German telephone cable. The CIA had tunneled under ground 330 yards inside East Berlin from West Berlin. Every official Soviet government call made from Eastern Europe was routed through the central exchange in East Berlin. If a Soviet general in Prague called Moscow, the call went through East Berlin. On March 26, 1956, MI-6 told the CIA the tenor of conversations on the telephone lines changed, indicating the Soviet knew someone was listening. (pgs 140- 146)

MI-6 (British Secret Intelligence Service) officers, George Blake, disclosed/compromised Operation GOLD (the Berlin tunnel) to the Soviets. He was a spy for the Soviets from April 1953 until he was discovered in December 1960 and his arrest in April 1961. He had worked with an MI 6 team that worked with the CIA tunnel planning team. (p.161)

In 1954, American military aid to the French in Vietnam reached $1.1 billion or 78% of the French war burden. (p.10, The Pentagon Papers). On July 21, 1954, a Geneva Accord ended the war in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam and establishing North and South Vietnam by dividing the countries at the 17th Parallel. The south was in the hands of the pro-French emperor Boa Dai, and the north in the hands of the Communist liberation fighter, Ho Chi Minh (who had worked with the OSS against the Japanese in World War II.) The partition was suppose to be temporary. In the Geneva Accords was a provision for democratic elections for a new unified country in July 1956.

President Eisenhower made the decision not to replace the French Army with a large American military presence soon after the Korean war, but he badly wanted to prevent the country from going Communist. He picked paramilitary expert Edward Lansdale for the job in Vietnam. Lansdale had been successful in stopping a Communist takeover in the Philippines. General (one star) Lansdale picked CIA officer Luigi Conein to work with him. As a member of OSS, Conein distinguished himself by parachuting into Indochina and leading raids against the Japanese Army.

One of the first things Gen. Lansdale did was find a leader who was acceptable to the U.S. Lansdale convinced Boa Dai to appoint Ngo Dinh Diem as prime minister. In exchange the CIA gave the emperor a large stipend to ease his endless exile on the French Riviera.

Lansdale understood Diem would not win an election, whether or not a majority of the Vietnamese favored Communism, they honored Ho Chi Minh as the man who had led the war of liberation against the French. (The Secret History of the CIA, pgs. 327- 329)

American intelligence estimates during the 1950s show that the Vietnam war began largely as a rebellion in the South against the increasingly oppressive and corrupt (and Catholic) regime of Ngo Dinh Diem (in a mostly Buddhist Country). From 1956 to 1958, when the insurgency began after Diem rejected scheduled elections per the Geneva accords. "Most of those who took up arms were South Vietnamese and the causes for which they fought were by no means contrived by North Vietnam."

American officials in Saigon, including those in the embassy, the CIA, and the US military command were fully aware of President Diem's shortcomings. They regularly reported to Washington that he was "authoritarian, inflexible, and remote," that he entrusted power only to his own family and that he had alienated all elements of the population by his oppressive policies. According to captured Communist North Vietnamese documents, from 1954 to 1958 North Vietnam concentrated on its internal development, apparently hoping to achieve reunification either through the elections provided for in the Geneva settlement or through the natural collapse of the week Diem regime. In 1960, 75 percent of the land was owned by 15 percent of the people. p. 67-78 The Pentagon Papers).

The majority of Vietnamese favored Communism, they honored Ho Chi Minh as the man who had led the war of liberation against the French. One of the provisions of the Geneva agreement was the resettlement provision. By May 1955, every Vietnamese had to choose whether to live in the north or south. The CIA gave its men (officers) a blank check to resettle enough Catholics in the south to create a political base for Ngo Dinh Diem. The CIA spent $100 million moving nearly a million Vietnamese from the north to the south. General Chennault conducted the evacuation using his Civil Air Transport (CAT), which he ran from Taiwan. One of Conein's jobs was to create a sense of panic and terror over what life would be like for those who remained in the north. (p. 329)

In 1956, the CIA helped establish the First Observation Group, a paramilitary organization south of the 17th parallel of stay-behind South Vietnamese units in the event of a North Vietnamese invasion. The US was limited to 685 military advisers in Vietnam.

Conein was the case officer for a Filipino priest who operated in enemy territory, Haiphong, North Vietnam. The priest was in charge of distribution of counterfeit North Vietnamese money to other CIA stay-behind agents. They counterfeit money was also to help destabilize the North's economy. It didn`t take long for Ho Chi Minh`s government to discover the priest and destroy the CIA`s stay-behind agents and operation. (p. 330)

Some six hundred thousand Catholics were convinced to move below the 17th Parallel, sixty five percent of the north's Catholics. These refugees were a problem for Diem and the CIA handlers because nearly four hundred thousand of them saw themselves as more French than Vietnamese. This was because they had been affiliated with the colonial French, including government bureaucrats and military personnel. Also among the refugees were more than fifteen thousand Vietminh sent by Hanoi to live in the south until called upon (sleeper agents/guerrillas) (p. 330)

Conein and General Edward Lansdale's efforts in Vietnam were a failure. They had little understanding of the two thousand years of Vietnamese history. In a country where a majority of the people were Buddhist, they created a government backed and supported by the Vatican. Diem might as well have called his country the Catholic Republic of Vietnam. (p. 332)

By 1959, there were 40 CIA officers working in Vietnam. Conein failed to tell CIA headquarters that the Catholic minority, spurred on by Diem's brother Ngo Dinh Nhu and his wife, Madame Nhu, had become oppressors of South Vietnamese Buddhist majority and placed stringent restrictions on Buddhist religious practices.

(The Secret History of the CIA, by Joseph Trento, p. 332).

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The CIA had secretly trained Hungarian freedom fighters at a secret base outside Munich. The CIA led thousands of Hungarians to believe that the U.S. would help overthrow the Soviets in the upraising of October 1956. It was an election year in the U.S. and President Eisenhower did not want to risk a direct confrontation with the Soviets for political reasons. He had already refused to back the British, French, and Israelis over the Suez Canal in August 1956. (p. 167 -168)

The CIA's counterintelligence division (years?) later determined that the KGB had learned from the Gehlen organization about the secret base outside Munich. The Gehlen organization had been thoroughly exploited by the Soviets. ((p.169)

The CIA-directed Radio Free Europe broadcasts had come very close to encouraging the uprising. (p. 162, The Secret War Against Hanoi)

As of February 1960, the CIA and Army intelligence had not been collecting intelligence on the East German defense establishment. The CIA base in Berlin concentrated on the Soviets and ignored the East German military. (p. 178)

In 1958, "the Eisenhower administration identified three major crises: Indonesia, North Africa, and the Middle East. All involved oil production and Islamic political forces which were then secular. Eisenhower and Secretary of State Dulles stressed that there was no Soviet involvement in any of these crises. The problem was... `radical nationalism`. " These areas of the world were part of the nonaligned movement. In Indonesia, the culprit was Sukarno, who was one of the leaders of the (US) despised nonaligned movement and was also allowing too much democracy: a popular-based party of poor peasants was gaining influence.

During the 1955 elections, the CIA had given a million dollars to the Masjumi party-an opposition party to both Sukarno's Nationalist party (the leader since the end of world war II) and the Communist party in Indonesia (called the PKI)-in an attempt to gain political control of the country. But the Masjumi party failed to win the hearts and minds of the people. In 1957, an assassination attempt was made against Sukarno. The CIA was quick to blame the PKI.

In 1957 Sukarno nationalization of former Dutch holdings, led to a situation of grave concern to American business interests, notably the oil and rubber industries. The CIA eagerly pitched in, helping to foment rebellion between the outer, resource rich, islands, and the central government based in Jakarta, Java. Two prominent American-based oil companies doing business in Indonesia at this time were of the Rockefeller-controlled Standard Oil family: Stanvac (jointly held by Standard Oil of New Jersey and Socony Mobil-Socony being Standard Oil of New York).

By 1958, having failed to buy the government through the election process, the CIA was fomenting a full-fledged operation in Indonesia. Operation Hike, as it was called, involved the arming and training of tens of thousands of Indonesians as well as "mercenaries" to launch attacks in the hope of bringing down Sukarno. In addition to the paramilitary activities, the CIA tried psychological warfare tricks to discredit Sukarno, such as passing rumors that he had been seduced by a Soviet stewardess. To that end, Sheffield Edwards, head of the CIA's Office of Security, enlisted the Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department to help with a porno movie project the CIA was making to use against Sukarno, ostensibly showing Sukarno in the act.

In 1958, a group of disillusioned regional military officers -- backed by the CIA and suspicious of Sukarno's devotion to socialist economic strategy-- set up a short-lived rebel government based in West Sumatra. Meanwhile, the government's devotion to socialist economic strategy, combined with general economic mismanagement, caused economic deterioration. At that time, the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) was expanding its influence through its systematic organization of urban and plantation workers and the peasantry. The PKI soon became one of the biggest political parties, particularly in East and Central Java. Hated and distrusted by both the military and the Islamic parties, the PKI developed an alliance with the PNI, Sukarno's Indonesian Nationalist Party.³¹

In 1964 and 1965, CIA director John McCone and U.S. ambassador to Indonesia Howard Jones briefed Steve Bechtel Sr. on the rapidly deteriorating situation in Indonesia. Bechtel, Socal, Texaco ... had extensive dealings in that part of the world and were concerned because Indonesia's President Sukarno was nationalizing U.S. business interests there. ... In October 1965, in an CIA-backed coup, Sukarno was ousted and replaced by President Suharto, who proved far more receptive to U.S. business interests than his predecessor.

Bechtel was no stranger to the CIA. Bechtel Sr. had been a charter member of the CIA conduit Asia Foundation from its inception as Allen Dulles' brainchild. Former CIA Director Richard Helms himself joined Bechtel, as an "international consultant" in 1978. Said a former executive, Bechtel was:

The "main function" of Southeast Asia was to provide resources and raw materials (oil and US investments) to the industrial societies. Indonesia was the richest prize. The main problem in Indonesia was the Communist party (PKI), which was winning "widespread support as an organization defending the interests of the poor. The US embassy in Jakarta reported that it might not be possible to overcome the PKI "by ordinary democratic means", so that "elimination" by police and military might be undertaken. The Joint Chiefs of Staff urged that "action must be taken, including overt measures as required, to ensure either the success of the dissidents or the suppression of the pro-communist elements of the Sukarno government." US support for the secessionist movement was "by far the largest, and to this day the least known, of the Eisenhower administration's covert militarized interventions." Major General Suharto took power in 1965, with Washington's strong support and assistance. Army-led massacres wiped out the PKI and devastated its mass base in "one of the worst mass murders of the 20th century,"

Perhaps half a million or more were killed within a few months.

The tragedy of the Kennedy assassination lies in the legacy left in the wake of his absence. Without his support, Indonesia's baby steps toward a real, economic independence were shattered. Sukarno, hardly a saint and with plenty of problems, nonetheless was trying to assure that business deals with foreigners left some benefit for the Indonesians.

In 1957, with the approval of Dulles, the CIA attempted to poison Egyptian leader, Gamel Abdel Nasser, but this attempt failed. (p. 194, The Secret History of the CIA )

Egypt's leader, Nasser, also was a pillar of the nonaligned movement (radical Arab nationalism). In 1958, a coup in Iraq overthrowing the British-backed government, was assumed to be Nasserite in origin. Eisenhower sent military forces to Lebanon to block a perceived nationalists threat and to ensure control over (oil) pipelines.

Another country it was feared would fall under Nasserite influence was Jordan, then the regional base for the British military power. Israel assisted in assuring British control. In 1958, the Israel-Turkey relationship was establish.

Eisenhower refused to back the British, French, and Israelis over the Suez Canal in August 1956. (p. 167 -168, The Secret History of the CIA )

Sources: nonaligned movement

http://mondediplo.com/1998/06/02chomsky

http://www.realhistoryarchives.com/collections/hidden/freeport-indonesia.htm

Hegemony or Survival America's Quest for Global Dominance by Norm Chomsky pages 163 to 165.

In 1959, Eisenhower ordered that assassination of Congolese rebel leader, Patrice Lumumba, but in February 1961, Lumumba was killed in fighting other rebels in the Congo. Eisenhower also order the assassination of Fidel Castro. (p. 197, The Secret History of the CIA )

Declassified CIA documents later revealed that in 1956 and 1958 the US Army had loosed swarms of specially bred mosquitoes in Georgia and Florida to study their use as weapons in a biological war.

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Philanthropic foundations and the CIA

In her book THE CULTURAL COLD WAR, Frances Stoner Saunders recalled how the Ford Foundation collaborated with the CIA in the past--on behalf of the Ultra-Rich families of the U.S. Establishment's power elite.

"The use of philanthropic foundations was the most convenient way to pass large sums of money to Agency projects without alerting the recipients to their source. By the mid-1950s, the CIA's intrusion into the foundation field was massive. Although figures are not available for this period, the general counsel of a 1952 Congress committee appointed to investigate US foundations concluded that `An unparalleled amount of power is concentrated increasingly in the hands of an interlocking and self-perpetuating group. Unlike the power of corporate management, it is unchecked by stockholders; unlike the power of government, it is unchecked by the people; unlike the power of the churches, it is unchecked by any firmly established canons of value.' In 1976, a Select Committee appointed to investigate US intelligence activities reported on the CIA's penetration of the foundation field by the mid-1960s: during 1963-66, of the 700 grants over $10,000 given by 164 foundations, at least 108 involved partial or complete CIA funding. More importantly, CIA funding was involved in nearly half the grants made by these 164 foundations in the field of international activities during the same period.

"`Bona fide' foundations such as Ford, Rockefeller and Carnegie were considered `the best and most plausible kind of funding cover.' A CIA study of 1966 argued that this technique was `particularly effective for democratically run membership organizations, which need to assure their own unwitting members and collaborators, as well as their hostile critics, that they have genuine, respectable, private sources of income.' Certainly, it allowed the CIA to fund a seemingly limitless range of covert action programs affecting youth groups, labor unions, universities, publishing houses, and other
private institutions from the early 1950s."

Shortly after Allen Dulles was to become Director of Central Intelligence, John McCloy became the new president of the Ford Foundation McCloy created an administrative unit within the Ford Foundation specifically to deal with the CIA. Headed by McCloy and two foundation officers, this three-man committee had to be consulted every time the CIA wanted to use the foundation, either as a pass-through, or as cover. With this arrangement in place, the Ford Foundation became officially engaged as one of those organizations the CIA was able to mobilize for political warfare.

After John F. Kennedy's assassination, McCloy was appointed to the Warren Commission. McGeorge Bundy, became president of the Ford Foundation in 1966 (coming straight from his job as Special Assistant to the President in Charge of National Security.

In her 1982 book ROOTED IN SECRECY: THE CLANDESTINE ELEMENT IN AUSTRALIAN POLITICS by Joan Coxsedge noted that "the Ford Foundation" also "took

over the funding of the Congress for Cultural Freedom after its CIA cover was blown in 1966."

The percentage of public broadcasting revenue coming from foundations has doubled in the past two decades. And in the world of nonprofit media, a few million a year goes a long way...
http://www.questionsguestions.net/feldman/feldman07.html

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In 1959, both Khrushchev and Pres. Dwight Eisenhower seemed sincere in wanting to ease the tensions between their two countries. After a two days of private talks at Camp David in the summer of 1959, the stage was set for a full-fledged negotiation at a summit in Paris and it was scheduled for mid-May 1960. It might have produced a limited nuclear test ban treaty, already foreseen as the first major
accord of the cold war. [1b]

However, on May 1, 1960, Francis Gary PowersU-2 spy plane crashed in the Soviet Union. Khrushchev stated that the U-2 flight may have been the work of "American aggressive circles" trying to "torpedo the Paris summit. [1b]

The Soviets had known about the U-2 program for some time and their anti-air craft missiles were capable of shoot down the high altitude spy plane. What the Soviets lacked was detailed altitude information on U-2 and radar avoiding techniques used during its flights. Colonel Fletcher Prouty concluded that Power's plane was flying below his operational altitude when brought down. [1b] (possibly to take more detail photographs).

What the Soviets lacked was the detailed altitude information on the U-2 that would have allowed them to accurately control their missiles at great altitudes. Lee Harvey Oswald, who served as a radar operator at Atsugi, Japan, one of the staging areas for the U- 2 flights, had that information. He defected in Moscow six months before the U-2 was shoot down. [1b] There is a lot of evidence that Oswald had received Russian language and intelligence training and that his defection was a fake, a double agent operation.

By the summer of 1960, the FBI was fully alert to Oswald and to possibly some sort of espionage game was being played out. His name had been placed on a "watch" list used in monitoring of overseas communications. [2b]

Clay Shaw had worked for OSS in 1941 and he and David Ferrie are reported to have worked for the CIA. [3b] Oswald was in contact with these guys, with Ferrie when Oswald was a youth and both during the JFK assassination.

In 1959 the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) had a spy program involving three dozen, maybe young US men who were sent to defect to the Soviet Union.[5b]

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The classic case is the "missile gap" of the late 1950s. Air Force Intelligence was estimating that Soviets would deploy 500 intercontinental ballistic missiles by the early '60s. The intelligence branch of the Strategic Air Command figured the Soviets would, or might already, have 1,000 or more. The CIA, on the other hand, calculated the number at about 50. (By the time John F. Kennedy took office in 1961, photos from spy satellites revealed that the Soviets had just four ICBMs.) [1b]

Air Force Intelligence Chief Maj. Gen. George Keegan, had briefed officials on the thousands of hidden Soviet missiles back in the '50s. [4b]

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In 1959, Castro and his men ousted Cuba's corrupt dictator, Fulgencio Batista. At the CIA, Dulles and Richard Bissell authorized CIA officer William Harvey to go after Communist Cuba. Harvey with his assistant CIA officer, Ted Shackley, set up facilities to recruit anti-Castro Cubans. Theh open a new CIA station in Miami (code name JM/WAVE) in an old building at the University of Miami. They put up signs that read: Zenith Technical Enterprise. JM/WAVE grew to six hundred case officers. These case officers interrogated the 2,800 Cuban refugees arriving in Florida every day. Other CIA officers would train a brigade of these recruits to invade Cuba.

The second mission tasked to Harvey was Task Force W and its special unit was code named ZR/RIFLE, which put the U.S. in the business of murder. Bissell instructed Harvey never to speak to CIA Director, Allen Dulles or President Eisenhower about this part of this job. Nothing about this mission was to be put in writing. The code name ZR/RIFLE was kept secret from even high ranking CIA officers. The CIA was never mentioned by name in ZR/RIFLE documents, rather the CIA was referred to as KUBARK. Harvey recruited assassins under the false statement that the mission would be to steal electronic secrets (codes) from other countries. The developed a rule that no U.S. citizens could be recruited and CIA officer, James Angleton recommended to Harvey that he never use Sicilians, for fear the CIA could be blackmailed by the mafia. He recommended using (French) Corsicans instead. (This is interesting, since Angleton had had a close relationship using the Corsican drug traffickers in CIA espionage and direct action operations, which I will talk about later in the book) . Angleton also recommended using friendly foreign intelligence service for "executive actions" (CIA slang for assassinations) , particularly South Koreans. (p. 192-195)

President Eisenhower planned to destroy Castro and regime change in Cuba. Vice President Nixon was head of the 5412 committee and White House action officer, which was in charge of the " Program of Covert Action Against the Castro Regime" March 17, 1960. [10b] The regime change was to be carried out "in such a manner as to avoid any appearance of U.S. intervention," because of the anticipated reaction in Latin America and the problem of a doctrinal management in he U.S. [p. 82, Crossfire, The Plot That Killed Kennedy, by Jim Marrs, ]

In May of 1960, CIA Officer E. Howard Hunt was involved in the creation of the Cuban Revolutionary Council, the umbrella anti-Castro organization and a Cuban government in exile. Also involved with Hunt were Bernard L. Baker, and Frank Sturgis, all of later Watergate fame. [7] Many of the CIA officers were involved in the 1954 overthrow of Jacobo Arbenz in Guatemala.

1b. Crossfire The Plot That Killed Kennedy, by Jim Marrs, page 114 and 115.

2b. Ibid, page 123.

3b. Ibid, page 499 to 500.

4b. http://www.node707.com/archives/005705.shtml

and http://www.geocities.com/aberdenn/trud/rumsfeld_intelligence_unit.html

6b. Ibid, pages 142-144.

7b. Ibid, page 147.

8b. Ibid, pages 149 -150.

9b. Ibid, page 138.

10b. Ibid, page 139.

11b. Barry and the boys: The CIA, the Mafia, and America's Secret History by Daniel Hopsicker page 332.

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In July 1960, the CIAordered the Havana CIA Station put out the word that the CIA would pay $10,000 to anyone who assassinated Che Guevara. (p. 198)

In August 1960, CIA Deputy Director, Richard Bissell, gave William Henry and CIA Director of Security (number three in rank at the CIA), Sheffield Edwards approval to use the mafia to assassinate Castro. Henry and Edwards decided to use a cutout (a hired contract agent front man). Edwards hired Robert Maheu, a former FBI agent. The CIA had hired Maheu back in 1953 because it needed someone to do jobs that might have embarrassing repercussions. Under CIA auspices, Maheu set up a front company, a private investigations firm. (p. 198-199, The Secret History of the CIA )

The CIA did not know the real relationship between Santos Trafficante and Castro. In a mafia power move against Meyer Lansky, Trafficante had struck a deal with Castro. In the years of guerrilla warfare against Batista, Castro received guns from Trafficante. In return Castro promised Trafficante control of gambling in Cuba once the revolution succeeded. Trafficante also allowed Castro's supporters to bring in heroin into Miami and sell it on his turf to help finance the revolution. Trafficante placed Castro agents among the refugees fleeing Cuba after the revolution. They played the part of the most fervent anti-Communist in anti-Castro emigre organizations. They were Castro's most loyal supporters and were KGB trained members of the Cuban Intelligence agency, the DGI. JM/WAVE (Miami CIA station) was penetrated by Castro's DGI agents and assassination attempt on Castro were tipped off and two assassins were arrested as soon as they landed in Cuba a small plane. (p. 199- 202)

In the late 1960s, drugs and protection being run through Little Havana were far more profitable than anything the mob had done in Cuba. (p. 200)

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Chuck Giancana wrote a biography of his brother, Double Cross. His brother Sam Giancana murdered his way to become the leader of the Chicago mafia and the whole US mafia or "Outfit" as it is called by the gangsters themselves.

This book claims Coolidge, Roosevelt, Truman, J. Edgar Hoover, Nixon and JFK were corrupted by the US mafia and they returned favors to protect the mafia's profit making by illegal means.

He writes that Joe Kennedy was not just some bootlegger who got lucky in legitimate hard drink business. He says Kennedy was a "made- man", a part of the Outfit, or a man who paid the Outfit a percentage of his profits for protection from the cops and help make the Outfit bosses rich.

He writes that Jack Kennedy was corrupt and was killed by both the CIA and the Outfit because, Bobby and Jack went against the Outfit after being helped greatly to get Jack elected. Jack Ruby was more than just a bar owner in Dallas. He says the CIA and the mafia are one and the same.

(Source: Double Cross by Chuck Giancana )

________

John F. Kennedy Jan 1961 to Nov 1963

(copyright 28 June 2007)

John F. Kennedy Jan 1961 to Nov 1963

On April 15, 1961 the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba kicked off when a force of six B-26 bombers left a secret airfield in Nicaragua attacked Castro's tiny air force caught on the ground. On April 17 US trained Cuban Brigade 5412 landed at the Bay of Pigs. A second air strike was planned to complete the destruction of Castro's air force. A few planes escaped the first attack. Kennedy refuse to allow the second air strike for fear of the entire world realizing that the US was supporting this invasion of another country. [6b]

NOTE: Vice President Nixon was head of the 5412 committee and White House action officer, which was in charge of the " Program of Covert Action Against the Castro Regime" March 17, 1960. In 1954 NSC 5412 provided for the establishment of a panel of designated representatives of the President and the Secretaries of State and Defense to meet regularly to review and recommend covert operations. Gordon Gray assumed the chairmanship of the "5412 Committee" as it was called, and all succeeding National Security Advisers have chaired similar successor committees, variously named "303", "40", "Special Coordinating Committee," which, in later Presidential administrations, were charged with the review of CIA covert operations.

Gen Lemnitzer, Chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff, believed that the Bay of Pigs Invasion would fail (based on his military assessment of the invasion force and the Cuban defense forces), but withheld his judgment from President Kennedy. (Source: Body of Secrets, p. 82)

NOTE: In the book The Secret History of the CIA, the author Joseph Trento continues to blames Kennedy for the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion by ordering Richard Bissell to cut back on the bombers attacks intended to incapacitate Castro's air force and as a result the x-Cuban CIA recruited army supply ships were unable to unload ammunition. This point of view is probably the views of the many high ranking former CIA officials that Trento interview in researching for his book. (p. 204).

The Top Secret codename for the Bay of Pigs operation, was Operation Zapata. Zapata Petroleum or Zapata Offshore was a Midland, TX oil company headed by George Bush Sr. There is a lot of evidence that Zapata Petrolleum was a CIA front company used to support the Bay of Pigs invasion. S Joseph McBride, wrote two articles in The Nation and disclosed that George Bush Sr. had been involved with the CIA before JFK has been assassinated. He examined an FBI memo dated Nov. 29, 1963 from Hoover to the State Department, subject: Assassination of President John F. Kennedy November 22,1963.

Bay of Pigs codenames was Operation Pluto, or Don Eduardo, roughly the Spanish equivalent of "Mr. Edward" or perhaps "Mr. Ed

CIA code name for the invasion was Operation Zapata main landing beach, the Playa Giron, is located south of the city of Cienfuegos on the Zapata Peninula, on the south coast of Cuba.

Then there is the question of the Brigade 2506 (Bay of Pigs) landing fleet, which was composed of five older freighters bought or chartered from the Garcia Steamship Lines. (Eddie and Freddie Garcia, Cuban emigres provide the ships). The ships were bearing the names of Houston, Rio Esondido, Caribe, Atlantic, and Lake Charles. In addition to these vessels, which were outfitted as transport ships, there were two somewhat better armed fire support ships, the Blagar and the Barbara. (In some sources Barbara J.) The Barbara was originally an LCI (Landing Craft Infantry) of earlier vintage. Our attention is attracted at once to the Barbara and the Houston, in the first case because we have seen George Bush's habit of naming his combat aircraft after his wife, and, in the second case, because Bush was at this time a resident, booster, and Republican activist of Houston, Texas. But of course, the appearance of names like "Zapata," Barbara, and Houston can by itself only arouse suspicion, and proves nothing.

Source: George Bush, The Unauthorized Biography, Chapter 8b, by Webster G. Tarpley & Anton Chaitkin http://killtown.911review.org/bushbio/chapter8b.html

The abortive Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, launched on April 16-17, 1961, prepared with the assistance of the CIA's "Miami Station". The CIA's largest station in the continental United States and its building complex reads: "US GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS PROHIBIT DISCUSSION OF THIS ORGANIZATION OR FACILITY" at the former Richmond Naval Air Station south of Miami. This complex had as many as 3,000 Cuban agents and subagents, with a small army of case officers to direct and look after each one. According to one account, there were at least 55 dummy corporations to provide employment, cover, and commercial disguise for all these operatives. There were detective bureaus, gun stores, real estate brokerages, boat repair shops, and party boats for fishing and other entertainments. There was the clandestine Radio Swan, later renamed Radio Americas. There were fleets of specially modified boats based at Homestead Marina, and at other marinas throughout the Florida Keys. Agents were assigned to the University of Miami and other educational institutions

Note: When Bush Sr. was CIA director in 1976, he appointed Shackley to a top clandestine job, associate deputy director for operations, laying the foundation for Shackley's possible rise to director. This could gives evidence that Bush Sr. worked as a CIA case officer/supervisor and he worked with Shackley. Shackley will later show up in Bush Sr.'s 1979-80 presidential campaign

This memo stated that Oswald was in police custody and available for interrogation about his affiliation with agencies of the US government. It in the memo was noted/stated that FBI SA W. T. Forsyth and Captain William Edwards of the Defense Intelligence Agency briefed "Mr. George Bush of the CIA". McBride states, "A source with close connections to the intelligence community confirms that Bush started working for the Agency in 1960 or 1961, using his oil business as a cover for clandestine operations. (p. 331) [1] Plausible Denial by Mark Lane.

After the Bay of Pigs failed attack on Cuba, Kennedy quickly concluded that the CIA and the military were not as competent as he had believed. He and his brother decided to take full control of all intelligence operations. Kennedy replaced Dulles as CIA Director with John McCone, but in reality, Robert Kennedy ran the intelligence agency through the White House Special Group. Robert Kennedy convinced his brother that the only way to prevent Communism from being exported from Cuba to the rest of Latin America was to develop an aggressive partnership among American business, the Catholic church, and the CIA. (p. 204)

Pres. Kennedy's Alliance for Progress became a giant cover operation. Large CIA stations were established in many Latin American capital cities. The CIA used an entire news organization, Copley News Service as a cover for its agents. The Catholic church played a major role in Pres. Kennedy's actions. Kennedy forged a secret relationship between Latin Jesuits to fight the spread of evangelical Protestantism and freemasonry in Latin America and allocated U.S. relief funds to the Jesuits.

David Rockefeller told Kennedy that American business needed some kind of financial guarantee against political instability if they were going to do substantial private investments in Latin America. Kennedy set up a cheap political risk insurance program underwritten by a branch of the Agency for International Development (AID). (p. 205-206)

Kennedy also created the Business Group for Latin America. It was a CIA front to funnel private funds to secret operations that Robert Kennedy thought important. Enno Hobbling, a former CIA officer, was the executive director.

NOTE: This is a shadow CIA or a private enterprise like that used by Oliver North and gang during the Iran-Contra operations.

The groups job was to provide a cover organization in order to use private corporate money for bribes and other political actions against socialist political candidates and parties in Latin America elections.

To punish the CIA`s , Kennedy moved paramilitary operations to a special staff under the Secretary of Defense. General Maxwell Taylor and General Edward Lansdale became the military theoreticians for these paramilitary operations.

Richard Helms became the CIA Deputy Director for Plans, the section of the CIA that conducted direct actions and recruited spies. Helms had a secret intelligence analysis report produced by the CIA's Intelligence Directorate which stated that even if the assassination of Castro was successfully carried out, no popular uprising against Communism would follow. (p. 206-207, The Secret History of the CIA)

Attorney General Robert Kennedy was given responsibility for overseeing Cuban affairs. Soon a much more secret CIA operation, codename, Operation Mongoose got started. By mid-1962, this operation involved nearly 600 CIA case officers and as many as 3,000 contract agents, many of whom were Cuban refugees. [6b] Ninety percent of the CIA case officers did not speak Spanish. CIA officer John Sherwood so distrusted that the Cuban recruits may be working for the DGI or KGB, that he chose translators who were Mexican Americans from New Mexico who were serving in the Air Force. (p. 209) Harvey had 60 agents-in-place in Cuba. (p.213)

On May 7, 1962, three top-ranking men in the CIA; Helms, General Counsel Lawrence Houston, and Sheffield Edwards went to the Justice Department to brief Robert Kennedy on the earlier assassination plots with using the mafia. On August 11, 1962 William Harvey (the CIA agent in charge of Task Force W and ZR/RIFLE) attended a meeting in Secretary of State Dean Rusk's office along with Pres. Kennedy's top national security aids and they discussed the Castro assassination. Later Harvey talked to DCI McCone and learned that McCone had not been briefed about ZR/RIFLE. (p. 213-214)

JM/WAVE included near nightly raids on Cuba -- landing saboteurs, dropping propaganda leaflets, occasional military-style raids, and attempts to kill Castro by the CIA using the US mafia. The Cuban missile crisis happened on October 22, 1962. [6b]

The most violent Cuban exile group was Alpha 66. The CIA's Western Hemisphere Division's Director of Operations, David Atlee Phillips, undercover-named, Maurice Bishop, and helped guide the plans to assassinate Castro. [8b] Phillips appears to have worked for Deputy Director Richard M. Bissell Jr. [9b]

6b. Crossfire, The Plot That Killed Kennedy, by Jim Marrs, pages 142-144

9b. Ibid, page 138

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The drug laws were massively violated as the gallant anti-communist fighters filled their planes and boats with illegal narcotics to be smuggled back into the US when they returned from their missions. By 1963, the drug-running activities of the covert operatives were beginning to attract attention. JM/WAVE, in sum, accelerated the slide of south Florida towards the status of drug and murder capital of the United States it achieved during the 1980's, when it became as notorious as Chicago during Prohibition.

John Sherwood took charge of Task Force 80, which included all Mongoose operations outside of Miami. From these ranks came violent right-wing groups like Alpha 66 and Omega 7. From Keystone Point to Key West, the CIA purchased waterfront homes, converted small boats into attack gunboats and sponsored hit and run raids on Cuba. Shackley trained thousands of Cuban nationalists in sabotage and assassination.

(p .209, The Secret History of the CIA)

Four months after the Bay of Pigs, Pres. Kennedy was desperate for information about the U.S.'s ability to defend West Berlin and prevent our troops there from being trapped, should the Soviet decide to attack. The CIA and Sate Department were withholding information from Kennedy. As the Soviet started building the Berlin Wall to prevent the flood of 2,500 refugees a day in August 1961. The Soviets had the confidence that the U.S. could not react to their building of the Wall because they had recruited a U.S. Army Colonel William Whalen. The Soviets know from Whalen that the U.S. had no plans for defending Berlin and had very few military assets in West Berlin, short of a suicidal nuclear exchange. The CIA never once managed to accurately predict what the Soviets` intention in Berlin had been. (p. 187-189)

In 1955, CIA Officer (and KGB spy) George Weisz was still working for Operation PAPERCLIP, the secret recruitment and importation of Nazis into the United States (361 Nazis). The operation was controlled by a secret U.S. Army unit, the Joint Intelligence Objective Agency (JIOA) , and was run directly out of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Colonel Whalen was the deputy chief of JIOA. Whalen was arrested in 1964 by the FBI. The Justice Department files indicate that everything possible was done to avoid embarrassment to the Army and the CIA (cover-up-ed) in regard to Whalen's espionage because of his connections to PAPERCLIP. (p. 189, The Secret History of the CIA )

"After the Bay of Pigs invasion, Pres. Kennedy implemented a crushing embargo that could scarcely be endured by a small country that had become a `virtual colony' of the U.S. in the sixty years following its `liberation' from Spain. He ordered an intensification of the terrorist campaign: `He asked his brother, Attorney General Robert Kennedy, to lead the top-level interagency group that oversaw Operation Mongoose, a program of paramilitary operations, economic warfare, and sabotage he launched in late 1961 to visit the `terror of the earth' on Fidel Castro and more prosaically, to topple him.' "

"Operation Mongoose was the `centerpiece of America policy toward Cuba from late 1961 until the onset of the (October) 1962 (Cuban) missile crisis.'... Robert Kennedy informed the CIA that the Cuban problem carries `top priority in the United States Government--no time, no effort, or manpower is to be spared' in the effort to overthrow the Castro regime. The Chief of Mongoose operation was Edward Lansdale. "

In February 1962 the Pentagon and the CIA were desperate for a war with Cuba. Desperate enough to plan "to lure or provoke Castro, or an uncontrollable subordinate, into an overt hostile reaction against the United States; a reaction which would in turn create the justification for the US to not only retaliate but destroy Castro with speed, force, and determination' " This plan (Operation Northwoods) called for attacks against American bases, equipment and personnel. It call for the dressing up of American trained Cubans as Communists to make the attacks on American bases and to manufacture an airplane that looked like a Russian MiG to shoot down a "drone aircraft with the pretense that it was a charter flight carrying college students on a holiday" American airliner. This plan had to be conducted in the next 9-10 months, "but before Cuba could establish relations with Russia that might `directly involve the Soviet Union' "

"On August 23, 1962 the president (Kennedy) issued National Security Memorandum No. 181, `a directive to engineer an internal revolt that would be followed by U.S. military intervention,' involving `significant U.S. military plans, maneuvers, and movement of forces and equipment' that were surely known to Cuba and Russia. Also in August, terrorist attacks were intensified , including speedboat strafing attacks on a Cuban seaside hotel `where Soviet military technicians were known to congregate, killing scores of Russians and Cubans'; attacks on British and Cuban cargo ships; the contamination of sugar shipments; mostly carried out by Cuban exile organizations permitted to operate freely in Florida."

(US sponsored) "terrorist operations continued through the tensest moments of the missile crisis. They were formally canceled on October 30, (1962) several days after the Kennedy and Khrushchev agreement, but went on nonetheless. On November 8, `a Cuban-exile covert action sabotage team from the United States successfully blew up a Cuban industrial facility,' killing 400 workers, according to the Cuban government. Raymond Garthoff writes that `the Soviets could only see [the attack] as an effort to backpedal on what was for them, the key question remaining: American assurances not to attack Cuba.' ...He concludes, ` that the risk and danger to both sides could have been extreme, and catastrophe not excluded.'"

"After the (missile) crisis ended, Kennedy renewed the terrorist campaign. Ten days before his assassination (November 13, 1963) he had approved a CIA plan for `destructive operation' by US proxy forces `against a large oil refinery and storage facility, a large electric plant, sugar refineries, docks and ships.' A plot to kill Castro was initiated on the day of the Kennedy assassination...Only once in nearly a thousand pages of documentation (of Mongoose operations) did a U.S. official raise something that resembled a faint moral objection to U.S.-government sponsored terrorism; a member of the NSC staff suggested that it might lead to some Russian reaction, and raids that are `haphazard and kill innocents...mean a bad press in some friendly countries.'"

`The campaign was called off in 1965, but one of Nixon's first acts in office in 1969 was to direct the CIA to intensify covert operation against Cuba.... Peaking in the mid-1970s, with attacks on fishing boats, embassies, and Cuban offices overseas, and the bombing of a Cubana Airliner, killing all seventy-three passengers on 6 October 1976.

. These and subsequent (US) terrorist operations were carried out from US territory, thought by then they were regarded as criminal acts by the FBI. "

"To put it simply, Thomas Paterson writes, `Cuba as a symbol and reality, challenged U.S. hegemony in Latin America .' International (US) terrorism and economic warfare to bring about regime change are justified not by what Cuba does, but by its `very existence,' its `successful defiance' of the proper master of the hemisphere ." Rejecting a 1961 legal brief that held the Bay of Pigs invasion to be a violation of US neutrality laws, Attorney General Robert Kennedy determined that US-run force were `patriots'. Therefore, none of their activities `appear to be violations of our neutrality laws, ` which `clearly...were not designed for the kind of situation which exists in the world today.' " page 90-93)

Source; Hegemony or Survival, America's Quest for Global Dominance by Norm Chomsky pages 83-86 and 90-93.

In 1956 and 1958, declassified documents have revealed, the US Army loosed swarms of specially bred mosquitoes in Georgia and Florida to see whether disease-carrying insects could be weapons in a biological war. The mosquitoes bred for the tests were of the Aedes Aegypti type, the precise carrier of dengue fever as well as other diseases. In 1967 it was reported by Science magazine that at the US government center in Fort Detrick, Maryland, dengue fever was amongst those "diseases that are at least the objects of considerable research and that appear to be among those regarded as potential BW [biological warfare] agents."

In August 1962, a British freighter under Soviet lease, having damaged its propeller on a reef, crept into the harbor at San Juan, Puerto Rico for repairs. It was bound for a Soviet port with 80,000 bags of Cuban sugar. The ship was put into dry dock and 14,135 sacks of sugar were unloaded to a warehouse to facilitate the repairs. While in the warehouse, the sugar was contaminated by CIA agents with a substance that was allegedly harmless but unpalatable. When President Kennedy learned of the operation he was furious because it had taken place in US territory and if discovered could provide the Soviet Union with a propaganda field-day and could set a terrible precedent for chemical sabotage in the cold war He directed that the sugar not be returned to the Russians, although what explanation was given to them is not publicly known.

Similar undertakings were apparently not canceled. The CIA official who helped direct worldwide sabotage efforts, referred to above, later revealed that "There was lots of sugar being sent out from Cuba, and we were putting a lot of contaminants in it."

The same year (1962), a Canadian agricultural technician working as an adviser to the Cuban government was paid $5,000 by "an American military intelligence agent" to infect Cuban turkeys with a virus which would produce the fatal Newcastle disease. Subsequently, 8,000 turkeys died. The technician later claimed that although he had been to the farm where the turkeys had died, he had not actually administered the virus, but had instead pocketed the money, and that the turkeys had died from neglect and other causes unrelated to the virus. This may have been a self-serving statement. The Washington Post reported that "According to U.S. intelligence reports, the Cubans-and some Americans-believe the turkeys died as the result of espionage."

Authors Warren Hinckle and William Turner, citing a participant in the project, have reported in their book on Cuba that:

"During 1969 and 1970, the CIA deployed futuristic weather modification technology to ravage Cuba's sugar crop and undermine the economy. Planes from the China Lake Naval Weapons Center in the California desert, where hi-tech was developed, over-flew the island, seeding rain clouds with crystals that precipitated torrential rains over non-agricultural areas and left the cane fields arid (the downpours caused killer flash floods in some areas).

In 1971, also according to participants, the CIA turned over to Cuban exiles a virus which causes African swine fever. Six weeks later, an outbreak of the disease in Cuba forced the slaughter of 500,000 pigs to prevent a nationwide animal epidemic. The outbreak, the first ever in the Western hemisphere, was called the "most alarming event" of the Year by the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization.

Ten years later, the target may well have been human beings, as an epidemic of dengue fever swept the Cuban island. Transmitted by blood-eating insects, usually mosquitoes, the disease produces severe flu symptoms and incapacitating bone pain. Between May and October 1981, over 300,000 cases were reported in Cuba with 158 fatalities, 101 of which were children under.

Then, in 1984, a Cuban exile on trial in New York testified that in the latter part of 1980 a ship traveled from Florida to Cuba with "a mission to carry some germs to introduce them in Cuba to be used against the Soviets and against the Cuban economy, to begin what was called chemical war, which later on produced results that were not what we had expected, because we thought that it was going to be used against the Soviet forces, and it was used against our own people, and with that we did not agree."

It's not clear from the testimony whether the Cuban man thought that the germs would somehow be able to confine their actions to only Russians, or whether he had been misled by the people behind the operation.

In 1977, newly released CIA documents disclosed that the Agency "maintained a clandestine anti-crop warfare research program targeted during the 1960s at a number of countries throughout the world."

Source: Killing Hope by William Blum

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John F. Kennedy Jan 1961 to Nov 1963

In the Korean War, U.S. Hunter-killer Teams (highly mobile conventional light infantry) had played a significant role as mobile strike forces against Korean and Chinese regulars and behind-the-line guerrillas.

The Hunter-killer Teams described in the 1960 manual differ from the Korean War model in their size and makeup. The Hunter-killer Teams, like the Philippines Nenita units, the British counter gangs in the Kenyan Emergency, and the French counter guerrilla irregulars of Indochina and Algeria, dressed and operated as "guerrillas": "Personnel wear local indigenous civilian clothes or nondescript military attire and possess items of Red insignia on uniforms for use when appropriate." Their mission was to conduct long-range reconnaissance and to "hunt down and destroy" the adversary.

NOTE: it is a war crime to wear a uniform of an enemy.

One of the methods in a counterinsurgency program was isolation of the guerrillas through control of food supplies and the forcible relocation of suspect elements to "secure" resettlement areas; and the creation of no-go "sanitary zones," "specific areas from which the population is restricted and in which all non-governmental personnel (translated "all persons including civilians) encountered can be considered guerrilla/terrorists."

Unconventional warfare came into play whenever (US supported) operations took place in enemy territory or in territory (the US) considered to be under enemy influence, where the insurgent have been successful in dominating a territory. Offensive counterinsurgency forces acted as if they were conducting covert cross-border raids. Terror tactics, in unconventional warfare, became counter-terror in counterinsurgency.

No further elaboration of the "Terror Operations" prescribed appears in the 1960s manual, but references to punitive actions and the use of "guerrilla/ terrorist" tactics suggest a no-holds-barred approach. The prescription of terror for American counterinsurgents (unconventional warriors) remained a feature of American doctrine in the 1960s and afterward. Use of such terror was generally described through the more oblique term "counter-insurgency."

Comment: translated death squad.

"Terror Operations" would take the form of campaigns of assassination, "disappearance," and mass executions in many countries in subsequent decades, and would remain a hallmark of the counterinsurgency state in the 1980s. Offensive operations against Nicaragua in the 1980s where in the U.S. Army helped the Contras with military training, base-building, and maneuvers in neighboring Honduras). Direct involvement of U.S. (unconventional) forces is also prescribed in everything from propaganda to acts of terrorism. Special-forces type personnel who are demolition specialists can work with the underground in destroying government facilities, in terrorist activities, and in tying down internal security forces to protect government installations.

In a secret supplement to his 1962 report on Columbia to the joint Chiefs of Staff, Special Warfare Center commander, General Yarborough wrote: "Exhaustive interrogation of the bandits, should be used to elicit every shred of information. Both the Army and the Police need trained interrogators."In a country with a long tradition of police violence and torture in the wake of a long civil war, encouraging techniques to "elicit every shred" of information suggested at best an indifference to torture, at worst an endorsement of it.

Southeast Asia: South Vietnam, `North Vietnam, Laos, Thailand and Cambodia

From 1954 till 1958 North Vietnam was primarily concerned with its internal development vs. reunification of South Vietnam, apparently hoping to achieve reunification either through the elections provided for in the Geneva accords or through a natural collapse of the week Diem regime. Only in 1959 did the CIA pick up evidence of large-scale infiltration.

Pres. Kennedy transformed the "limited-risk gamble" of the Eisenhower Administration into a "broad commitment" to prevent Communist domination of South Vietnam. Kennedy tactics deepened the American involvement in Vietnam piecemeal, with each step minimizing public recognition that the American role was growing

On May 11, 1961, President Kennedy secretly issued National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM 28) ordering a covert CIA war against North Vietnam (NVN) (without Congressional declaration of war) to be conducted by South Vietnamese agents directed and trained by the CIA and 400 US Special Forces troops and 100 other US military advisers. No publicity was given to either move. Also the orders infiltration of South Vietnamese forces into south-eastern Laos to find and attack NVN bases and supply lines. (p. 79-82, The Pentagon Papers).

CIA case officers found it very unsuccessful to infiltration (CIA agents or recruited) spies into denied areas of the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe communist countries, the Peoples Republic of China, , North Korea, Cuba, and North Vietnam. Building resistance movements and agent networks inside these denied areas (like the OSS had done in World War II) had proved fruitless for the CIA. (p. 8, The Secret War Against Hanoi, by Richard H. Shultz, Jr.).

In November 1961, American soldiers were put in combat-support roles that involved them increasingly in actual fighting. (p. 83) Kennedy administration officials effectively squelched press speculation about troop the question with carefully managed leaks to the press. (p. 100, The Pentagon Papers )

The intelligence community (the CIA's Intelligence Directorate) provided a conspicuously more pessimistic analysis vs. that of the Pentagon. A special national intelligence estimate on Oct. 5, 1961 reported "that 80-90 percent of the estimated 17,000 Viet Cong had been locally recruited and that there was little evidence that the VC relied on external supplies" (meaning supplied from North Vietnam). This intelligence estimate included a warning about the kind of VC shrewdness and tenacity. ( p. 98, The Pentagon Papers).

Because the Bay of Pigs soured Kennedy on the CIA's ability to plan and execute covert unconventional warfare (paramilitary) operations, maintaining plausible deniability that the United States was not involved in invading another country. Just two months after the fiasco on June 28, 1961, Kennedy approved NSAMs 55, 56 and 57 to redefine and transfer executive branch responsibility for executing unconventional-warfare operations (against NVN) from the CIA to the Pentagon. Any large unconventional warfare (UW) operation which required significant numbers of military personnel, and amounts of equipment, will be construed to "exceed normal CIA-controlled stocks and/or military experience of a kind or level " needed for such operations. These larger programs would become "the primary responsibility of DoD with CIA in a supporting role." The CIA continued covert operations within South Vietnam, Laos, Thailand and Cambodia.

From 1961, there was a tenfold build-up in American forces in South Vietnam to 11,000 troops by the end of 1962. (p. 110, The Secret War Against Hanoi)

In February 1962, DoD established the US Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), a unified subordinate command of Commander in Chief, Pacific.

In April 1962, the U.S. military was doing everything they could to sell Kennedy on going to war in Vietnam.

On July 23, 1962, Sec of Defense, McNamara ordered the start of a planning for American withdrawal from South Vietnam and long-term projections for reducing American financial aid to the Saigon Government. McNamara's order reflected US domestic political problems...retaining public support indefinitely. A senior White House aide, Michael V. Forrestal reported to Kennedy on Feb. 11, 1963 stated that Vietcong recruitment inside South Vietnam was so effective that the war could be continued even without infiltration from North Vietnam. By October 1963, there were 16, 732 US troops in South Vietnam (p.112-113,The Pentagon Papers).

In late 1963, The CIA recruited Norwegian and German mercenaries to train South Vietnamese Naval sabotage units to operate small attack boats against North Vietnam. (p. 177, The Secret War Against Hanoi)

Diem called a referendum offering himself as a choice between himself and Bao Dai, which Diem won overwhelmingly. In October 1955, he declared himself president. The CIA helped Diem rig and win the election in 1956.

DCI John McCone argued forcefully that Diem was the only leader who could hold South Vietnam together, but Robert Kennedy decided that he could not support such a repressive a regime, despite strong protests from some military leaders, the CIA, and the Catholic Church. One of the major U.S. lobbyist on behalf of Diem and his regime was Francis Cardinal Spellman of New York. Diem's brother Ngo Dinh Nhu and his wife, madame Nhu, had become the oppressors of the South Vietnamese Buddhist majority. In May 1963, thousand of Buddhists demonstrated to protest the Diem's government and nine Buddhists were killed by South Vietnamese troops.

In the summer of 1963, Pres. Kennedy authorized Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. to order the CIA Saigon Chief of Station John Richardson to prepare for a coup. The coup was to be bloodless and Pres. Kennedy order Diem, his brother, and their families to be evacuated out of Vietnam to Taiwan. (The Secret History of the CIA, pgs. 333-334)

In 1963, Kennedy knew and approved of the South Vietnamese (SVN) military coup d'etat that overthrew President Ngo Dinh Diem and offered full support for a successor government. In October 1963, the US cut off aid to Diem in a direct rebuff, giving the green light to the SVN generals. The US maintained clandestine contact with the generals throughout the planning and execution of coup. Diem was assassinated in November 1, 1963. (p. 158- 162, The Pentagon Papers).

William Corson stated that by 1963, W. Averell Harriman was running "Vietnam without consulting the president or the attorney general. "Kenny O'Donnell (JFK's appointment secretary) was convinced that McGeorge Bundy, the national security advisor, was taking orders from Ambassador at large, Harriman and not the president. He was especially worried about Michael Forrestal, the White House staff guy who handled liaison on Vietnam with Harriman. A Special Operations Army Officer John Michael Dunn, took his orders not from normal CIA chain of command, but from Harriman and Forrestal. According to Corson, Dunn was known to be in touch with the coup plotters.

(The Secret History of the CIA, pgs. 334-335)

Lt. Colonel William Corson was a U.S. Marine Corps officer who became an expert in counterinsurgency and unconventional warfare. He worked in military (DoD) in counterintelligence and became an advisor to four U.S. Presidents. He was one of the major sources for the book, The Secret History of the CIA, by Joseph Trento. He retired for the Marines as a Colonel in 1968 and he was almost court marshaled after he wrote a book titled, The Betrayal. It was highly critical of U.S. policy in Vietnam and

he expressed his view that more American soldiers would die needlessly in Vietnam. In 1944, Corson worked in OSS with the top OSS officers Allen Dulles and Frank G. Wisner, who along with William Donovan. He never became a CIA officer. (The Secret History of the CIA, p. 26-28)

By the summer of 1962, frustrated with the CIA's inability to execute the covert war against North Vietnam, Kennedy ordered the Pentagon to take over and to greatly expand the covert war (Operation Switchback) . A special unit, the Office of Special Assistant for Counterinsurgency and Special Activities, within the Department of Defense was tasked to supervise the mission authorization process. This office reported directly to the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff which was responsible for coordinating approval procedures (missions) for all SOG operation. Mission requests were walked through the top echelons of the US government thru national security advisor, McGeorge Bundy and/or President Johnson. In South Vietnam, the Military Assistance Command Vietnam's Studies and Observation Group (MACV-SOG) waged the eight-year long secret war against North Vietnam form January 1964 to April 1972. How many miles into Laos, Cambodia, or North Vietnam were tightly controlled by the national command authority; how teams were infiltrated into these countries (by air, boat, or foot); and whether or not US soldiers were included on these teams (risk of capture and thereby embarrassing the US government).

SOG missions/operations were inserted into Laos starting in October 1965 directed against the North Vietnamese Army on the Ho Chi Minh trail. In 1967, SOG operations were expanded to include Cambodia

The covert war included:

1. Inserting and running agent teams (Vietnamese spies) and creating a complex deception operation that included the manipulation of North Vietnamese POW's (feeding them false information knowing full well they be tortured and killed by the North Vietnamese - a US war crime).

2. Psychological warfare (psyops) -- establishing a fabricated resistance (guerrilla) movement in North Vietnam (to make it look like an insurgency was developing inside North Vietnam) , kidnapping and indoctrinating North Vietnamese citizens (a war crime), operating several falsely attributed "black" radio stations (simulating a South Vietnamese guerilla movement), distributing propaganda materials, and forging letters and documents.

3. Covert maritime interdiction, capture, and destruction of North Vietnamese naval craft and fishing boats; bombing of coastal targets; cross-beach commando sabotage raids against military and civilian coastal installations (terrorism - a war crime), and the naval insertion of psyops (propaganda) materials.

4. Cross-border covert reconnaissance operations against the Ho Chi Minh Trail by US lead indigenous teams (Montagnards and Chinese Nungs) to disrupt the movement of North Vietnamese Army supplies and troops by identifying targets for air strikes, snatching or capturing North Vietnamese soldiers, wiretapping lines of communication, and booby trapping items and planting mines along the Ho Chi Ming trail, and distributing psyops materials.

Source: The Secret War Against Hanoi, by Richard H. Shultz, Jr., pages ix to xvi

updated and copyright 8 June 2007

The CIA had no inking about two major events in 1949: the Soviets exploded their first atomic bomb, and the Communists took control of China. In June 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea and U.S. intelligence was totally surprised. ( The Secret History of the CIA, by Joseph Trento, p. 71).

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This was not the first time the U.S. engaged in assassinations. During World War II, the OSS had a program of assassinating of suspected double agents and similar low-ranking officials (Operation Bloodstone). The CIA's assassination unit was called the Program Branch 7 (PB-7). It was branch of OSS officer Frank Wisner's Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) . Boris Pash was the head of this PB-7 (p. 195)

During World War II, U. S. Army Colonel Pash worked for OSS and was assigned as chief counterintelligence officer on the Manhattan Project. Pash had supervised OSS officer George Hunter White's use of THC (chemical in Marijuana) Manhattan Project scientists.

In 1944, Lt. Col. Boris T. Pash. was picked by OSS chief, William Donovan, to led the series of celebrated special operations known as the Alsos Mission. The Alsos raiding team or strike force, targeted Axis atomic research, uranium stockpiles, and nuclear scientists, as well as Nazi chemical and biological warfare research. Pash succeeded brilliantly in his mission, seizing top German scientists and more than 70,000 tons of Axis uranium ore and radium products.

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The Alsos Missions of the Manhattan Project were conducted in three phases: Phase I - Italy; Phase II - France; and, Phase III - Germany. The three Alsos Missions were to locate up to fifty German nuclear scientists and any laboratories that they were suspected of using for atomic research.

The objectives of Alsos in Italy were to obtain advance information regarding scientific developments in enemy research and development and to secure all important persons, laboratories, and scientific information immediately upon their becoming available.

The Italian Mission was first assembled in Algiers on December 14, 1943. While on the ground in Italy, the mission was unable to obtain any conclusive information about Germany's experimentation with atomic energy, but several other scientific-type discoveries were of significant use to the Allies.

On August 9, 1944, advance elements of the Alsos mission landed in occupied France and entered the city of Rennes. The Alsos III mission entered Germany on February 24, 1945. However, now an additional urgency occupied much of their time. None of Germany's nuclear materials and absolutely none of the German scientists must be allowed to fall into Russia's hands. All of the key German scientists captured and interrogated by Alsos were relocated to Farm Hall, a country estate in England,

The uranium taken during these raids was eventually shipped to the United States and incorporated in U.S. atomic weapons.(Blowback, by Simpson, Christopher, Collier Books, New York, 1988, p. 26.)

Boris Pash, was active in Bloodstone program's early phases in mid-1948, According to State Department records, Pash responsibilities (at OPC) included many of the functions originally approved under the Bloodstone program. The Bloodstone program's "special operations," as defined in a Pentagon document, could "include clandestine warfare, subversion, sabotage and . . . assassination," according to the Joint Chiefs of Staff records.

In March 1949, Pash was assigned by the army to the OPC, division of the CIA. This was about the time control of "politico-psychological" and paramilitary operations was passed from the Bloodstone committee to the OPC at CIA.

His five-man CIA unit, known as PB/7, was given a written charter that read in part that "PB/7 will be responsible for assassinations, kidnapping, and such other functions as from time to time may be given it . . . by higher authority." The unit working on these noxious enterprises was called the "Health Alteration Committee" (directed by Dr. Sidney Gottlieb and Boris Pash) ... At this time Richard Bissell ..was for deputy director of Plans (section) ...

Pash testified before Congress in 1976 that his responsibilities at the CIA included planning for defections from Communist countries, facilitating the escape of prominent political refugees, and disseminating anti-Communist propaganda behind the Iron Curtain-all of which were clearly Bloodstone activities. Pash's supervisor at the CIA (who is not identified in the hearing record) said, at PB-7 Pash was responsible for "kidnapping personages from behind the Iron Curtain . . . [including] kidnapping people whose interests were inimical to ours."

According to a 1976 Senate investigation, a key official of Operation Bloodstone is the OPC officer (that is, Pash) who was specifically delegated responsibility for planning the agency's assassinations, kidnappings, and similar 'wet work.' (the intelligence community's

slang for assassination).

The question of U.S. use of former Nazi collaborators in assassinations is important. Few subjects are more deeply clothed in mystery than this one, and the evidence concerning how U.S. assassination operations worked during the cold war and who was responsible for them is inevitably scattered and fragmentary. All that can be said with certainty is that such murders did take place and that in some cases former Nazi collaborators were instrumental in carrying them out. Many American clandestine warfare specialists believed that the most "productive"-and least compromising-method- of killing foreign officials was to underwrite the discontent of indigenous groups and let them take the risks.

The concepts of maintaining "plausible deniability" for the actual murder and of the expendability of the killers themselves are a key to understanding U.S. assassination techniques. In most cases, it appears to have been neither necessary nor practical for U.S. intelligence officers to give precise instructions for murder. Instead, the OPC gave directions to commit assassinations to guerrilla movements in the same simple, sweeping terms that had been used in wartime Yugoslavia. U.S. intelligence encouraged insurgents to "eliminate the command and other dangerous personnel of the MVD and the MGB [the Soviet secret police]," as the psychological warfare appendix to a Pentagon war plan put it in 1948.

Former Nazi collaborators made excellent executioners in such instances, because of both their wartime training and the fact that the U.S. government could plausibly deny any knowledge of their activities.

In 1950 CIC and CIA agents used the Labor Services cover to begin guerrilla training of at least 100 members of the far-rightwing League of Young Germans (Bund Deutscher Jungen, or BDJ). These "Young Germans" were no Boy Scouts; most were Waffen SS and Wehrmacht veterans, according to a later West German government investigation, and a considerable part of the leadership of the group had been enthusiastic "Jew baiters" in the Goebbels ministry during the Nazis' rule.

The budget for the clandestine group was 50,000 deutsche marks per month, according to records seized by German police in 1952, plus an ample supply of free arms, ammunition, and explosives cached in the Odenwald Hills south of Frankfurt. American and German advisers provided BDJ agents with extensive military instruction, including, as a report in the West German parliament later revealed, "use of Russian, United States and German weapons, including machine guns, grenades, and knives . . . [as well as] light infantry weapons and explosives." The underground group called itself a U.S. "Technical Service" unit.'

But the training program was only the beginning. BDJ Technical Service leaders decided that the best thing they could do for Germany following a Soviet attack was to liquidate certain German leaders they regarded as insufficiently anti-Communist. German Communists were, of course, at the top of the Technical Service assassination list. Next in line for elimination were leaders of West Germany's Social Democratic party, the country's loyal opposition during the Adenauer administration. The Technical Service group planned to murder more than forty top Social Democratic officials, including the party's national chief, Erich Ollenhauer; the interior minister of the state of Hesse, Heinrich Zinnkann; and the mayors of Hamburg and Bremen. BDJ's U.S.-trained underground infiltrated the Social Democrats to shadow individual party leaders so as to kill them more efficiently when the day to act arrived.

The plot unraveled in late 1952, however, when a chance arrest by local police led to discovery of the hit list of Social Democratic officials.

American CIC officers took custody of the arrested BDJ members and proceeded to hide them from the German civil police, who intended to charge the "Young Germans" with numerous weapons violations and conspiracy to commit murder. The German chief of the Technical Service unit, an ex-Luftwaffe man named Gerhard Peters, was placed under wraps for almost two weeks in a U.S.-requisitioned building that was off-limits to German civil authorities. U.S. CIC agents also seized all the remaining Technical Service records that they could lay their hands on, then refused to turn the dossiers over to the German equivalent of the FBI. (p. 146, Blowback)

Covert operations chief Wisner estimated in 1951 that some 35,000 Soviet police troops and Communist party cadres had been eliminated by guerrillas connected with the Nazi collaborationist OUN/UPA in the Ukraine since the end of the war, and that does not include casualties from other insurgencies in Lithuania and the Muslim regions of the USSR that were also receiving aid from the United States and Britain.

"We kept personnel at several air bases around the world for these types of missions," says Colonel Prouty, who was responsible for U.S. Air Force air support of CIA missions overseas, including the delivery of agents to their targets and subsequent evacuation measures. "Some of these guys were the best commercial hit men you have ever heard of. [They were] mechanics, killers. They were Ukrainians, mainly, and Eastern Europeans, Greeks, and some Scotsmen. I don't know how the Scotsmen got in there, but there they were. None of them were American citizens." Prouty asserts that teams of such "mechanics" were used in cross-border infiltrations, in highly dangerous rescues of American agents inside the USSR and China, and in special murders. According to Prouty, there was no clear policy concerning the use of killing. "It was an ad hoc event, and it [the actual assassination] was done by third parties. If it had to be done in Yugoslavia, for example, it was set up with exile Yugoslavians or the [emigre] Polish groups. The [U.S.] Army had by far the best assets" for this type of thing, he states, but "on the operational level there was good cooperation with the air force, CIA, and army." Many of the Eastern Europeans, he says were Nazi collaborators during the war.

Several such killings did take place during the late 1940s under Operations Hagberry and Lithia, both of which were approved at senior levels of the Pentagon. These two instances, furthermore, must be considered only the documented examples of a more widespread practice. Hagberry required, according to army records, the "liquidation of the Chikalov Ring, a possible Soviet intelligence net operating within the U.S. zone of Germany." And Lithia, which began under army auspices in November 1947, authorized "liquidation in [the] United States Zone [of Germany] of the Kundermann Ring, a large scale Czechoslovakian intelligence net." Army intelligence believed that the Chikalov Ring and the Kundermann organization had managed to plant double agents in certain emigre espionage networks that were being jointly managed by the United States and Britain under still another code-named project, Operation Rusty, and it is those agents who were marked for "liquidation." Army spokesmen today claim with shrugs of their shoulders that all further files concerning Hagberry and Lithia have simply disappeared. No further information is available, they say, and there is no indication of who withdrew the Hagberry and Lithia files or when they vanished.

Other people were murdered gangland-style during Operation Ohio, according to published reports in the United States. Ohio employed a squad of Ukrainian ex-Nazis to carry out at least twenty murders m a displaced persons camp at Mittenwald, south of Munich. The Army CIC and later the CIA are reported to have financed this squad for strong-arm work against double agents, Soviet spies, and similar undesirables. The fragmentary evidence still available suggests that most of the squad's victims were double agents whose deaths-when they became public at all-were attributed to factional violence among rival right-wing Ukrainian emigre groups.

Source: http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Fascism/Guerrillas_B_CS.html

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At least some Bloodstone émigrés with backgrounds as Nazi collaborators-former Albanian Minister of Justice Hasan Dosti, for example-went on to become deeply involved in clandestine operations that did indeed involve paramilitary operations, murders, and unconsummated plans for assassinations, such as the 1949 and 1950 secret raids on Albania designed to overthrow the government. (Dosti did not participate in the actual field operations. But the organization he led, the Committee for a Free Albania, served as a "private" cover for the Albanian guerrillas, who were, in fact, organized and financed by the OPC.)

In 1949, the CIC transferred control of Gehlen to the CIA. Gehlen agents recruited and trained agents from Eastern Europe and sent them back on covert intelligence operations. In 1950, the CIA attempted to lead a coup in Albania. Gehlen operants recruited Albanian emigres in Egypt, Greece, and Italy and trained them in Cyprus and Malta. They secretly entered Albania but failed to bring down the leftist government of Enver Hoxha. Most of the agents were never seen again. It was estimated that 500 captured and killed.

Sources: http://www.angelfire.com/ca3/jphuck/BOOK3Ch2.html

Blowback, America's recruitment of Nazis, and its disastrous effect on our domestic and foreign policy By CHRISTOPHER SIMPSON

As part of Program Branch/7, Pash studied the work of the Nazi doctors at Dachau looking the most efficient methods the Nazis had found for extracting information, including speech-inducing drugs, electro-shock, hypnosis and psycho-surgery.

Von Haagen returned to Germany in the late 1930s he and Kurt Blome became joint heads of the Nazis' biological weapons unit. Von Haagen spent much of the war infecting Jewish inmates at the Natzweiler concentration camp with diseases including spotted fever. Undeterred these war crimes, Pash immediately put von Haagen into the Paperclip program, where he worked for the US government for five years providing expertise in germ weapons research. Von Haagen put Pash in touch with his former colleague Blome, who was also speedily enlisted in the PAPERCLIP program.

In the case of the Marshall Islanders, US scientists first devised the H-test failed to warn the inhabitants of the nearby atoll of Rongelap of the dangers of the radiation. Nazi veterans of the German radiation experiments rescued by CIA officer Boris Pash were now on the US team), and observed how these Marshall Island people fared.

OPERATION BLUEBIRD. On April 20, 1950, the CIA put all its efforts into one project under the codeword "Bluebird." This top secret program was a "behavior-modification" program jointly undertaken with the Pentagon. Bluebirds was a direct continuation of Nazi programs which had been conducted at Dachau concentration camp. The CIA continued with the use of human guinea pigs at the Pentagon's chemical warfare base in Edgewood, Maryland. Several Nazi scientists were used under Operation Paperclip which was set up to bring several Nazi scientists into the United States military.

The first operations under Bluebird were conducted in Japan three months after the new operation was launched. Twenty-five North Korean war prisoners were given depressants and stimulants, then injected with barbiturates, hypnotized, and finally interrogated. In addition to the experiments which were conducted on North Koreans, CIA officials also tested other subjects while in Japan. They administered intensive polygraph testing as well as experimenting with the stimulant Benzedrine on four subjects. Two of these four people were also given a second stimulant, picrotoxin. Furthermore, the CIA tried to induce amnesia.

Bluebird also included experiments in electro-shock therapy and psycho-surgery. By the end of 1950, Morse Allen replaced Edwards as the head of Bluebird. He received a $100,000 CIA grant to conduct his experiments. Electro-shock was used to induce a state of amnesia. A psychiatrist reported that the electro-shock treatments could produce amnesia for varying lengths of time and that valuable information could be obtained from the subjects when they came out of the sleep. At a Richmond, Virginia hospital, an

"electro-sleep" machine was used on various patients. It put people to sleep without shock or convulsions. Shortly after these experiments, the Office of Scientific Intelligence recommended that the psychiatrist be given $100,000 in research funds.

In 1952, the Office of Scientific Intelligence proposed giving another $100,000 to another doctor. The funds were used to conduct "neurosurgical techniques" and more specifically to conduct lobotomies. Following the brain surgery, subjects were interrogated. Bluebird was expanded to include outside consultants to test other techniques. These included the effects of ultrasonics, vibrations, concussions, high and low pressure, various gases in air-tight chambers, caffeine, fatigue radiation, heat and cold, and changing light.

In 1952, 42-year old Harold Blauer was on the verge of a mental collapse. He admitted himself into New York's Bellevue Hospital for clinical depression. He was subsequently transferred to the Psychiatric Institute which was administered by Columbia University physicians. The Psychiatric Institute had received a secret contract to work with mentally ill patients from the Army Chemical Corps, so none of the patients knew of the chemical tests which the institute implemented. In addition the institute was not required to obtain consent forms from their patients. The goal of the Army Chemical Corps was to gather information for the utilization of psycho-chemical agents against belligerent countries and their agents. The Psychiatric Institute was provided with Mescaline for their experiments, and their doctors were given security clearances by the Army.

To learn more about the mind-control and torture experiments of Pash and Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, read Journey Into Madness: The True Story of Secret CIA Mind Control and Medical Abuse by Gordon Thomas (Bantam Books, New York, 1989.

NOTE: Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, was a former Nazi doctor who was recruited after World War II and ran the CIA's MK-ULTRA operated out of the CIA's Technical Services Division. The CIA's secret experiments with LSD was originally dubbed MK-Naomi, and then the code-name was changed to MK-ULTRA in April 1953. "MK" was the code for "Technical Services" and "Naomi" referred to the agency secret project to develop poisons. One of the people killed was Frank Olson (a CIA germ warfare doctor whose specialty was anthrax), while they were working on Subproject-68, also known as MK-ULTRA

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Operation GLADIO: A CIA uses a secret NATO Stay-Behind operation to work against the Italian Communist Party 1949 to 1985...for nearly 50 years of U.S. interference in Italian politics. In the name of fighting communism, the U.S. helped generate a level of political turmoil that sometimes approached civil war. U.S. agents and their Italian surrogates took control of key government agencies, at times reducing Italian democracy to little more than a proving ground for the CIA's and the White House's aggressive tactics. The undercover campaign, known as ``Gladio,'' for a double-edged Roman sword, was officially acknowledged for the first time in 1990, when it was finally closed down.

The policies that would evolve into Gladio began during World War II, when U.S. anticommunist phobias combined with geopolitical fears of a victorious USSR to create a holy war against the left. An ``ends justify the means'' atmosphere within the U.S. government and particularly within the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), fostered the creation of ``Stay Behind'' programs throughout Western Europe, ostensibly as the first line of defense in case the Soviets invaded. (A stay-behind group of a nations citizens were trained and organized for guerrilla warfare operations and secret stores of weapons were hidden, in case the Soviet invaded and the US had to retreat).

But the main worry was internal. The Americans' great fear for Italy was that communist partisans fighting in the north would join with organized labor to bring the left to power. The OSS and its successors were apparently prepared to use any measures to forestall that event, including political assassination, terrorism, and alliances with organized crime. According to one OSS memo to Washington, the U.S. seemed to support a monarchist plan to use ``fascist killers'' to commit acts of terror and blame the left. U.S. involvement in Italian politics began in 1942, when the OSS successfully pressured the Justice Department to release imprisoned mobster Charles ``Lucky'' Luciano. In return for early freedom, Luciano agreed to make contacts with Mafia pals to ease the way for the U.S. invasion of Sicily in 1943.

The Luciano deal forged a long-standing alliance between the U.S. and the international Cosa Nostra. It also set a pattern of cooperation between U.S. intelligence agencies and international criminal organizations involved in drugs and arms traffic. The deal's godfather was Earl Brennan, OSS chief for Italy. Before the war, he had served in the U.S. Embassy, using his diplomatic cover to establish contacts with Mussolini's secret police and leading fascists.

The Catholic Church also cooperated. U.S. ties to the Vatican were already substantial; one of the strongest links was a secret fraternity, the Rome-based Sovereign Military Order of Malta, which dates back to the First Crusade. OSS head William ``Wild Bill'' Donovan was a member. So were other top U.S. officials, including Myron Taylor, U.S. envoy to the Vatican from 1939 to 1950, and William Casey, an OSS operative who rose to CIA chief under Reagan. OSS Italy chief Brennan had contacts as early as 1942 with Vatican Under-Secretary of State Gian Battista Montini, who became Pope Paul VI in 1963.

Among the notable OSS operatives was James Jesus Angleton, who became the CIA's counter-intelligence chief (meaning counter-espionage /mole searcher) . Angleton built on family and business connections in Italy to lay the basis of Gladio by forming and financing a clandestine network of right-wing Italians who shared his fierce gung-ho style. The paramilitary groups were filled with devout anticommunists ready to wage war on the left. He also helped notorious Nazi/fascist mass-murderers such as Junio Valerio ``Black Prince;; Borghese elude justice at war's end.

U.S. officials were worried that the communists and socialists would join forces after the fighting. The communist takeover in Czechoslovakia in 1948 added to their fears. As a result, the U.S. cooked up a variety of plans to manipulate Italian politics. Angleton, who by late 1948 had been promoted to special assistant to CIA director Admiral Roscoe Hillenkoetter, used the Vatican's 20,000 Civic Committees to conduct psychological warfare against communist influences, particularly in the unions.

The Italian people had received many signs over the years that the centrist parties (the Christian Democrats and the Socialists) were promoted and to some degree controlled by Washington. But it was only when the Italian government officially admitted it in 1990 that the ruling coalition began to crumble, ready to be picked apart two years later by corruption scandals.

The program in Italy was aimed at the threat that communists might mount an insurrection or gain a share of political power through the ballot box. An insurrection was unlikely, however, since nearly all posts in the bureaucracy were filled after the war by solidly anticommunist veterans of Mussolini's forces, with Allied approval.

During the war, most Americans considered themselves heroes who freed Western Europe from its brutal Nazi and fascist rulers. It wasn't long after the American landings on Italian soil, however, that the white hats got sullied. While some OSS agents worked with antifascists to help lay the basis for Italian democracy, many of those higher up the ladder conspired with backers of Mussolini or the former king to impede it.

Although many European intelligence agencies have admitted participating, the CIA has denied any connection with Gladio. But enough information has emerged to show that the CIA sponsored and financed a large portion of the terrorism and disruption that plagued Italy for nearly half a century. Among other things, the U.S. government:

Forged secret alliances with the Mafia and right-wing elements of the Vatican to prevent the left from playing any role in government; Recruited Mussolini's ex-police into paramilitary bands secretly financed and trained by the CIA, ostensibly to fight Soviets, but really to conduct terror attacks blamed on the left; Employed the gamut of psychological warfare tactics, including paying millions in slush funds to political parties, journalists, and other influential contacts to tilt parliamentary elections against the left; Created a secret service and a parallel government structure linked to the CIA whose ``assets'' attempted several times to overthrow the elected government; and Targeted Prime Minister Aldo Moro, who was later kidnapped and murdered under mysterious circumstances after offering to bring communists into the Cabinet.

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) provided international cover for Washington's postwar operations in Italy. A secret clause in the initial NATO agreement in 1949 required that before a nation could join, it must have already established a national security authority to fight communism through clandestine citizen cadres. This ``Stay Behind'' clause grew out of a secret committee set up at U.S. insistence in the Atlantic Pact, the forerunner of NATO. Each NATO member was also required to send delegates to semiannual meetings on the subject.

U.S. authority for such moves flowed in a steady stream of presidential directives transmitted through the National Security Council (NSC). In December 1950, the council gave the armed forces carte blanche to use ``appropriate'' military force even if the communists merely ``gain participation'' in government by legal means or ``threaten to achieve control...or the government ceases to evidence a determination to oppose communist internal or external threats.''

The CIA helped the Italian police set up secret squadrons staffed in many cases with veterans of Mussolini's secret police. The squadrons were trained for intensive espionage and counter-espionage, against communists and other perceived enemies of the status quo. The plan to use ``exceptional means'' was patterned after the highly militarized French intelligence service, the Suret Nationale, which was reportedly so tough on communists that many fled to other countries.

The newly organized intelligence agency, SIFAR, began operations in September 1949, under the supervision of an undercover American, Carmel Offie, nicknamed ``godfather'' by the Italians. Interior Minister Mario Scelba headed the operation. At the same time, Scelba was directing a brutal repression, murdering hundreds of workers and peasants who sought improved conditions after the war.

With the Italian secret service under control, the Americans then expanded it under the name Operation Demagnetize and tied it to an existing network of cadre in northern Italy. In 1951, the Italian secret service formally agreed to set up a clandestine organization within the military to coordinate with the northern cadres. In 1952, SIFAR received secret orders from Washington to adopt ``a series of political, paramilitary and psychological operations destined to diminish the power of the Italian Communist Party, its material resources, and its influence on government. This priority objective must be attained by all means.''

Operation Demagnetize marked the institutional hardening of Gladio. A State Department historian characterized it as the ``strategy of stabilization,'' <sup>11</sup> although it could be more accurately described as one of destabilization. From the start, the offensive was secretly directed and funded by the U.S. government. In 1956, the arrangement was formalized in a written agreement, using the name ``Gladio'' for the first time. According to 1956 documents uncovered in Italy in 1990, Gladio was divided into independent cells coordinated from a CIA camp in Sardinia. These ``special forces'' included 40 main groups. Ten specialized in sabotage, six each in espionage, propaganda, evasion and escape tactics, and 12 in guerrilla activities. Another division handled the training of agents and commandos. These ``special forces'' had access to underground arms caches, which included hand guns, grenades, high-tech explosives, daggers, 60-millimeter mortars, 57-millimeter machine guns and precision rifles. ¹²

In 1956, Gen. Giovanni De Lorenzo was named to head SIFAR on the recommendation of U.S. Ambassador Claire Boothe Luce, the avidly anticommunist wife of the publisher of Time magazine. A key player in Gladio was now in place. In 1962, the CIA helped place De Lorenzo at the head of the national police (carabinieri), while he retained effective control of the secret service.

The general brought with him 17 lieutenants to begin purging insufficiently right-wing officers. It was the first step to a right-wing coup attempt, with U.S. military attaché Vernon Walters in the vanguard. In a memo to De Lorenzo the same year, Walters suggested types of intervention aimed at provoking a national crisis, including blocking a center-left coalition, creating schisms among the socialists, and funding forces favorable to the status quo.

Meanwhile, according to CIA files found in Rome in 1984, CIA station chief William Harvey began to recruit ``action teams'' based on a list of 2,000 men capable of throwing bombs, conducting attacks, and accompanying these actions with indispensable propaganda. These teams had a chance to practice their skills in 1963 as part of an anti-union offensive. U.S.-trained gladiators dressed as police and civilians attacked construction workers peacefully demonstrating in Rome, leaving some 200 wounded and a large section of the city in shambles. The link to Gladio was made in later testimony by a former general in the secret service.

Lt. Col. Renzo Rocca (of SIFAR) was also training a civil militia composed of ex-soldiers, parachutists and members of Junio Valerio ``Black Prince'' Borghese's paramilitary organization, Decima MAS (Tenth Torpedo Boat Squadron), for the pending coup. ¹⁷ President Antonio Segni reportedly knew of the plan, which was to conclude with the assassination of Prime Minister Aldo Moro, under fire for not being tough enough with the communists.

The long-planned takeover, known later as Plan Solo, fizzled in March 1964, when the key carabinieri involved remained in their barracks. As a subsequent inquiry moved to question Rocca about the coup attempt, he apparently killed himself, possibly to fulfill Gladio's oath of silence. After officials determined that state secrets were involved, three hamstrung inquiries failed to determine the guilty parties.

Despite the failure of Plan Solo, the CIA and the Italian right had largely succeeded in creating the clandestine structures envisioned in Operation Demagnetize. Now the plotters turned their attention to a renewed offensive against the left.

To win intellectual support, the secret services set up a conference in Rome at the luxurious Parco dei Principi hotel in May 1965, for a ``study'' of ``revolutionary war.'' The choice of words was inadvertently revealing, since the conveners and invited participants were planning a real revolution, not just warning of an imaginary communist takeover. The meeting was essentially a reunion of fascists, right-wing journalists, and military personnel. ``The strategy of tension'' that emerged was designed to disrupt normality with terror attacks in order to create chaos and provoke a frightened public into accepting still more authoritarian government.

Several ``graduates'' of this exercise had long records of anticommunist actions and would later be implicated in some of Italy's worst massacres. One was journalist and secret agent Guido Giannettini. Four years earlier, he had conducted a seminar at the U.S. Naval Academy on ``The Techniques and Prospects of a Coup d'Etat in Europe.'' Another was notorious fascist Stefano Delle Chiaie, who had reportedly been recruited as a secret agent in 1960. He had organized his own armed band known as Avanguardia Nationale (AN), whose members had begun training in terror tactics in preparation for Plan Solo.

General De Lorenzo, whose SIFAR had now become intelligence agency SID, soon enlisted these and other confidants in a new Gladio project. They planned to create a secret parallel force alongside sensitive government offices to neutralize subversive elements not yet ``purified.'' Known as the Parallel SID, its tentacles reached into nearly every key institution of the Italian state. Gen.Vito Miceli, who later headed SID, said he set up the separate structure ``at the request of the Americans and NATO.''

Some Unknown History of the U.S.

(updated and copyright 9 June 2007)

by Dick McManus

---------

The purpose of this paper is to list some historical facts that most US citizens do not know.

In the 1820s Cherokees were given blankets infested with small pox bacteria when they were evicted from Georgia in the infamous Trail of Tears march to the Oklahoma territory. Cholera-infected blankets were distributed to native Americans in the 1860s.

President Polk lied to the nation about the reason for going to war with Mexico in 1846. It wasn't that Mexico shed American blood upon the American soil, but that Polk, and the slave-owning aristocracy, coveted half of Mexico.

President McKinley lied in 1898 about the reason for invading Cuba, saying we wanted to liberate the Cubans from Spanish control, but the truth is that we really wanted Spain out of Cuba so that the island could be open to United Fruit and other American corporations. He also lied about the reasons for our war in the Philippines, claiming we only wanted to civilize the Filipinos, while the real reason was to own a valuable piece of real estate in the far Pacific, even if we had to kill hundreds of thousands of Filipinos to accomplish that.

President Woodrow Wilson so often characterized in our history books as an idealist lied about the reasons for entering the First World War, saying it was a war to make the world safe for democracy when it was really a war to make the world safe for the Western imperial powers.

Colin Thompson's Lusitania implicates President Woodrow Wilson in the sinking of the Lusitania. Thompson demonstrates that Wilson knew four days beforehand that the Lusitania was carrying six million rounds of ammunition plus explosives and passengers in violation of US statute.

(Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler, by Antony C. Sutton, 1976, p175)

---------------

The US Civil War: General Sherman's acts against the city of Randolph, Tennessee in 1862. When Confederate Sharpshooters from the town fired upon federal gunboats, Sherman had the entire town burned to the ground. He took civilian hostages from the town and in some instances traded them for Federal soldiers or just executed them.

Jackson and Meridian Mississippi would face the same fate from one of Lincoln's favorite Generals. They would both be burned to the ground even though there were no Confederate Armies in the area. Sherman's soldiers then sacked the town and, as Sherman biographer John Marzelek wrote, soldiers "entered residences, appropriating whatever appeared to be of value . . those articles which they could not carry they broke."

Sherman would write of the campaign "for five days, ten thousand of our men worked hard and with a will, in that work of destruction, with axes, sledges, crowbars, claw bars, and with fire.... Meridian no longer exists."

Professor DiLorenzo writes in his work, Targeting Civilians, that in 1862 Sherman wrote his wife that his purpose in the war would be "extermination, not of soldiers alone, that is the least of the trouble, but the people" of the South.

In October of 1864 Sherman ordered a subordinate, General Louis Watkins, to go to Fairmount, Georgia, "burn ten or twelve houses" and "kill a few at random," and "let them know that it will be repeated every time a train is fired upon."

Professor DiLorenzo also says in his work "Although it is rarely mentioned by 'mainstream' historians, many acts of rape were committed by these federal soldiers. The University of South Carolina's library contains a collection of thousands of diaries and letters of Southern women that mention these unspeakable atrocities."

DiLorenzo continues: "Sherman's' band of criminal looters (known as "bummers") sacked the slave cabins as well as the plantation houses. "With the utter disregard for blacks that was the norm among Union troops, the soldiers ransacked the slave cabins, taking whatever they liked." A routine procedure would be to hang a slave by his neck until he told federal soldiers where the plantation owners' valuables were hidden. "

Then there is the "March to the Sea" wherein Sherman claimed in his memoirs that his army "destroyed more than $100 million in private property and carried home $20 million more."

General Philip Sheridan perpetrated like terror on the citizens of the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia. In the autumn of 1864 Sheridan's 35,000 infantry troops essentially burned the entire valley to the ground. As Sheridan described it in a letter to General Grant, in the first few days he "destroyed over 2200 barns . . . over 70 mills . . . have driven in front of the army over 4000 head of stock, and have killed . . . not less than 3000 sheep . . . Tomorrow I will continue the destruction."

Pres. Lincoln was the Commander in Chief when the horrible acts of the "Long Walk" were perpetrated on the Navajo. The entire campaign against the Indian was to make safe passage for the railroads and secure the land for population. Lincoln was the chief lawyer for many of the railroads before he was elected president.

The Long Walk in 1864, when Kit Carson rounded up 8,000 Navajos and forced them to walk more than 300 miles from northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico to Bosque Redondo, a desolate tract on the Pecos River in eastern New Mexico.

The brackish Pecos water caused severe intestinal problems, and diseases were rampant. Armyworm destroyed the corn crop, and the wood supply at the Bosque was soon depleted. The Navajos endured the wretched camp for four years, when the government relented and returned them to their homeland Lincoln also presided over the largest mass execution of American Indians with the hanging of the Santee Sioux in Minnesota.
"http://www.thepriceofliberty.org/04/05/20/gaddy.htm"

---------

When the French construction of the canal began in 1881, Panama was part of Columbia. The project ended in financial disaster is 1889. Under Theodore Roosevelt, the United States requested that Columbia sign a treaty turning the isthmus over to a North American consortium. Columbia refused this treaty so in 1903 Roosevelt sent the warship Nashville with a full bevy of troops and invaded the defenseless little country of Panama. They killed the local militia commander and declared Panama an independent nation. A puppet government was installed and a treaty was signed which established an American zone on both sides of the future waterway. Washington assumed full control over this "new" nation. Thereafter Panama was ruled by Washington sponsored wealthy right-wing dictators whose first priority was American interests. This included big American interests like Standard Oil and United Fruit Company . Meanwhile Panamanian citizens lived in poverty.
Source: Confessions of an Economic Hit Man by John Perkins, page 17.

--------------

Richard Hofstadter analyzed American presidents in his book, The American Political Tradition, he found that Democratic leaders as well as Republicans, liberals as well as conservatives, invaded other countries, sought to expand U.S. power across the globe. Theodore Roosevelt, a lover of war, and an enthusiastic supporter of the war in Spain and the conquest of the Philippines 1899 — 1906+. The US Army committed massacres in the Philippines.

General Adna Chaffee's orders were largely responsible for the atrocities that marked the later stages of the Philippine war. He ordered his generals to do whatever was necessary to destroy the opposition--he wanted an American Indian-style campaign of genocide. Pres. Roosevelt supported Chaffee's tactics in the Philippines. Roosevelt was reelected in 1904

President William McKinley, however, was of the Official Opinion that the cruel bloodshed was "God's Will." Teddy Roosevelt reveled in bloodshed and thought it was all just "Bully!"

The actual death toll will never be known, but estimates of the number of civilians that perished from famine, disease, and other war-related causes range from 200,000 to 600,000. In March 1906 an estimated 600 Muslim Filipinos - men, women, and children - were massacred over a four-day period under troops commanded by General Leonard Wood, who later became the Philippine governor general.

In honor of these two war criminals, Gen Leonard Wood and Gen. Chaffee, the US Army named two forts, Fort Leonard Wood, MO and Fort Chaffee, Arkansas.

Woodrow Wilson in April of 1914, he ordered the bombardment of the Mexican coast, and the occupation of the city of Vera Cruz, in retaliation for the arrest of several U.S. sailors. He sent Marines into Haiti in 1915, killing thousands of Haitians who resisted, beginning a long military occupation of that tiny country. He sent Marines to occupy the Dominican Republic in 1916.

(Source: Howard Zinn, A People's History of the US)

-------------

At its January 1923 Convention, Commander-in-Chief of the American Legion, Alvin Owsley endorsed Mussolini and Fascism:

-----------

Major General (MG) Smedley Butler( twice decorated with the Congressional Medal of Honor) had even served for two years on special assignment as police commissioner of Philadelphia in 1920s, where he fought the rackets while respecting constitutionally guaranteed rights, only to be hamstrung by partisan politics.

December 1929, speaking to veterans in Pittsburgh, he stated that in his deployment in 1912 in Nicaragua, he had helped rig elections in favor of the Wall Street-backed candidate. He was immediately called on the carpet by Navy Secretary Charles Francis Adams, a man whose name was later to appear on the J.P. Morgan (bank) preferred list of investors.

In August 1931, Butler, in a speech to the American Legion, declared: ``I have spent 33 years ... being a high class muscle man for Big Business, for Wall Street and the bankers. In short, I was a racketeer for capitalism....

``I helped purify Nicaragua for the international banking house of Brown Brothers in 1909-1912. I helped make Mexico, and especially Tampico, safe for American oil interests in 1916. I helped make Haiti and Cuba a decent place for the National City (Bank) boys to collect revenue in. I helped rape half a dozen Central American republics for the benefit of Wall Street.... In China, I helped see to it that Standard Oil went its way unmolested.... I had ... a swell racket. I was rewarded with honors, medals, and promotions. I might have given Al Capone a few hints. The best he could do was operate a racket in three cities. The Marines operated on three continents....''

To the dismay of the bankers who directed the Legion, Butler's remarks were greeted with riotous applause. Butler was an overt anti-fascist, who in 1931, openly denounced Mussolini as a murderer and thug, and warned against signing treaties with him. When the Italian government filed a protest, all hell broke loose: the Secretary of State, Henry Stimson, cabled a personal apology, on behalf of Herbert Hoover, to ``Il Duce,'' while Butler, the commandant of the Quantico Marine base at the time, was placed under arrest and told that he was to be court-martialed by direct order of the President of the United States, with the full approval of Navy Secretary Adams.

The plans for the court martial provoked a tremendous outpouring of support for Butler. The anti-fascist local press charged that the Hoover administration was kowtowing to the ``thug'' Mussolini and throwing up for sacrifice America's most distinguished military figure. Franklin Roosevelt, then the governor of New York, and a friend of Butler's dating from FDR's days as Secretary of the Navy, worked to help the General, and spoke out against what was being done. Hoover and Adams were forced to back down: the court martial was cancelled, and Butler was given only a mild reprimand. He refused, however, to retract his statement.

-----------

Franklin D. Roosevelt Jan. 1933 to April 12, 1945

On the evening of Feb. 15, 1933 Roosevelt, who had been vacationing in the Caribbean prior to his scheduled March 4 inauguration, landed in Miami for political meetings. He arrived aboard the yacht of Vincent Astor, of the British-dominated Astor financial interests. A crowd of some 10,000 gathered near the waterfront, waiting to see the President-elect. As FDR, speaking from the seat of an open car, concluded brief remarks, several shots rang out. Five people on or near the bandstand directly behind the President-elect were hit, although FDR, miraculously, was not.

In the summer of 1933, shortly after Roosevelt's "First 100 Days," America's richest businessmen were in a panic. It was felt by some of America's riches men that Roosevelt intended to conduct a massive redistribution of wealth from the rich to the poor. Roosevelt had to be stopped at all costs. They secretly financed and organized a military coup.

If this sounds too fantastic to believe, we should remember that by 1933, the crimes of fascism were still mostly in the future, and its dangers were largely unknown, even to its supporters. But in the early days, many businessmen openly admired Mussolini because he had used a strong hand to deal with labor unions, put out social unrest, and get the economy working again, if only at the point of a gun. Americans today would be appalled to learn of the many famous millionaires back then who initially admired Hitler and Mussolini: Henry Ford, John D. Rockefeller, John and Allen Dulles (who, besides being millionaires, would later become Eisenhower's Secretary of State and CIA Director, respectively), and, of course, everyone on the above list. They disavowed Hitler and Mussolini only after their atrocities grew to indefensible levels.

http://www.huppi.com/kangaroo/Coup.htm

* Irenee Du Pont - Right-wing chemical industrialist and founder of the American Liberty League, the organization assigned to execute the plot.

* Grayson Murphy - Director of Goodyear, Bethlehem Steel and a group of J.P. Morgan banks.

* William Doyle - Former state commander of the American Legion and a central plotter of the coup.

* John Davis - Former Democratic presidential candidate and a senior attorney for J.P. Morgan.

* Al Smith - Roosevelt's bitter political foe from New York. Smith was a former governor of New York and a co-director of the American Liberty League.

* John J. Raskob - A high-ranking Du Pont officer and a former chairman of the Democratic Party. In later decades, Raskob would become a "Knight of Malta," a Roman Catholic Religious Order with a high percentage of CIA spies, including CIA Directors William Casey, William Colby and John McCone.

* Robert Clark - One of Wall Street's richest bankers and stockbrokers.

* Gerald MacGuire - Bond salesman for Clark, and a former commander of the Connecticut American Legion. MacGuire was the key recruiter to General Butler.

The plotters attempted to recruit General Smedley Butler to lead the coup. When the plotters approached General Butler with their proposal to lead the coup, he pretended to go along with the plan at first, secretly deciding to betray it to Congress at the right moment.

The plot fell apart when Butler went public. The general revealed the details of the coup before the McCormack-Dickstein Committee. In the last few weeks of the committee's life it received evidence showing that certain persons had attempted to establish a fascist organization in this country. The Committee however, failed to call in any of the coup plotters for questioning, other than MacGuire. In fact, the Committee whitewashed the public version of its final report, deleting the names of powerful businessmen whose reputations they sought to protect.

Even more alarming, the news media failed to pick up on the story, and even today the incident remains little known. The elite managed to spin the story as nothing more than the rumors and hearsay of Butler. Butler, appalled by the cover-up, went on national radio to denounce it, but with little success.

Butler was not vindicated until 1967, when journalist John Spivak uncovered the Committee's internal, secret report. It clearly confirmed Butler's story:

Sources: Jonathon Vankin and John Whalen, The 60 Greatest Conspiracies of All Time (Secaucus, N.J.: Carol Publishing Group, 1997)

Jules Archer, The Plot to Seize the White House (New York: Hawthorne Books, 1973)

George Seldes, Even the Gods Can't Change History (Secaucus, N.J.: Lyle Stuart, Inc., 1976)

John Spivak, A Man in His Time (New York: Horizon Press, 1967)

--------------

The financing for Hitler and his S.S. street thugs came in part from the affiliates or subsidiaries of U.S. firms, including Henry Ford, in 1922, payments by I.G. Farben and General Electric in 1933, and the Standard Oil of New Jersey and I.T.T subsidiary payments to Heinrich Himmler up to 1944. (p. 164)

A donation of 60,000 RM was made to Hitler by German General Electric (A.E.G.), which had four directors and a 25-30 percent interest held by the US General Electric parent company. Almost all of the directors of A.E.G. were Hitler backers. GE via A.E.G restricted US development of tungsten carbide (to harden steal) which worked to the detriment of the US in World War II . Also A.E.G. factories/plants in Germany managed to avoid bombing by the Allies. (p. 164)

Payments were made up to 1944 by Standard Oil of New Jersey, to develop synthetic gasoline for war purposes on behalf of the Nazis. Standard Oil's role was technical aid to Nazi development of synthetic rubber (butyl rubber) and gasoline (from soft coal) through a US research company under the management control of Standard Oil. The Ethyl Gasoline Company, jointly owned by Standard Oil of New Jersey and General Motors, was instrumental in supplying vital ethyl lead to Nazi Germany (an anti-knock compound added to gasoline to make it work better). -- over the written protests of the US War Department about ethyl lead was for Nazi military purposes. (p. 164)

The two largest tank producers in Hitler's Germany were Opel, a wholly owned subsidiary of General Motors (controlled by the JP Morgan firm). Alcoa and Dow Chemical worked closely with Nazi industry with numerous transfers of their US technology. Bendix Aviation supplied the Germans with data on automatic pilots and aircraft instruments, and complete technical data on diesel engine starters. (p. 31)

International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT) worked both sides in WW II. ITT held 28 percent interest in Focke Wolfe aircraft, which manufactured German fighter planes.

In 1942, Edsel Ford profited from French Ford arming of the German Wehrmacht (army) making vehicles used against American soldiers in the D-Day invasion. (p.165)

Own Young, Gerard Swope, Hjalmar Schacht, and Bernard Baruch who were associated with the same international banks, JP Morgan, Guaranty Trust, ( the Rockefeller) Chase Bank, backed the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 in concert with German bankers. This group also backed Hitler and profited from German armament in the 1930s. (p. 166)

The Rockefeller-controlled Vacuum Oil Company provided monetary and technical contributions aided the build up of military gasoline facilities for the Nazis. (p.. 167)

Wall Street and the Rise of Hitler, by Antony C. Sutton, 1976.

-------------

Dec 7, 1941: FDR claimed Pearl Harbor was a surprise attack. It wasn't a surprise.


President Roosevelt (FDR) provoked the attack, knew about it in advance and covered up his failure to warn the Hawaiian commanders. FDR needed the attack to sucker Hitler to declare war, since the public and Congress were overwhelmingly against entering the war in Europe. It was his backdoor to war.

FDR blinded the commanders at Pearl Harbor and set them up by; (1.) denying intelligence to Hawaii (HI) (2.) on Nov 27, misleading the commanders into thinking negotiations with Japan were continuing to prevent them from realizing the war was on, (3.), and having false information sent to HI about the location of the Japanese carrier fleet.

"http://whatreallyhappened.com/pearl/www.geocities.com/Pentagon/6315/p"earl.html

The United States saw war with Japan as the means to get into war with Germany, which Americans opposed. So Roosevelt needed Japan to appear to strike first. Following an 8-step plan devised by the Office of Naval Intelligence, Roosevelt intentionally provoked Japan into the attack.
"http://whatreallyhappened.com/McCollum/index.html"

Documents declassified in May 2000 confirm that Yamamoto's message was intercepted in Hawaii at a (US) radio intercept station known as "Station H" overlooking Kaneohe Bay on windward Oahu.

On November 24th, 1941, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto sent a radio message to Admiral Chuichi Nagumo, Commander of the Pacific Striking Fleet, which read in part,

"The task force, keeping its movement strictly secret and
maintaining close guard against submarines and aircraft, shall
advance into Hawaiian waters, and upon the very opening of
hostilities shall attack the main force of the United States fleet
in Hawaii and deal it a mortal blow".

"...everything that the Japanese were planning to do was known to
the United States..."

Source: US ARMY BOARD, 1944 "http://whatreallyhappened.com/SH.html"

Note: All the America's newest ships were sent our to sea prior to the Japanese attacking and only the old run-down ships were left in port.

------

Hartford Van Dyke's Pearl Harbor Story

Hartford Van Dyke has been trying to tell the world about Pearl Harbor for more than 35 years. Robert Stinnett uncovered a Naval Intelligence memo, dated October 1940, which outlined eight steps to
provoke such an attack.

The Skeleton in Uncle Sam's Closet a 1975 document, reads, "I am Hartford Van Dyke. My relatives knew it was going to happen beforehand."

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was instigated by the U.S., Britain and Holland, when they cut off all shipping into and out of Japan, threatening its people with starvation. Hartford's great uncle, Gerald Mason Van Dyke, was an Army Intelligence officer in Hawaii at the time of the attack.

Mason Van Dyke had foreknowledge of the Pearl Harbor attack and sent his warning to Washington DC at 2:00 p.m. on December 4, 1941. His message was received in Washington at about 7:00 p.m. (due to the time difference) by Rear Admiral, Paulus Prince Powell. As Van Dyke tells the story, Powell notified Secretary of the Navy, Frank Knox, who then contacted Secretary of War, Henry Stimson. Stimson contacted President Roosevelt, and Roosevelt reported to Naval Intelligence in Washington.

Secretary of the Navy, Frank Knox, wanted to move the Navy out and set up a defense perimeter around the islands. James Vincent Forrestal, Undersecretary of the Navy, also wanted to act defensively. President Roosevelt put Powell, Knox and Forrestal under armed Marine guard until after the Pearl Harbor attack. He sent a message to Lt. Col. Clifford M. Andrew, Intelligence officer at Army Intelligence in Hawaii, which read: "The Japanese will attack, do not prepare defenses, we need the full support of the American Nation in a war time effort by an unprovoked attack upon the Nation."

Admiral Powell stated, "Here I was on Saturday morning, Washington time. I grieved; you don't know how I grieved. And yet I couldn't do anything because I was under guard." He revealed, "If I had ever sent a message to Pearl Harbor, I would have been shot on the spot." Powell declared it was one of the most treacherous acts committed by any president. Indeed, he added, "It was one of the most dastardly things any president or king has ever done in the history of the world. And there's no way to keep it from happening again."

On Friday evening at about 5:00 p.m., December 5, Mason Van Dyke warned his nephew that the Japanese would attack, most probably on Sunday. He told him the Intelligence Department in Washington had been warned, but America would stand down. Hartford's father prepared his family for the attack as best he could.

Roger A. Stolley worked in a civilian capacity for Clifford Andrew. Stolley testifies that, "A limited number of personnel were directly involved with the events behind the Pearl Harbor incident. Information directly concerned with the attack was labeled TOP SECRET, held in approximately forty file cabinets of the Army Intelligence Office." The file cabinets, which were situated in Honolulu, he writes, was taken out and burned - another claim not made elsewhere (to my knowledge). All personnel with knowledge of them were subject to military court martial if they revealed their contents.

Stolley further testifies that Lt. Col. Clifford Andrew confided in him, on several occasions, part of the contents of those files. Stolley paraphrases Andrew's words, "We knew well in advance that the Japanese were going to attack. It was a lie that we didn't have direct radio communication with Washington DC. Not only did my office have direct radio communications, but so did the territorial government and the FBI." Stolley concludes, "The responsibility for Pearl Harbor rests upon five men: Franklin D. Roosevelt; Gen. George C. Marshall; Harold R. Stark (Chief of Naval Operations); Lt. Col. Kindall J. Fielder, G-2, under General Short; and Clifford M. Andrew." The extract is signed and witnessed by Roger A. Stolley, dated May 25, 1975.

In a 1992 article in the Journal for Historical Review ("Pearl Harbor Attack No Surprise"), Stolley reiterated the information given to him by Clifford Andrew: "We knew well in advance that the Japanese were going to attack. At least nine months before the Japanese attack upon Pearl Harbor, I was assigned to prepare for it." Andrew claimed he was under direct orders of President Roosevelt. He also claimed he was ordered to withhold from commanders in Hawaii vital intelligence relating to the location of the Japanese fleet.

Overwhelming evidence [from the National Archives] proves that Yamamoto, as well as commanders of the Task Force warships, broke radio silence and that their ships were located by American communication intelligence units." (Stinnett, 162) The radio stealth exhibited by the Japanese is consistently overstated in official accounts. The truth is, "[t]here was no escaping the electronic surveillance." Beginning on April 22, 1941, Stinnett reveals, "Six US Navy monitor stations from Dutch Harbor, Alaska, Samoa, Hawaii, Corregidor and two from San Francisco followed every move of Nagumo and the Akagi." (Stinnett, 262)

In a deep underground Army/Navy base known as Corregidor, situated west of Manila, Japanese kata kana message codes were intercepted by 63 operators working round the clock in eight-hour shifts. Navy analysts unscrambled the complex codes. "We had the Purple machine and the means to intercept, decode and translate messages," stated one radio operator. "Since we were so near to Japan and its naval operation area we were in an excellent position to intercept radio broadcasts." (Stinnett, 186)

These dispatches should have been sent to Admiral Kimmel, the commander in Hawaii who would have been able to avert, or at least minimize, the tragedy. However, the unscrambled messages never made it to their proper destination in order to save American lives at Pearl Harbor, simply because saving the lives of American servicemen was not the name of the game. The name of the game was more
succinctly stated by Lt. Com. Joseph Rochefort when he proclaimed, "It was a pretty cheap price to pay for unifying the country." (Stinnett, 203)

At 10:15 a.m. on November 15, 1941, where Gen. George C. Marshall revealed one of America's most vital secrets: the U.S. could read Japan's coded radio messages. According to Marshall's own papers, the General called seven news correspondents to his office in the Munitions Building in Washington, and forthwith provided an exit opportunity to anyone unwilling to button his lips over the information he was about to reveal. The select members of the media who were present and who complied with the secrecy rule were: Robert Sherrod, Time; Ernest Lindley, Newsweek; Charles Hurd, New York Times; Bert Andrews, New York Herald Tribune; Lyle Wilson, United Press; Edward Bomar, Associated Press; and Harold Slater, International News Service. (Stinnett, 361) Stinnett suspects the messages containing this time-sensitive information were intercepted between November 5 and November 13, 1941, in time for the General's leak to the media.

Stinnett reveals that Naval Intelligence had cracked the Japanese codes as early as fall of 1940, fifteen months before the attack. He also reveals that Admiral Nagumo's first radio broadcast was intercepted on April 22, 1941, eight months before the attack. (Stinnett, 362) He concludes, "A systematic plan had been in place long before Pearl Harbor to arouse the United States from its isolationist position." (Stinnett, 259) This corroborates Clifford Andrew's claim that he had been assigned to "prepare for the attack"
at least nine months prior.

On November 25, 1941, a full ten days after the press was secretly briefed, Admiral Kimmel finally received a briefing to the effect that a massive Japanese force of fleet subs and long-range patrol aircraft would reach Hawaii in the beginning of December. Kimmel received explicit orders on November 28 from Admiral Stark stating, "Undertake no offensive action until Japan has committed an overt act." Because he followed these orders he would later take most of the blame.

Stinnett proves that both Pacific Fleet commanders, Admiral Kimmel and Lt. Gen. Walter Short, were purposely kept in the dark and were later blamed for "failing to anticipate" the attack. In 1999, the Senate finally exonerated Kimmel and Short of charges of "dereliction of duty."

Two weeks after Pearl Harbor, Stinnett shows, the Navy classified all documents TOP SECRET. All radio operators and cryptographers were gagged on threat of imprisonment and loss of all benefits. Navy Director of Communications, Rear Admiral Leigh Noyes, sent a memo ordering all commanders to "destroy all notes or anything in writing." (Stinnett, 256)

Sources: A 2001 book by Robert Stinnett's Day Of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor, which is based on documents from the National Archives as well as Naval Intelligence files acquired through persistent FOIA requests beginning in 1983. The Navy finally declassified these records in 1994. Day of Deceit provides overwhelming evidence that FDR and about thirty members of his administration knew well in advance that Japanese warships were heading toward Hawaii.

"http://www.rense.com/general69/advance.htm"

See appendix A for more detailed information about Pearl Harbor:

(copyright 8 June 2007)

The United States has a long history of experimentation, on unwitting human subjects, which goes back to the beginning of this century. Both private firms and the military have used unknowing human populations to test various theories. However, the extent to which human experimentation has been a part of the U.S. Biological Weapons programs will probably never be known. The following examples are taken from information declassified in 1977, and from other private source accounts.

1900: A U.S. doctor doing research in the Philippines infected of number of prisoners with the Plague"http://totse.com/en/politics/us_military/162422.html" He continued his research by inducing Beriberi in another 29 prisoners. The experiments resulted in two known fatalities.

1915: A doctor in Mississippi produced Pellagra in twelve white Mississippi inmates in an attempt to discover a cure for the disease"http://totse.com/en/politics/us_military/162422.html"

1931: The Puerto Rican Cancer Experiment was undertaken by Dr. Cornelius Rhoads. Under the auspices of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Investigations, Rhoads purposely infected his subjects with cancer cells. Thirteen of the subjects died. When the experiment was uncovered, and in spite of Rhoads' written opinions that the Puerto Rican population should be eradicated, Rhoads went on to establish U.S. Army Biological Warfare facilities in Maryland, Utah, and Panama. He later was named to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and was at the heart of the recently revealed radiation experiments on prisoners, hospital patients, and soldiers.

1932: The Tuskegee Syphilis Study began. Two hundred (200) poor black men with syphilis began a long term experiment in which those men were to be studied. They were never told of their illness, and treatment was denied them. As many as 100 of the original 200 died as a direct or indirect result of the illness. The wives and children of the subjects also suffered as a result of the disease.

http://totse.com/en/politics/us_military/162422.html

(The government office supervising the study was the predecessor of today's Centers for Disease Control (CDC)).

1940's: In a crash program to develop new drugs to fight Malaria during World War II, doctors in the Chicago area infected nearly 400 prisoners with the disease"http://totse.com/en/politics/us_military/162422.html" Although the Chicago inmates were given general information that they were helping with the war effort, they were not provided adequate information in accordance with the later standards set by the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal. Nazi doctors on trial at Nuremberg cited the Chicago studies as precedents to defend their own behavior in aiding the German war effort.

In 1941, the Chemical Warfare Service (CWS) merged with the Committee on Medical Research (CMR) which had been established just a few years before. CWS and CMR researchers concluded that animal experiments could not adequately validate the effects that chemicals had on humans.

The CMR consisted of officials from the Army, Navy, and Public Health Service. Vannevar Bush was in charge of conducting research into medical military problems. He oversaw research and experiments conducted at a number of American universities and penitentiaries. The largest portion of the experiments were conducted on military personnel, but the subjects also consisted of students, hospital patients, and prison inmates. The experiments were viewed as essential for the war effort.

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Biological warfare research conducted between 1942 and the present time has resulted in the creation of more deadly and infectious forms of Mycoplasma. Researchers extracted this mycoplasma from the Brucella bacterium and actually reduced the disease to a crystalline form. They "weaponised" it and tested it on an unsuspecting public in North America.

In 1942, the governments of the United States, Canada and Britain entered into a secret agreement to create two types of biological weapons (one that would kill, and one that was disabling) for use in the war against Germany and Japan, who were also developing biological weapons. While they researched a number or disease pathogens, they primarily focused on the Brucella bacterium and began to weaponise it.

The US Senate Study, declassified on February 24, 1977, shows that George Merck, of the pharmaceutical company, Merck Sharp & Dohme (which now makes cures for diseases that at one time it created), reported in 1946 to the US Secretary of War that his researchers had managed "for the first time" to "isolate the disease agent in crystalline form".

They had produced a crystalline bacterial toxin extracted from the Brucella bacterium. The bacterial toxin could be removed in crystalline form and stored, transported and deployed without deteriorating. It could be delivered by other vectors such as insects, aerosol or the food chain (in nature it is delivered within the bacterium). But the factor that is working in the Brucella is the mycoplasma.

Many doctors don't know about this mycoplasma disease agent because it was developed by the US military in biological warfare experimentation and it was not made public. This pathogen was patented by the United States military and Dr Shyh-Ching Lo.

According to Dr Shyh-Ching Lo, senior researcher at The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and one of America's top mycoplasma researchers, this disease agent causes many illnesses including AIDS, cancer, chronic fatigue syndrome, Crohn's colitis, Type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Wegener's disease and collagen-vascular diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer's.

On April 7, 1942, (unknown first name) Richards wrote Secretary of War Henry Stimson requesting the use of human subjects in gas testing. Stimson approved the experiments and subsequently tens of thousands of military personnel were used as guinea pigs. The experiments included the effectiveness of clothing on servicemen in chambers filled with deadly gases and the effect of contaminated areas of land on human subjects. Some of the soldiers were locked in chambers for up to 24 hours while poisonous gases filled the room.

The policy of the CMR was to mandate that waivers be signed by the subjects. One of the CMR's first experiments was with extremely ill people who were used as guinea pigs to determine the effects of nitrogen mustard which eventually was used in chemotherapy. Three types of nitrogen mustard had been discovered earlier in 1935 by several Czech scientists. Since mustard gas was used in World War I, Richards saw this break-through as a chance to find new applications for these chemicals in World War II. The CMR began these classified experiments in 1942 and hoped to convince Nazi Germany scientists that the United States was developing a far superior type of chemical warfare agents.

The CMR used patients with terminal cancer at Yale-New Haven Hospital and injected them with nitrogen mustard since the hypothesis was that it would to poison human cells. However, the experiment was counter-productive since the patients' condition worsened as the cancer spread more rapidly until they died.

Other experiments with mustard gas were conducted "in the field" in numerous places overseas. In May 1944, 150 soldiers with fully protected gear were taken to San Jose Island off the coast of Panama. Then two planes dropped over 200 bombs containing a total of five tons of mustard gas, and one hour later the soldiers were marched into that area. Afterwards, chemical tests were conducted, and it was concluded that all the soldiers would have been casualties had they not worn protective gear which included gas masks. Field testing also was conducted in Sandfly where soldiers moved into areas saturated with mustard gas just one hour after bombings. Some of the soldiers did not wear protective clothing, while others lied on the ground where they had direct contact with the chemicals.

Richards conducted another experiment with prisoners at a federal penitentiary in Terre Haute, Indiana. He recommended that the subjects be paid $100 plus medical insurance for the experiments. The federal government agreed to pay the $100 per inmate but refused to pick up the insurance for the people. Bush approved the experiment in March 1943. But the CMR shortly abandoned the experiment since, as with test animals, they could not produce a disease with enough reliability to make their tests valid.

The United States government also conducted experiments with malaria during World War II. In the early 1940s the government concluded that the anti-malaria drug Atabrine was tested successfully in human subjects. Thus, new types of drugs to combat malaria were tested on human subjects who had been deliberately infected with the disease by the government. The largest single CMR malaria experiment involved 800 prisoners at the federal penitentiary in Atlanta, the New Jersey State Reformatory, and the Illinois State Penitentiary.

Deadly chemicals were tested on other subjects. In 1944, Nathan Schnurman, a Navy serviceman, was given a three day pass in return for being a guinea pig in an experiment involving dichloroethyl sulfide, more commonly known as mustard gas. He was placed in a gas chamber filled with the toxic gas. The first reaction was to vomit, and that was followed by a blistering of the skin and then temporary blindness. Several times Schnurman asked to leave the chamber, but the requests were denied. Only after he passed out was he pulled out of the gas chamber. In 1945, a 17-year old recruit also consented to testing in return for a short leave to visit his parents. He developed severe blisters on his skin and passed out before he was carried out of the chamber.

In 1993, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) estimated that over 60,000 servicemen were used as guinea pigs in chemical experiments during World War II. Of that number, approximately 4,000 were used as subjects in experiments with mustard gas or lewsite. All the subjects promised to keep the experiments secret, and most of them did since they believed that it was their patriotic duty to do so. Others kept silent since they feared reprisals by the government. However, the first stories of these tests on humans leaked out in the 1980s when some of the subjects sought compensation for long term medical problems which resulted from these chemical tests. The NAS also said that the Pentagon still withheld some of the facts about what had taken place during the gas experiments.

Radium was used particularly by the military beginning in the 1940s to treat ear infections. Between 8,000 and 20,000 servicemen and their families were treated by military doctors who placed small rods containing radium into the nostrils to alleviate inflammation.

Other experiments with humans during World War II involved biological weapons (BW). The Medical Unit at the Edgewood Arsenal Unit planned scientific research into BW in 1941. The research was a joint effort which included the CWS, Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), the surgeon general, the Department of Agriculture, the Public Health Service, and the NAS. The following year, these groups recommended that BW experiments be approved. President Roosevelt then created the War Research Service (WRS) which fell under the authority of the Federal Security Agency (FSA). Roosevelt then announced that BW would be used only in retaliation.

In November 1943, the CWS constructed a BW center in Frederick, Maryland which was later named Fort Detrick. The following summer, the secret Special Projects Division of the CWS was established. It was responsible for coordinating BW experiments throughout the United States.

Even as Nazi doctors were carrying out experiments at Dachau and Auswitz, covert American operations were being conducted by the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and by the military. The Chemical Warfare Service was founded in 1944 and was provided a budget of $2.5 million. The agency soon developed large quantities of anthrax and botulism and also two strains of biochemical poisons which the government had considered using against Third World populations. Secretary of War Henry Stimson founded the Biochemical Warfare Division (BWD), many of whose chemists had worked in the Nazi government. In the early 1950s, the BWD was run by Lawrence Layton, a Nazi war criminal who had been recruited after World War II recruited by the US Army CIC and the CIA.

Since the 1940s, the Army and the CIA conducted numerous experiments with biological and chemical agents in the United States. During World War II American soldiers were rounded up and placed in closed rooms, where mustard gas was discharged to determine the impact of chemical gasses on the human body. In 1942, Army and Navy doctors infected 400 prisoners in Chicago with malaria as part of an experiment to get "a profile of the disease and treatment for it."

In 1942, the OSS began a search for a new mind-control hallucinogen known as a "truth drug" (TD) -- a speech-inducing drug – for use in intelligence interrogations. The clandestine agency first set up the "truth drug" committee. Dr. Winfred Overholser of St. Elizabeth's Hospital in Washington D.C. oversaw the program. The committee first conducted experiments with mescaline but soon thereafter rejected that drug as a "truth serum."

The committee felt that a drug would be useful for screening their own agents in order to identify German sympathizers and double-agents. The TD that was first introduced was an extremely high concentration of marijuana, and through a process of esterification they obtained a highly concentrated liquid. This product had no color, odor, or taste. OSS concluded that TD was too unpredictable, the OSS continued to search for more reliable truth serums.

In the spring of 1943, the OSS began to explore other drugs which could be used in interrogating subjects. It turned to marijuana and began testing it on subjects who were part of the top secret Manhatten Project to develop the atomic bomb. The top officials of the Manhatten Project provided a dozen subjects who swallowed a glass of highly concentrated marijuana, unaware of the contents. When the oral consumption of marijuana failed, the OSS decided to administer it by inhalation. OSS LTC Boris Pash was the primary interrogator when Dr. Robert Oppenheimer was suspected of leaking classified information to the Soviet Union.

The first field case of marijuana-laced cigarettes took place on May 27, 1943. The experiment was conducted by OSS official George White who was also an Army captain. The subject was August Del Gracio, a New York mobster who was involved in drug trafficking. Over a span of two hours, Del Gracio told interrogators secret information about drug trade. Then he became unconscious for about an hour. The experiment was branded a success, so White moved ahead with subsequent testing. White obtained 15 to 18 dossiers on soldiers who were suspected of being communists.

A research project involved the work of Dr. Charles Geschickter. In 1955, he convinced the CIA to appropriate $375,000 in secret funds for the construction of a new research wing at Georgetown Hospital. CIA documents showed that he tested powerful drugs on mental retarded subjects and terminal cancer patients at the hospital. The agency funneled $655,000 into his research on knock-out drugs, stress-producing drugs, and mind- altering substances. In addition $2.1 million flowed to other researchers.

Several years after Swiss chemist Albert Hoffman developed LSD, the CIA began pouring money into Project Bluebird in 1949. The CIA's secret experiments with LSD was originally dubbed MK-Naomi, and then the code-name was changed to MK-ULTRA in April 1953. "MK" was the code for "Technical Services" and "Naomi" referred to the agency secret project to develop poisons.

MK/ULTRA involved the use of drugs, sensory deprivation, religious cults, microwaves, psychological conditioning, psychosurgery, brain implants, and other areas of research. It consisted of 149 sub-projects plus another 33 closely related sub-projects, all funded through the black budget. However, from the 1950s to 1962 most of the original records, documents, and research papers were deliberately destroyed. P. 13

Source: Crossfire, The Plot that Killed Kennedy by Jim Marrs.

In the early 1950s, the CIA put all its efforts into one project under the codeword (Operation) "Bluebird." This top secret program was a "behavior-modification" program jointly undertaken with the Pentagon.

The first operations under Bluebird were conducted in Japan three months after the new operation was launched. Twenty-five North Korean war prisoners were given depressants and stimulants, then injected with barbiturates, hypnotized, and finally interrogated. In addition to the experiments which were conducted on North Koreans, CIA officials also tested other subjects while in Japan. They administered intensive polygraph testing as well as experimenting with the stimulant Benzedrine on four subjects. Two of these four people were also given a second stimulant, picrotoxin. Furthermore, the CIA tried to induce amnesia.

Bluebird also included experiments in electro-shock therapy and psycho-surgery. By the end of 1950, Morse Allen replaced Edwards as the head of Bluebird. He received a $100,000 CIA grant to conduct his experiments. Electro-shock was used to induce a state of amnesia. A psychiatrist reported that the electro-shock treatments could produce amnesia for varying lengths of time and that valuable information could be obtained from the subjects when they came out of the sleep. At a Richmond, Virginia hospital, an "electro-sleep" machine was used on various patients. It put people to sleep without shock or convulsions. Shortly after these experiments, the Office of Scientific Intelligence recommended that the psychiatrist be given $100,000 in research funds.

In 1952, the Office of Scientific Intelligence proposed giving another $100,000 to another doctor. The funds were used to conduct "neurosurgical techniques" and more specifically to conduct lobotomies. Following the brain surgery, subjects were interrogated. Bluebird was expanded to include outside consultants to test other techniques. These included the effects of ultrasonics, vibrations, concussions, high and low pressure, various gases in air-tight chambers, caffeine, fatigue radiation, heat and cold, and changing light.

The first LSD experiments were conducted at Edgewood Chemical Arsenal in Maryland. Twelve subjects who were given 150 micrograms of LSD, and then they were subjected to hours of interrogation. In another hallucinogenic experiment, the CIA brought in 7,000 soldiers who unknowingly were given a variety of hallucinogenic drugs which included LSD, mescalin, and Benzedrine. Most of the subjects emerged with serious psychological afflictions and some committed suicide.

Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, a former Nazi doctor who was recruited after World War II. by the CIA, tested LSD on his CIA colleagues. In one case, Dr. Frank Olson who was the Army's expert on biological warfare had a bad LSD reaction, became delusional, opened his Statler Hilton Hotel room window, and jumped from the tenth floor to his death.

Gottlieb expanded his experiments into Canada. Under the Society for Investigation of Human Ecology (SIHE) in the early 1950s, Dr. Ewen Campbell theory of "differential amnesia" involved experiments which included electroshock and the use of hallucinogens. He goal was to "depattern" both normal and abnormal behavior by creating temporary amnesia. Campbell used techniques which included bombarding patients with continuous taped messages, sensory deprivation, and the use of LSD. He postulated that he produced "complete amnesia" in a subject when the person would eventually recover memory of one's normal behavior but not schizophrenic behavior. His electro-shock treatments consisted of waking a patient three times during the night and administering several drugs, changing around the quantities of each until he thought he achieved the best results. Patients received 100 milligrams of Thorazine, 100 milligrams of Nembutal, 100 milligrams of Seconal, 150 milligrams of Veronal, and 10 milligrams Phenergan, and then they were given electro-shock treatments

In the 1950s, Gottlieb and CIA agent, George White set up a Harlem operation dubbed Operation Climax. White rented two Greenwich Village apartments and posed as an artist named Morgan Hall. He then lured subjects into his "safehouses" and slipped them LSD and other drugs. He analyzed their behavior and reported back to Gottlieb. The CIA paid all of Olson's bills and paid him $4,000 in cash. Gottlieb expanded his experiments and brought in surveillance equipment and two-way mirrors, so he could film and record their behavior.

At the end of 1952, the top secret Bluebird operation was changed to Artichoke. Under the direction of Richard Wendt of the Psychology Department at the University of Rochester, Artichoke moved ahead in more experiments. In 1951, Morse Allen of Artichoke was convinced that hypnosis could be an integral part of covert operations.

1950: The U.S. Navy sprayed a cloud of with Serratia Marcesens bacteria over San Francisco harbor. The Navy claimed that the bacteria was harmless, and used only to track a simulated attack, but many San Francisco residents became ill with pneumonia-like symptoms, and one is known to have died.

Source: Dr. Strecker book "A Higher Form of Killing" by Paxman and Harris which has information gleaned from the Freedom of Information Act

1950 - 1953: An array of germ warfare weapons were allegedly used against North Korea. Accounts claim that there were releases of feathers infected with anthrax, fleas and mosquitoes dosed with Plague and Yellow Fever, and rodents infected with a variety of diseases. These were precisely the same techniques used in immunity from prosecution in exchange for the results of that research. The Eisenhower administration later pressed Sedition Charges against three Americans who published charges of these activities. However, none of those charged were convicted.

In 1951, the Army secretly contaminated the Norfolk Naval Supply Center in Virginia with infectious bacteria. This was an experiment to determine if blacks were more susceptible than whites to the bacterium.

1952 - 1953: In another series of experiments, the U.S. military released clouds of "harmless" gases over six (6) U.S. and Canadian cities to observe the potential for similar releases under chemical and germ warfare scenarios. A follow-up report by the military noted the occurrence of respiratory problems in the unwitting civilian populations.

The government knew that crystalline Brucella would cause disease in humans. Now they needed to determine how it would spread and the best way to disperse it. They tested dispersal methods for Brucella suis and Brucella melitensis at Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, in June and September 1952. Probably, 100% of us now are infected with Brucella suis and Brucella melitensis.(8)

Another government document recommended the genesis of open-air vulnerability tests and covert research and development programs to be conducted by the Army and supported by the Central Intelligence Agency.

In about 1952, the Government of Canada was asked by the US Government to cooperate in testing weaponised Brucella, and Canada cooperated fully with the United States. The US Government wanted to determine whether mosquitoes would carry the disease and also if the air would carry it. A government report stated that "open-air testing of infectious biological agents is considered essential to an ultimate understanding of biological warfare potentialities because of the many unknown factors affecting the degradation of micro-organisms in the atmosphere".

In 1953, the US Government asked the Canadian Government if it could test a chemical over the city of Winnipeg. It was a big city with 500,000 people, miles from anywhere. The American military sprayed this carcinogenic chemical in a 1,000%-attenuated form, which they said would be so watered down that nobody would get very sick; however, if people came to clinics with a sniffle, a sore throat or ringing in their ears, the researchers would be able to determine what percentage would have developed cancer if the chemical had been used at full strength.

The Pentagon held a press conference on May 14, 1997, where they admitted that that in 1953 it had obtained permission from the Canadian Government to fly over the city of Winnipeg and spray carcinogenic chemical—zinc cadmium sulphide—which sifted down on kids going to school, housewives hanging out their laundry and people going to work. US Army planes and trucks released the chemical 36 times between July and August 1953. The Pentagon got its statistics, which indicated that if the chemical released had been full strength, approximately a third of the population of Winnipeg would have developed cancers over the next five years.

The US Army actually conducted a series of simulated germ warfare tests over Winnipeg. The Pentagon lied about the tests to the mayor, saying that they were testing a chemical fog over the city, which would protect Winnipeg in the event of a nuclear attack.

A report commissioned by US Congress, chaired by Dr Rogene Henderson, lists 32 American towns and cities used as test sites as well.

Testing via Mosquito Vector in Punta Gorda, Florida

A report from The New England Journal of Medicine reveals that one of the first outbreaks of chronic fatigue syndrome was in Punta Gorda, Florida, back in 1957. It was a strange coincidence that a week before these people came down with chronic fatigue syndrome, there was a huge influx of mosquitoes.

The National Institutes of Health claimed that the mosquitoes came from a forest fire 30 miles away. The truth is that those mosquitoes were infected in Canada by Dr Guilford B. Reed at Queen's University. They were bred in Belleville, Ontario, and taken down to Punta Gorda and released there.

Within a week, the first five cases ever of chronic fatigue syndrome were reported to the local clinic in Punta Gorda. The cases kept coming until finally 450 people were ill with the disease.

Dr Charles Engel, who is with the US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, stated the following at an NIH meeting on February 7, 2000: "I am now of the view that the probable cause of chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia is the mycoplasma..."

Donald Scott, MA, MSs says he has all the official documents to prove that mycoplasma is the disease agent in chronic fatigue syndrome/fibromyalgia as well as in AIDS, multiple sclerosis and many other illnesses. Of these, 80% are US or Canadian official government documents, and 20% are articles from peer-reviewed journals such as the Journal of the American Medical Association, New England Journal of Medicine and the Canadian Medical Association Journal. The journal articles and government documents complement each other.

An MRI scan of the brain of a teenage girl with chronic fatigue syndrome displayed a great many scars or punctate lesions in the left frontal lobe area where portions of the brain had literally dissolved and been replaced by scar tissue. This caused cognitive impairment, memory impairment, etc

1955: The Tampa Bay area of Florida experienced a sharp rise in Whooping Cough cases, including 12 deaths, after a CIA test where a bacteria withdrawn from the Army's Chemical and Biological Warfare arsenal was released into the environment. Details of the test are still classified.

The next year, another toxic substance was emitted into New York City streets and subways. In 1956 and 1957, the Army experimented with biological weapons in Savannah, Georgia and Avon Park, Florida to test the ability of insects to carry and deliver yellow fever and dengue fever.

1956 - 1958: In Savannah, Georgia and Avon Park, Florida, the Army carried out field tests in which mosquitoes were released into residential neighborhoods from both ground level and from aircraft. Many people were swarmed by Mosquitoes, and fell ill, some even died. After each test, U.S. Army personnel posing as public health officials photographed and tested the victims. It is theorized that the mosquitoes were infected with a strain of Yellow Fever. However, details of the testing remain classified.

1965: In a three year study, 70 volunteer prisoners at the Holmesburg State Prison in Philadelphia were subjected to tests of dioxin, the highly toxic chemical contaminant in Agent Orange"http://totse.com/en/politics/us_military/162422.html" Lesions which the men developed were not treated and remained for up to seven months. None of the subjects was informed that they would later be studied for the development of cancer. This was the second such experiment which Dow Chemical undertook on "volunteers" who did not receive the information which the world proclaimed was necessary for "informed consent" at Nuremberg.

1966: The U.S. Army dispensed a bacillus throughout the New York City subway system. Materials available on the incident noted the Army's justification for the experiment was the fact that there are many subways in the (former) Soviet Union, Europe, and South America. Although there are no harmful effects known for this release, details of the experiment are still classified.

1968 - 1969: The CIA experimented with the possibility of poisoning drinking water by injecting a chemical substance into the water supply of the Food And Drug Administration in Washington, D.C.. There were no harmful effects noted from this experiment. However, none of the human subjects in the building were ever asked for their permission, nor was anyone provided with information on the nature or effects of the chemical used.

1969: On June 9, 1969, Dr. D.M. McArtor, then Deputy Director of Research and Technology for the Department of Defense, appeared before the House Subcommittee on Appropriations to request funding for a project to produce a synthetic biological agent (that does not naturally exist for which humans) have not yet acquired a natural immunity. The Pentagon stated: "We are continuing to develop disabling weapons." Dr. McArtor asked for $10 million dollars to produce this agent over the next 5-10 years. The Congressional Record reveals that according to the plan for the development of this germ agent, the most important characteristic of the new disease would be "that it might be refractory [resistant] to the immunological and therapeutic processes upon which we depend to maintain our relative freedom from infectious disease". AIDS first appeared as a public health risk ten years later.

The US government sent medical teams from the Centers for Disease Control-under the direction of Dr Donald A. Henderson, Africa and some countries such as India, Nepal and Pakistan. Dr. Henderson is most known for his work heading the World Health Organization global smallpox eradication campaign /vaccination program from 1966-1977.

They gave them all a free vaccination against smallpox; but five years after receiving this vaccination, 60% of those inoculated were suffering from AIDS.

A professor at the University of Arkansas made the claim that while studying the tissues of a dead chimpanzee she found traces of HIV. The chimpanzee that she had tested was born in the United States 23 years earlier. It had lived its entire life in a US military laboratory where it was used as an experimental animal in the development of these diseases. That virus was acquired by that chimpanzee in the laboratories where it was tested

In 1998 in Rochester, New York, Donald Scott, MA, MSs, met a former military man, PFC Donald Bentley, who gave him a document and told me: "I was in the US Army, and I was trained in bacteriological warfare. We were handling a bomb filled with brucellosis, only it wasn't brucellosis; it was a Brucella toxin in crystalline form. We were spraying it on the Chinese and North Koreans."

Dr. Strecker's research of the literature indicates that the National Cancer Institute in collaboration with the World Health Organization created the AIDS virus in their laboratories at Ft. Dietrick, Maryland, Although this Frederick, Maryland facility is now named the National Cancer Institute, it was at that time (1970-1974) called the U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Warfare Center, supervised by the Department of Defense.

"Strecker Memorandum" written by Dr. Robert Strecker and his brother Ted who went to the UCLA Medical Library to research the long term effects of insuring and treating AIDS patients as a proposal for the Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) of the Security Pacific Bank of California. They discovered "thousands of documents supporting the man-made origins of AIDS."

According to researcher William Cooper, (former U.S. Navy Intelligence) the work was supervised by the CIA under a project called MK-NAOMI. Dr. Strecker has traced the history of some of the research at Ft. Dietrick and was able to determine that there was a group of Japanese scientists who were captured at the end of World War II and were given amnesty in exchange for information. These scientists were specialists in the area of racial and ethnic specific bio-weaponry with research dating back to 1930.

The documentation for this is contained in the book titled (Japanese) Unit 731 published by Wallace and Williams of England. The ones who were imprisoned may very well have become assets to the Russians because Dr. William Campbell Douglass has documentation from Omni Magazine, March 1986, Pg. 106, that Communist scientists also worked at Ft. Dietrick.

Dr. Strecker's work also revealed the means by which the WHO "scientists" planned to test the AIDS virus developed at Ft. Dietrick. From the World Health Organization Federation Proceedings for 1972-1973 came the proposal:

``Let's inject them. We'll put them in different vaccines and we will test them. And that's particularly useful when applied to sibships."

Which, in plain English means to inject brothers and sisters of the same parents with the laced vaccine and see if they die and who dies first with the rationalization that they could study what is called HLA processing (human leucyte antigen processing). The point of all this was to determine how these different human beings are processing these different antigens that they are being exposed to. Now you know why entire familes got sick at the same time!

Dr. Strecker stated that the WHO scientists "actually drew a map and said here are our test sites" We have statistics and the story they tell makes the case for vaccination convincingly. In his video The Strecker Memorandum, Dr. Strecker states that you can literally place the maps of the WHO Smallpox vaccination sites ( 1966-1977)  right on top of the same areas that now have the AIDS epidemic widespread. Typical examples of this are the central parts of Africa, Haiti and certain parts of Japan. He said that the WHO became so alarmed about the "rumors" of the smallpox vaccinations during the outbreak of AIDS that they hired two independent investigators in the early 1980's to look into the rumors. What they found from their own studies was the rumors were the facts! WHO BURIED THE REPORTS and one of the investigators approached Pierce Wright, the science writer for the prestigious London Times with the report in 1987 and threw the report on his desk saying "you can't use my name , this is just B.S. what you're writing--why don't you put out the truth? It's in this report." So, on Monday, May 11, 1987, the London Times ran a front-page story which said the AIDS in Africa appeared there because of the WHo smallpox vaccine program.

Dr. William Campbell Douglass states that "the AIDS virus did not exist in the United States before 1978." He says "you can check back in any hospital and not stored blood samples can be found anywhere that exhibit the AIDS virus before that date." The myth that we are supposed to believe in the United States is that a promiscuous airline steward named Antone Dega who had the AIDS virus managed to travel to three major population centers of New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco where he infected people in each city. In his lecture in Santa Barbara, Dr. Strecker drew a map of these three major AIDS epicenters pointing out that New York became infected in 1978 and the two California cities in 1980. Reflecting on the Antone Dega scenario, he says that these certainly are not contiguous communities. So, to make the myth work Dega had to follow a peculiar flight pattern from his Canada-based airline "flying only to New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco, managing not to have sex in all of Canada and Europe. Continuing, he says that "if you are stupid enough to believe the story of Antone Dega and the CDC's claim that they were actually following this guy, why didn't they extradite a person they knew was spreading a 100 percent fatal disease?"

So, what did Dr. Strecker's research reveal about the origin of the AIDS virus in the U.S.?

He found out that in each of the major three city AIDS epicenters, the spread of the virus followed on the heels of a Hepatitus-B vaccine "study" that was carried out in each of these cities. He asks the simple question, "How can you change a black hetrosexual disease in Africa into a white homosexual disease in Manhattan, affecting a particular group--the young between the ages of 20 and 40, male homosexuals, who were otherwise healthy and promiscuous" In Manhattan, the 1978 study involved 1040 volunteers who met the criteria of being between the ages of 20 and 40, white, and were promiscuous.

During the interviews, if it was determined the man had only one lover (monogamous) he was sent home and not allowed to participate. These particular rules were set up by a Polish doctor educated in Soviet Russia by the name of W. Schmugner who came to the U.S. in 1969 and became the head of the New York City Blood Bank. Writing in the January 1988 Natural Health Convention Magazine Dr. William Campbell Douglass reported that "The Centers for Disease Control reported in 1981 that four percent of those receiving the Hepatitus-B vaccine were AIDS infected. In 1984 they admitted to 60 percent. Now they refuse to give out figures at all." He says that "the data on these studies are now buried in the U.S. Department of Justice and we will never see them."

1972: President Nixon announced a ban on the production and use of biological (but not chemical) warfare agents. However, as the Army's own experts reveal, this ban is meaningless because the studies required to protect against biological warfare weapons are generally indistinguishable from those for chemical weapons.

1977: Ray Ravenhott, director of the population program of the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID), publicly announced the agency's goal to sterilize one quarter of the world's women. In reports by the St Louis Post-Dispatch, Ravenhott in essence cited the reasoning for this being U.S. corporate interests in avoiding the threat of revolutions which might be spawned by chronic unemployment.

1980-1981: Within months of their incarceration in detention centers in Miami and Puerto Rico, many male Haitian refugees developed an unusual condition called "gynecomasia". This is a condition in which males develop full female breasts. A number of the internees at Ft. Allen in Puerto Rico claimed that they were forced to undergo a series of injections which they believed to be hormones.

1981: More than 300,000 Cubans were stricken with dengue hemorrhagic fever. An investigation by the magazine 'Covert Action Information Bulletin', which tracks the workings of various intelligence agencies around the world, suggested that this outbreak was the result of a release of mosquitoes by Cuban counterrevolutionaries. The magazine tracked the activities of one CIA operative from a facility in Panama to the alleged Cuban connections. During the last 30 years, Cuba has been subjected to an enormous number of outbreaks of human and crop diseases which are difficult to attribute purely natural causes.

1982: El Salvadoran trade unionists claimed that epidemics of many previously unknown diseases had cropped up in areas immediately after U.S. directed aerial bombings. There is no hard evidence to support these charges. However, the pattern and types of outbreaks are consistent with the claims.

1985: An outbreak of Dengue fever strikes Managua Nicaragua shortly after an increase of U.S. aerial reconnaissance missions. Nearly half of the capital city's population was stricken with the disease, and several deaths have been attributed to the outbreak. It was the first such epidemic in the country and the outbreak was nearly identical to that which struck Cuba a few years earlier (1981). Dengue fever variations were the focus of much experimentation at the Army's Biological Warfare test facility at Ft. Dietrick, Maryland prior to the 'ban' on such research in 1972.

1985: In ruling on a case in which a former U.S. Army sergeant attempted to bring a lawsuit against the Army for using experimental drugs on him, without his knowledge, the U.S. Supreme Court determined that allowing such an action against the military would disrupt the chain of command. Thus, nearly all potential actions against the military for past, or future, misdeeds have been barred as have actions aimed at the release of classified documents on the subject.

On the surface, Wackenhut Corporation seemed innocuous enough, but through documents later obtained from Michael Riconosciuto, I learned there was another, darker side to Wackenhut operations, at the Cabazon Indian reservation near Indio, California.

Because Indian reservations are sovereign nations and do not come under federal jurisdiction, Wackenhut International had formed a partnership and entered into a business venture with the Cabazon Indians to produce high tech arms and explosives for export to third world countries. This maneuver was designed to evade congressional prohibitions against U.S. weapons being shipped to the Contras and middle eastern countries.

In the early 1980's, Dr. John Nichols, the Cabazon tribal administrator, obtained a department of Defense secret facility clearance for the reservation to conduct various research projects. Nichols then approached Wackenhut with an elaborate "joint venture" proposal to manufacture 120mm combustible cartridge cases, 9mm machine pistols, laser sighted assault weapons, sniper rifles and portable rocket systems on the Cabazon reservation and in Latin America. At one point, he even sought to develop biological weapons.

Further notes from another Board meeting held in Sherman Oaks on August 26, 1988, clarifies issues concerning MIL's involvement in development of biological weapons; "It was unanimous decision of the Board to draft a letter to the President of an Internationally recognized Medical School in Japan (as referenced in our corporate minutes of April 24, 1988) with regard to our corporation's intention to make available a grant of funds to said school, as the funds become available to our corporation, and under specific terms and conditions". The notes cast more light on the nature of MIL's involvement in this issue; "The phenomenal success in the field of immuno therapeutics by the Immunology Department of said Japanese Medical School has convinced the Board that the exclusive training of qualified physicians under contract to and the direction of Meridian International Logistics, Inc.  (MIL) , would be of great value and benefit to our company and it's shareholders". What these notes do not clarifies is that why a company engaged in arm manufacturing and dealing, with ties to organized crime has an interest in the exclusive training of Japanese physicians in immunobiology. Further investigations unearthed documents which provided more clarifications. The MIL Board Meeting minutes of September 20, 1988 makes a reference to an Agreement of September 14, 1988, in which it does discuss in details an equal partnership between three parties; MIL, Ajinomoto Co.,Inc., and Dr. Sheigeyoshi Fujimoto, concerning a "biological technology" patented as" devised technology for induction and activation of Cytotoxic TLymphocytes (CTL), directed to autogenous cancer cells in vitro with high efficacy to utilize a serum free medium. Through a Japanese Power of Attorney issued to Fujio Kubota, a Japanese lawyer, he was permitted to file several patents for registration of; "The Method for Induction and Activation of Cytotoxic TLymphocytes". The main signatories to the Patent of Sep. 14, 1998, were; Dr. Sheigeyoshi Fujimoto, Takasha Miyamae (Ajinomoto Co., Inc.), Hidetoshoi Onogi (from MIL), Kanechiro Ishida (International Service Center, Inc.), and Takashi Kumakawa from the American Embassy. MIL representative, Hidetoshi Onogi was given full authority on behalf of MIL to negotiate for "any other documentation pertaining the technical knowledge and the mechanical and/or chemical processes for production of T Cells as are present in the immune system of the human body or any other organism". The presence of a representative from the American Embassy raises the question as to whether this technology was being develop with the US Government sanction. Furthermore what was the Wackenhut's role in this case?

In a letter, dated Jan. 20, 1983, written on Wackenhut-Cabzon lertterhead by Dr. John P. Nichols, Cabazon Administrator, to Dr. Harry Fair, of Tactical Technology in Arlington, Virginia, Nichols mentions that on Feb. 15, 1983, he would present "a unique list of agents and production techniques related to biological warfare". After referring to the plan Nichols had sent previously to Dr. Fair concerning Stormemont Laboratories plan which was aimed to provide Dr. Fair with information on biological warfare, Nichols added "....products could be utilized in small countries bordering Albania or large countries bordering Soviet Union".

In other Documents under the title of "Possible Military Applications Utilizing Hybridoma Technology" casts yet more light on Wackenhut-Cabazon inattentions in production of biological weapons; "gene splicing technology provides the ability to produce pathogenic agents, i.e. viruses". It adds "biological weaponry of this nature (both in production and supply) is limited only by the imagination of the scientists". The proposal to Dr. Fair, also included a package for production of appropriate antibodies to detect the presence of such biological pathogens in the combat environment. Dr. Harry Fair (Chief of Propulsion Technology, Applied Sciences Division at Pickitinny Arsenal, New Jersey).

Former CIA agent, Bruce Berckmans, who was assigned to the CIA station in Mexico City, but left the agency in January 1975 to become a Wackenhut international operations vice president, told SPY magazine that he had seen a formal proposal submitted by George Wackenhut to the CIA offering Wackenhut offices throughout the world as fronts for CIA activities. In 1981, Berckmans joined with other senior Wackenhut executives to form the company's Special Projects Division. It was this division that linked up with ex CIA man Dr. John Phillip Nichols, the Cabazon tribal administrator, in pursuit of a scheme to manufacture explosives, poison gas and biological weapons for export to the contras and other communist fighting rebels worldwide.

Sources:

1987: As the result of a lawsuit by a public interest group, the Department of Defense was forced to reveal the fact that it still operated Chemical and Biological Warfare (CBW) research programs at 127 sites around the United States.

1996: Under pressure from Congress and the public, after a 60 Minutes segment, the U.S. Department of Defense finally admits that at least 20,000 U.S. servicemen "may" have been exposed to chemical weapons during operation 'Desert Storm'. This exposure came as a result of the destruction of a weapons bunker. Causes of the similar illnesses of other troops, who were not in this area, have not yet been explained, other than as post traumatic stress syndromes. Veterans groups have released information that many of the problems may be a result of experimental vaccines and inoculations which were provided troops during the military buildup.

Sources:

---------

copyrighted 7 May 2007

In the early 80s when Bill Casey came into office in the CIA under Ronald Reagan. That's when our government decided to embark on this amazing and extremely unbelievably
successful effort to spy on the world's banks. We did it! We have been spying on world banking transactions for more than a dozen years. The way we do it is by basically forcing foreign banks, wittingly or unwittingly, to buy bugged software and bugged computers that let our NSA (National Security Agency) which is the intelligence arm of the government, to basically surveil wire transfers all over the globe. The whole idea was to track terrorist money (Translated: Soviet money to pro-socialist third world countries) .
Source: Jim Norman's work noted below

PROMIS software had been developed by a Washington DC based company called Inslaw, founded by Bill Hamilton. Hamilton had begun work on case management software for the government in the 1970's with financing from the now defunct Law Enforcement Assistance Agency or LEAA.

PROMIS (Prosecution Management Information Systems), for use by public prosecution agencies. The software, which is still in use today, allows prosecutors to quickly and accurately track cases winding through the courts.

Vince Foster, Webster Hubbell, and Earl Brian were all involved in the NSA project to (real time) spy on banking transactions. This project utilized the modified PROMIS software sold to, and installed in, domestic banks by Systematics (Alltel Information Services) and in foreign central banks by Arkansas Systems, both of Little Rock, Arkansas. A security hole introduced in the software to allow surreptitious surveillance was reportedly the source of infection of government computers of a virus/worm. Systematics Inc., launched in 1967 or 1968 and funded and controlled for most of its life by Arkansas billionaire Jackson Stephens.[1]

According to nine separate current and former U.S. law enforcement or intelligence officials, Foster had been a behind-the-scenes manager of a key support company in one of the biggest, most secretive spy efforts on record: the silent surveillance of banking transactions both here and abroad." (James R. Norman, Fostergate.)[1]

In 1983 and 1984 a computer scientist, Michael Riconosciuto, made modifications to the PROMIS software by installing a surreptitious surveillance mechanism, a Trojan horse or way to enter into the users computer. This modified PROMIS software was then sold to law enforcement and intelligence agencies worldwide.[2]

Earl W. Brian made the PROMIS software available to Riconosciuto through Wackenhut Corporation. Riconosciuto work at a Wackenhut-Cabazon joint venture located on the Cabazon Indian reservation near Indio, CA. (Another modifications took place in Little Rock, Arkansas, to tailor the PROMIS software for use by banks.) [2]

Earl W. Brian had close business ties with the U.S. intelligence community for many years.. He spear heading the plan for this worldwide sale and use of the PROMIS computer software by law enforcement and intelligence agencies.[2]

1. "http://www.naturalhealthholistic.com/foster-1.html"

2. "http://www.orlingrabbe.com/part12.htm"

The next aspect of the investigation into the Inslaw affair is the connection to BCCI. Allegations have been repeated that monies raised through the illegal sales of PROMIS software were laundered through BCCI. It begs the question, "how could BCCI be operating without the bank regulators doing anything about it when obviously there were flags going up and there was evidence going back seven, eight years that BCCI was involved in drug-running and in laundering of drug money, and in various nefarious schemes?"

The reason that the regulators and the Congressional hearings don't seem to want to touch upon it is that, very possibly and probably, BCCI had direct ties to the Justice Department and to the regulators who were supposed to be watching the store. In fact, the reason that BCCI was not investigated and not prosecuted a lot earlier for its activities was because it was providing necessary services noted below.

In his book Crimes of Patriots, Jonathan Kwitney exposes the role of the Australian Nugan-Hand Bank in financing covert activities and heroin trafficking in Southeast Asia. The bank's mysterious growth and demise traces the reach of the tentacles of the Octopus.

The bank was founded by Frank Nugan, an insecure and incompetent Australian lawyer , and by Michael John Hand, a man with a high school degree who had gone to Vietnam with the Green Berets. He had served in Laos in the 1960's as a contract CIA operative, fighting with Thomas Clines, Theodore Shackley and Richard Secord, all very big names in the Iran-Contra scandal

Michael John Hand worked with William Colby, who had been CIA director during the time Shackley was in charge of the CIA office in Laos. Colby went on to become legal counsel for the Nugan-Hand bank where he worked with Michael Hand who was also a veteran of the CIA-run Laos war.

After allegations of drug smuggling against the bank surfaced in 1977, the Australian government began a fraud investigation into the bank's operation, and in 1980 Frank Nugan committed suicide. The investigations uncovered a network of money laundering, drug and arms dealing and still mysterious ties to the CIA.

In 1988, agents of the United States Customs Office in Tampa entrapped officials of BCCI in a drug money laundering scheme. In the ensuing years, the scandal widened until 1991, when the British government seized the bank on fraud charges.

Alfred McCoy speculates that if a congressional investigation would ask tough questions about BCCI, it would uncover drug trafficking and money laundering by United States allies protected from prosecution by the CIA. McCoy told the Shadow, "I think what we'll possibly discover is that the CIA was shipping its funds into Pakistan through BCCI, protecting BCCI thereby from serious investigations elsewhere in the world. That the Pakistan military were in fact banking their drug profits, moving their drug profits from the consuming country back to Pakistan though BCCI.

In fact the boom in the Pakistan drug trade was financed by BCCI. The interrelationship between the Afghan resistance and the CIA and the Pakistan drug trade can all be seen through the medium of BCCI, the banker to both operations, the resistance and the drug trade."

The BCCI story brings full circle the theory of the Octopus, the existence of a small group of intelligence operatives involved in the major scandals of our time, a theory developed by Danny Casolaro to explain the theft of PROMIS software by the United States Justice Department.

----------

Danny Casolaro, who was planning to write a book on the Octopus had focused on reports that former national security advisor Robert McFarlane had actually given the PROMIS software to the Israeli government.

The reports were based on the allegations of former Israeli intelligence agent Ari Ben-Menashe, who said the software was given to the Israel Defense Force signals Intelligence Unit in 1982. According to papers filed in the Inslaw case, the software was to be used to penetrate the computers of unsuspecting foreign companies that had also been provided with the same software.

And NSA knew the Saudi Arabians were funding Islamic fundamentalist
schools and terrorist groups.[2]

The Jackson Stephens Sr' (see more about him below) software firm
Systematics was to become the nation's biggest supplier of back-
office banking software, and would eventually work closely with the
National Security Agency to facilitate intelligence monitoring of
banking transactions. [1] Systematics in Arkansas, now called
Alltel Information Services. They had another company called Boston
Systematics, an affiliate based in Israel mainly.

The Israelis were key partners with us in this bank spying effort.
This is a joint allied government effort, and the Israelis were one
of the key front people in this, in selling and supporting this
software all over the world, so that people weren't thinking they
were getting the software directly from the U.S. An Israeli front
company used to sell this stuff to foreign banks including the
Moscow bank.

The software had back doors, just a few lines of code, that would
allow somebody to dial into a computer without leaving any
footprints, any audit trail that you were in there. Then you could
go around and look around in files or you could collect information
from a system without the user even knowing it. this software,
which was originally called PROMIS. It Started out as software
designed to track prosecutorial cases around the country. It
became sort of a basic platform database (mining) tracking system
for most of our intelligence agencies and many of those abroad
(foreign intel agencies). The whole computer world is much more
porous and transparent than anybody wants you to believe. It was a
half million lines of code. It's a couple of million lines anyway.
It's gone through many, many modifications over the years.

This bank snooping began in earnest soon after Ronald Reagan became
president in 1981. Its primary aim was to track the money behind
intl terrorist groups and soon came to be dubbed, "Follow the
money", according to program originator Norman A. Bailey. Now a
private Washington consultant on intl banking, Bailey was an
economist and Reagan advisor on the National Security Counsel. It
was Bailey's idea to begin using powerful new computer & electronic
eavesdropping technologies then emerging to let the intelligence
community monitor the previously confidential flow of bank wire
transfers. This was no small task; more than $1 trillion a day moves
through NY alone.

Systematics, I understand, had an attorney who was kind of off the
record doing work for them, named Vince Foster. Foster was a
trusted deal guy for Stevens at the law firm. Although Foster never
shows up officially as an attorney of record for Systematics, he was
definitely in the loop, basically smoothing out things between
Systematics and the NSA, which was the main government agency that
was contracting for a lot of this stuff. (source: The House Banking
Committee investigation, headed by Rep. Jim Leach Committee
Chairman).

Mid 80s. Foster is at the Rose Law Firm. Think of him as a high-
level marketing guy between Systematics and the NSA.

Hillary Clinton was actually an attorney of record for Systematics
back in 1978 when Stevens tried to take over the Financial General
Bank shares in Washington. Those bank holding companies later became
First American.

Even before the bank spying stuff (data mining) Stevens was fronting
for the BCCI crowd and trying to take over this Washington Bank
Holding Co. (see more about BCCI below). They had been what
amounted to a laundromat for covert funds for the CIA and the
intelligence community, quite legally, probably. It was done for the
national interest. Somebody had to move this money around and
Systematics was in a perfect place to do it because they owned the
computers and a whole bunch of small banks. They could move this
money around electronically without the bankers even knowing about
it necessarily, and it wouldn't go through the normal clearing
houses. The regulators wouldn't see it. It would just crop up
wherever the CIA needed it in whatever bogus front company account,
and it was all just bits and bytes; it was a cyberbank -- it still
is.

A small cadre of CIA computer hackers known as the Fifth Column have been raiding foreign bank accounts from BCCI, drug laundering, defense kickbacks, arms trades. etc. They've pulled back $2.5 billion, more than $2.5 billion from 300, 400, or 500 of these accounts. There is probably 3,000 coded Swiss and other foreign bank accounts that they have been rifling through the computers on.

They say, more than $2 billion has been swept out of offshore bank accounts belonging to figures connected to the U.S. government with nary a peep from the victims or their banks. The claim that Foster and other U.S. figures have had offshore accounts has been confirmed by a separate high-ranking CIA source and another in Justice Dept.


Hundreds of these accounts already raided, and nobody, NOBODY has
been able to stand up and say, "I was robbed." Why? Because, the
money came from exactly what you said -- kickbacks on drugs,
kickbacks on arms, insider trading, and they never paid any taxes on
this stuff. They've never disclosed it, and the minimum sentence for
willful tax evasion is ten years, that's the minimum.

What you have going on right now in Congress is basically, there
are "Angels of Death" (a code name for two vigilantes) . Actually,
there are two I'm told. There is one on the Democratic side and one
on the Republican side. These vigilantes are just going to take
this situation into their own hands and release this stuff, I'm
convinced. The Angels of Death are telling Congress men and women
tied to Swiss bank accounts to get out of government. These people
(in government) have been confronted. They've been given 24 hours
basically to clean out their desks. That's what it amounts to.
They're gonna try and get all these people out who have Swiss bank
accounts before it hits the fan.

A record 45 members of congress have decided not to run for
reelection or outright resigned from office. Not in a hundred years
has there been such an exodus. Nor are these departees obscure back-
benchers. They are among the most powerful people in the most
powerful govt that has ever existed on earth, with egos to match.
Committee chairmen, or ranking minority members who would be
committee chairmen if the Democrats regained control, powerful
committees or subcommittees: appropriations, rules, armed services,
agriculture.[3]


Sen. Sam Nunn & Alan Simpson claim they just don't have that
ol' "fire in the belly" any more. Tearful Rep. Jack Fields R-TX
House Telecommunications & Finance committee chair held a press
conference to say he wants to spend more time with his kids. Veteran
Rep. Patricia Schroeder D-CO says she wants to give up her $133,600
a year job to be a writer. GOP Sen. Nancy Kassebaum, Senate Labor
Committee chair and daughter of GOP legend Alf Landon, wants to go
back to her little farmhouse on the prairie.[3]

Mark O. Hatfield, Senate Appropriations Committee chair, or Veterans
Affairs Committee chair Sen. Simpson, or Rep. Robert Walker, close
confidante & ally of Gingrich who was almost elected House Majority
Leader. All hold safe seats.[3]


Patsy Schroeder: Somebody noted on the Internet that at the news
conference where she was announcing she wasn't going to run, there
had already been re-elect Schroeder bumper stickers printed up. I
mean, she... take this guy Ron Coleman from Texas, a Congressman
down there. He made his announcement at his supposed re-election
campaign kickoff party.

You could not launder all of that money without the knowing, willing
cooperation and participation of major banks, major brokerage
houses, and Goldman Sachs. Goldman Sachs were the underwriter on a
bunch of these $8 billion or so of bonds that Arkansas Development
Finance Authority (ADFA) marketed to who knows whom.

There are records of transactions of $80 million of money transfers
to the Fuji Bank in the Cayman Islands ( the Switzerland of the
Caribbean) from ADFA, the Arkansas Development Financial Authority,
who I believe never had more than $8 million to begin with. Where
did they get $80 million, and what's it going to the Fuji Bank for?

"http://www.constitution.org/quinnorm.htm"

JACKSON STEPHENS, SR.is a billionaire from Arkansas. He was a top
donor to the Reagan and GEORGE H. W. BUSH campaigns, he suddenly
switched to Clinton in 1990. He brought BCCI to US shores in 1979
and helped to launder cocaine profits from CIA drug smuggling in
Mena, Arkansas and elsewhere. Mena story being spiked a year ago by
Katherine Graham at the Washington Post.

Mochtar Riady is the Indonesian billionaire who was a joint investor
with Little Rock billionaire Jackson Stephens in Worthen Bank when
an investor group that included Jackson Stephens took over First
American Bank in Washington, D.C.[1]

Stephens, with the help of Bert Lance and others, brought in BCCI
(Bank ofCredit and Commerce International) to wrest control of the
bank from that group, and to put it into the hands of friendlier
partners.

AGHA HASAN ABEDI founded BCCI, the largest criminal bank in human
history, in 1972. Its board and shareholders were rife with spooks from the US, Saudi
Arabia, Pakistan, etc. A key part of the October Surprise (helping
Pres.Carter get defeated by Reagon) , BCCI laundered billions in
covert and drug money for the CIA' Central American and Afghanistan
ops. Through BCCI, Abedi was involved with figures such as GEORGE
H.W. BUSH, JACKSON STEPHENS, Manuel Noriega, and others.

BCCI had also been the CIA's principal liaison for the entire Middle
East from the mid- 1960's through 1979. The CIA utilized BCCI for its own payments. For example, Manuel Noriega, who was recruited by the U.S. Defense Intelligence
Agency in 1959,who went on the CIA payroll in 1967, and who became
head of Panamanian military intelligence in 1968, was paid through
the Panamanian branch of BCCI. The CIA also used BCCI branches in
Pakistan to launder payments to the Afghan rebels, and Pakistani
officials used the same bank to launder heroin profits.

Since Iran-Contra that the government has sort of been involved in
the drug business. It goes way back before then, actually. It goes
back even to the Vietnam War days -- remember the Golden Triangle,
Laos, Cambodia and all that, Pakistan and Afghanistan, but it was
always on a much smaller scale. What apparently happened was that in
the 80s we got into it in a big way, basically nationalizing the
wholesale importation of drugs from Central and South America. The
idea was that we control it somehow that way.

It's become the funding source for just about anything that the
government covertly wants to do, and for the moneys that various
elements of the government don't want to ask the Congress for, nor
do they want Congress to know about. And it's an arms business, too.

Stephens' principal motive in bringing BCCI to America was
apparently to connect up his own financial institutions to the
global laundry--not only First American, but those in Little Rock
also. To avoid the type of SEC scrutiny involved in the Financial
General takeover, Webster Hubbell, who had represented Stephens'
software company Systematics, was employed to draw up the charter
for the Arkansas Development Finance Authority (ADFA).

Intelligence community sources says Vince Foster was under
investigation for espionage. Foster had... actually he had several
accounts, and there was one in particular in this bank, bank at
Villa Switsaria Italiano in Chaso on the Italian border. It is a
little kind of a Mafia kind of community there reputed, and so he
was taking the money in there for the payments from the Swiss. He
was going to Geneva every six or eight months, and his curious one-
day trips -I don't think it was for sightseeing.

You know the money would go into a Swiss bank. Somebody would have
to go physically and take it out and take it to a friendly bonded
dealer or something like that, buy bearer bonds or other kinds of
bonds or something that you could pledge as collateral for loans
back in the states and turn it back into cash again legitimately,
and so that is how money laundering works.

The Fifth Column armed with a Cray supercomputer, had been
monitoring Foster's Swiss account. They had located it by tracking
money flows from various Israeli govt accounts after finding
Foster's name while secretly snooping through the electronic files
of Israel's Mossad. Then by snooping through the bank files, they
gathered all information needed to withdraw the money. Foster was
one of the first of scores of high level U.S. political figures to
have their secret Swiss accounts looted of illicit funds, according
to both this veteran CIA source & a separate source in another
intelligence agency.[3]

One man who uncovered the link between Systematics, Foster and
covert money movements from arms & drugs was Bob Bickel, who was an
undercover Customs investigator in the 1980s. "We found Systematics
was often a conduit for the funds" in arms & drug transactions, says
Bickel, now living in Texas: "They were the money changers." His
story is corroborated by a former CIA employee who says it was well
known within the agency in the late 1970s that Foster was involved
with Systematics in covert money management.

Another source is Michael Ricoposciuto, former research director of
the covert arms operation at California's tiny Cabazon Indian
Reservation in the early 1980s. Ricoposciuto claims his crew of
computer programmers helped customize PROMIS there for banking &
other uses. He is now serving 80 years in a South Carolina federal
prison ostensibly on drug charges. Though maybe not a credible
source on his own, his story fits well with other sources.[3]


The day Foster died he had like a two-hour meeting with another
person from the Arkansas contingent there. I think the problem was
that they were afraid that Vince was going to talk or that he was
going to crack under questioning, and here's a guy who was now, at
this point, under intense surveillance. I mean, he had not only CIA
counter intelligence people, but you had NSA. You had FBI
surveilling him. There was a four-person IRS team we know was
assigned to tail this guy, probably in connection with the money
laundering aspect of the Swiss bank account.

This was a political assassination carried out on U.S. soil by a
foreign government. The Israelis were involved in this. There was
apparently a three person Mossad-contracted team.


Source: "http://www.constitution.org/quinnorm.htm"

Jim Norman, a business writer and former Senior Editor at Forbes
Magazine, and currently writing for Media Bypass Magazine after
having uncovered Caspar Weinberger's Swiss bank account..

Norman got into this story while investigating an oil company
bankruptcy up in Stamford, Connecticut, There is no reason why this
company went bust and, in fact, when I actually got into it and
started redoing the oil trading transactions, the reason they lost
money: they weren't losing it. They were hiding it. They were
parking it off shore with another company that was financing arms
sales to Iraq, cluster bombs and stuff like that all through the
80s. And, this Chilean arms dealer, Cardone, who was providing
weapons, was also, it turns out, brokering some of the sales of this
stolen software.

1. http://www.aci.net/kalliste/lippo.htm
2. Confessions of an Economic Hit Man, by John Perkins, pages 96
and 97.
3. http://www.sjcite.info/oswald.html

----------------------------

FOSTERGATE by James R. Norman
http://192.80.61.73/view/1996/norman.html


From another source, Norman had acquired some account numbers that
had been found among the personal effects of Barry Seal , a cocaine-
smuggling CIA asset who'd worked out of the Mena airport, and was
murdered by Colombian hitmen in Baton Rouge in 1986. (See
High Witness News, Jun. '86).
...
"In a suitcase in the trunk of Seal's car was a scrap of paper,"
says Norman, "with a curious string of ten letters. One source who'd
been involved in money-laundering in the past was quite confident it
was a Swiss bank-account number in encrypted form." Norman passed it-
KPFBMMBODB along to Charles Hayes.
...
It was not long thereafter that Norman was informed that
his "Fostergate" story was being abruptly spiked, on orders from the
very top: Forbes publisher emeritus Caspar Weinberger, Secretary of
Defense under Reagan.

Norman was later forced to resign from Forbes after coming across
evidence that Forbes Inc. Chairman, Casper Weinberger himself had
more than $2 million raided from a Swiss account by the Fifth Column.

------------

In June of 2000, I was stunned to see an announcement in the
Arkansas Democrat-Gazette that a retiring Wesley Clark was going to
go to work for billionaire investment banker and Presidential
kingmaker Jackson Stephens in Little Rock. This set off alarm bells
that Clark was someone to watch. In his current campaign literature,
Clark lists his profession as an investment banker. And he is still
employed by Stephens.

http://www.fromthewilderness.com/free/ciadrugs/gray_money.html
http://www.fromthewilderness.com/free/ww3/102003_beyond_bush_2.html

NSA BACKDOOR IN EVERY MICROSOFT OPERATING SYSTEM

A CARELESS mistake by Microsoft programmers has revealed that special access codes prepared by the US National Security Agency have been secretly built into Windows. The NSA access system is built into every version of the Windows operating system now in use, except early releases of Windows 95 (and its predecessors). The discovery comes close on the heels of the revelations earlier this year that another US software giant, Lotus, had built an NSA "help information"
trapdoor into its Notes system, and that security functions on other software systems had been deliberately crippled.

copyright April 22, 2007:

The CIA's covert operation inside the U.S. directed against the anti-
Vietnam war movement, was code named, MH-CHAOS. Operation COINTELPRO
was the code name for the FBI's covert operation directed against
anti-Vietnam war movement.

In July 1967, CIA officer Richard Ober was tasked to lead a new
section, called the Special Operations Group. It was a sub-section
of the CIA's Counterintelligence Division. James Angleton was the
chief of this Division. His boss was Deputy Director of Operations,
Thomas H. Karamessines. Karamessines was one of the four CIA deputy
directors under the Director of CIA, Richard Helms.

Karamessines was in charge of all espionage (human
intelligence /spying/ on foreign governments or threats),
counterespionage (aka counterintelligence - making sure CIA
employees were loyal and were not spying for a foreign intelligence
service, and covert actions (overthrowing incumbent "anti-
capitalist" foreign governments, drug trafficking to fund anti-
communist guerrillas and
possibly to fund a shadow CIA /a non U.S.-governmental entity).

When Nixon moved into the White House, he moved to increase the role
and power of the CIA. The "Huston plan," named after Nixon's aide
for internal security affairs, authorized intelligence organizations
to open mail, examine cables, eavesdrop on conversations, and break
into homes and businesses of Americans who disagreed with the
administration's policies.

It disclosed that the CIA:

Placed 1.5 million names of Americans, who were potential
subversives, into a computer database.

Opened files on over 7,000 Americans during its domestic spying
program.

Opened 38,000 letters along with help from the FBI.

And the report disclosed that the FBI conducted 500,000
investigations of dissidents, and they did not obtain one conviction.

The CIA has maintained the largest news service in the world and has
retained a budget larger than all the news agencies. The Senate
Intelligence Committee discovered that the CIA owned "more than 200
wire services, and book publishing companies" and even subsidized
more. It was revealed that more than 50 media outlets were run by
the CIA both within and outside the United States. They involved 12
publishing companies, which marketed 1,200 books secretly written by
the CIA. Some included books written in Russian, Chinese, and the
languages of numerous Third World countries.

Source: "http://www.angelfire.com/ca3/jphuck/BOOK3Ch3Part1.html"


On Aug. 9, 1974, Pres. Nixon resigns.

On December 22, 1974, someone at the CIA leaked the news of MH-CHAOS
to Seymour Hersh at the New York Times.

Comment:  Angus Mackenzie (my source) of this information, doesn't
say how he knows it was someone at the CIA.  Maybe the source was W.
Mark Felt (aka Deep Throat) at the number two head of the  FBI.  If
you think about how worried Felt was about how dangerous the CIA
dirty tricks boys.


CIA officer, Richard Ober, who was running the MH-CHAOS operations
at CIA, had his reports on domestic dissent sent on to Pres. Johnson
and later to Pres. Nixon.  According to one CIA source, Ober
sometimes carried his intelligence reports personally to the White
House. (p. 29)  Ober had the backing of Henry Kissinger and John
Mitchell.   Ober had relied initally on the Domestic Contact Service
of the CIA, whose function was to handle debriefings of people
traveling overseas from the U.S. (and back again) and recruitment of
such travelers (to report to the CIA on specific targets within a
hostile foreign country said travelers were about to visit or had
visited.) (p. 35)

In September 1975, Congress began to investigate the CIA because of
Watergate and MH-CHAOS, the Church hearings.  On Novemeber 2, 1975,
the Director of CIA, William Colby was fired and Pres. Ford
nominated George H.W. Bush for the job. While preparing for his
confirmation hearings, Bush received a letter from Nixon, who asked
that the CIA's domestic operations be kept hidden.  In the day long
hearings, Bush alluded to operation MH-CHAOS, confirming that such a
program had occurred, but denied by CIA.  "This Agency must say in
the foreign intelligence business and not harass American citizens,
like in operation CHAOS."

CIA officers were still maintaining that no such harassment had
occurred and that MH-CHAOS was instead merely a program that
investigated intelligence connections between domestic dissent and
foreign powers - an alibi that Bush would later come to adopt
himself.  (pgs. 62-63)

In February 1976, the House of Representatives voted to SUPPRESS a
report by the House Select Committee on Intelligence at Pres. Ford
request.  The whole report know as the Pike Report after Rep. Otis
Pike (D-NY),  was leaked to the Village Voice.

The Pike Report provided the first official overview of the CIA
crimes.  The Agency ran large propaganda operations, bankrolled
armies of its own, and incurred billions in unsupervised expenses.
The report revealed the top CIA officials had tolerated cost
overruns nearly 400 percent beyond the Agency budget for foreign
operations and 500 percent beyond the budget for domestic operations
and for years concealed their actions from Congress.   The CIA also
was said to have secretly built up a military capacity larger then
most foreign armies; the CIA and FBI between them spent $10 billion
with little independent supervision. Furthermore, the CIA's single
biggest category of overseas covert projects involved the news
media:  it supported friendly news publications, planted articles in
newspapers, and distributed CIA-sponsored books and leaflets.  The
phony CIA dispatches had often found their way into domestic news
stories, thus polluting with lies (disinformation) the news received
by Americans. (p.66)

Source:  Secrets, The CIA's War At Home, by Angus Mackenzie


Deep throat:

Mark Felt knew, by firsthand experience, that Nixon's administration
was willing to use wiretaps and break-ins to hunt down leakers, so
no amount of caution was too great in his mind. Woodward rode
multiple taxis, sometimes in the wrong direction, and often walked
long distances to reach the middle-of-the-night meetings.

Felt was determined that the White House not be allowed to steer and
stall the bureau's Watergate investigation.

Felt established extremely strict initial ground rules: He could
never be quoted -- even as an anonymous source -- and he would not
provide information. He would "confirm information that had been
obtained elsewhere and . . . add some perspective".

Felt had been summoned at least once to the White House, before
Watergate, to discuss the use of telephone surveillance against
administration leakers. He soon concluded that his own phones -- and
the reporters' -- might be tapped. That's when he developed the
system of coded signals and parking-garage encounters.

"On evenings such as these, Deep Throat had talked about how
politics had infiltrated every corner of government -- a strong-arm
takeover of the agencies by the Nixon White House. . . . He had once
called it the 'switchblade mentality' -- and had referred to the
willingness of the president's men to fight dirty and for keeps. .

In 1980, Felt and another senior FBI veteran were convicted of
conspiring nearly a decade earlier to violate the civil rights of
domestic dissidents in the Weather Underground movement; President
Ronald Reagan then issued a pardon.

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
dyn/content/article/2005/05/31/AR2005053100655.html

A key member of the Plumbers unit was John Paisley, who functioned
as the official CIA liaison to this White House investigative unit.

Paisley was later to become an important appointee of CIA Director
George Bush. In the middle of 1976, Bush decided to authorize a
group of experts, ostensibly from outside of the CIA, to produce an
analysis which would be compared with the CIA's own National
Intelligence Estimates on Soviet capabilities and intentions. The
panel of outside experts was given the designation of "Team B." Bush
chose Paisley to be the CIA's"coordinator" of the three subdivisions
of Team B. Paisley would later disappear while sailing on Chesapeake
Bay in September of
1978.
Source: George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography Chapter -XII-
Chairman George in Watergate --- by Webster G. Tarpley & Anton
Chaitkin http://www.tarpley.net/bush12.htm

In 1978, Congress passed the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
to try to stop electronic surveillance of US citizens by American
Intelligence. This act, however, did not cover British wiretapping
of Americans using US equipment at National Security Agency sites
and then passing on information about American back to the US
intelligence agencies. For the past fifty years, British
Intelligence has been allowed to wiretap Americans without warrants
and then pass information back to American intelligence or the FBI.
Also the American have provided the same service to British
Intelligence, allowing Americans intelligence to wiretap their
citizens from within Great Britain without warrants.(Source: Loftus,
John The Secret War Against the Jews, New York: St Martin's Press)

----------------

Numerous experts, including current and former CIA agents and
analysts, current and former agents of the Drug Enforcement
Administration and current and former Wackenhut executives and
employees, all of whom have said that in the mid-197O's, after the
Senate Intelligence Committee's revelations of the CIA's covert and
sometimes illegal overseas operations, the agency and Wackenhut grew
very, very close. Those revelations had forced the CIA to do a
housecleaning, and it became CIA policy that certain kinds of
activities would no longer officially be performed. But that didn't
always mean that the need or the desire to undertake such operations
disappeared. And that's where Wackenhut came in.

Our sources confirm that Wackenhut has had a long- standing
relationship with the CIA, and that it has deepened over the last
decade or so. Bruce Berckmans, who was assigned to the CIA station
in Mexico City, left the agency in January 1975 (putatively) to
become a Wackenhut international-operations vice president.
Berckmans, who left Wackenhut in 1981, told SPY that he has seen a
formal proposal George Wackenhut submitted to the CIA to allow the
agency to use Wackenhut offices throughout the world as fronts for
CIA activities.

http://www.totse.com/en/politics/central_intelligence_agency/wack_1.h
tml

The Wackenhut Corporation maintained and updated its files even
after the McCarthyite hysteria had ebbed, adding the names of
antiwar protesters and civil-rights demonstrators to its list
of "derogatory types." By 1965, Wackenhut was boasting to potential
investors that the company maintained files on 2.5 million suspected
dissidents-one in 46 American adults then living. in 1966, after
acquiring the private files of Karl Barslaag; a former staff member
of the House Committee on Un-American Activities, Wackenhut could
confidently maintain that with more than 4 million names, it had the
largest privately held file on suspected dissidents in America.

In 1975, after Congress investigated companies that had private
files, Wackenhut gave its files to the now-defunct anti-Communist
Church League of America of Wheaton, Illinois. That organization had
worked closely with the red squads of big-city police departments,
particularly in New York and L.A., spying on suspected sympathizers;
George Wackenhut was personal friends with the League's leaders, and
was a major contributor to the group.

(Source: Age of Surveillance by Frank Donner and Inside the Shadow
CIA by John Connolly, SPY Magazine - Sept 1992 - Volume



A secret government within a government and Team B


Air Force Intelligence Chief Maj. Gen. George Keegan, had briefed
officials on the thousands of hidden Soviet missiles back in
the '50s. He later after retirement from the Air Force, became a
member of Team B in the 1970s.

In the 1970s, when President Richard Nixon's policy of detente was
under attack by some former military officials and conservative
policy intellectuals, Ford administration officials Dick Cheney and
Donald Rumsfeld were among those challenging as too soft the CIA's
estimate of Moscow's military power.

Rumsfeld and Cheney wanted to create a "Team B," which would have
access to the CIA's data on the Soviets and issue its own
conclusions. Cheney, as White House chief of staff, and Rumsfeld, as
secretary of Defense, championed Team B, whose members included the
young defense strategist Paul Wolfowitz, who a quarter-century later
would be one of the chief architects of the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
Vested interests can be ideological as well as institutional. In the
mid-1970s, a group of well-known hawks, mainly former policy-makers
and retired officers, started clamoring that the Soviets were
acquiring a first-strike capability and that the CIA was gravely
underestimating their prowess and might. President Gerald Ford,
under growing pressure from the right, succumbed to what seemed a
modest demand—to let a team of their analysts examine the same data
that the CIA had been examining and come up with alternative
findings. It was sold as an "exercise" in intelligence analysis, an
interesting competition—Team A (the CIA) versus Team B (the
critics). Yet once allowed an institutional footing, the Team B
players presented their conclusions—and leaked them to friendly
reporters—as the truth, which the pro-detente administration was
trying to hide.

The Team B report read like one long air-raid siren: The Soviets
were spending practically all their GNP on the military; they were
perfecting charged-particle beams that could knock our warheads out
of the sky; their express policy and practical goal was to fight and
win a nuclear war.

Almost everything in the Team B report turned out to be false. Yet
it provided the rallying cry for a movement against detente and arms-
control accords. Its spokesmen became outspoken figures of
opposition during the Jimmy Carter years (most notably, Paul Nitze
and his Committee on the Present Danger) and senior officials in the
Ronald Reagan administration and beyond.
Pres. Clinton found out that from 1980 on, the CIA annual assessment
report of the Soviet Union was being doctored and that essentially
two different reports were being produced. There was a real CIA
document, which was called the Annual Assessment Report of the
Economic and Military Strength of the Soviet Union.

http://www.node707.com/archives/005705.shtml
http://www.geocities.com/aberdenn/trud/rumsfeld_intelligence_unit.htm
l

Pres. Reagan in 1981 installed a highly compartmentalized
organization separate from his National Security Council. He signed
a top secret National Security Decision Directive #3 which
established a new intelligence organization headed by VP Bush
resulting in a separate spy agency within the White House. This
group was formed to set up a special mercenary unit (yes, you heard
right) to "take hostages and rescue them" as an option against
terrorists. The ideas was to kidnap or assassinate terrorists and/or
their families. Pres. Carter had signed a order outlawing
assassinations, you recall. Oliver North's boss in the Iran-Contra
debacle was VP Bush, the head of this White House covert action
group. (Source: Loftus, John The Secret War Against the Jews, New
York: St Martin's Press, p. 49).

----
Tatum states it was in 1981 that "President Reagan signed National
Security Decision Directive Number 3 (NSDD-3), which authorized the
vice president to chair the Special Situation Group (SSG). The
Special Situation Group was a division under the National Security
Council (NSC). One entity formed to support the SSG was the
Terrorist Incident Working Group (TIWG). TIWG was formed in April
1982, by authority of President Reagan in NSDD-30. This group
consisted of representatives of the following: Director of Central
Intelligence, Department of Defense, FBI, NSC staff and others as
required.

As a deep cover (allegedly) CIA and DIA operative, Gene "Chip" Tatum
(aka Major Gene Duncan) saw or participated in a remarkable series
of covert operations. Foremost in his mind are the years 1986-92,
when he operated for a group he called Pegasus(codename) . This
group operated on behalf of the US and other governments undertaking
tasks that ranged from narcotic smuggling to assassinations.

In a very real sense, Chip Tatum's story has now gone full circle.
In March 1996, Tatum wrote to former Director of Central
Intelligence, William Colby. Readers will recall that it was Colby
who originally recruited Tatum into the CIA in 1971, and set him on
his career as a covert intelligence operator. Since that time, Tatum
had developed a fondness for the super-spook and Colby, in turn,
played the role of mentor.

"The purpose of TIWG is to provide SSG with direct operational
support. TIWG then recommended to the President that a Terrorism
Task Force be formed and chaired by the head of SSG (the vice
president). Reagan approved NSDD-138 in April 1984, which extended
TIWG's arm and ability to form sub-groups. As a result of NSDD-138
was the formation of the Operation Sub-Group. The subgroup was a
select NSC-DOD-CIA-FBI-Foreign Intelligence Agency which operated so
as to by-pass the regular operations of intelligence/military/law
enforcement agencies. OSG was formed in February 1986."

Having revealed the framework of the authorizing Presidential
Directives necessary for the conduct of these covert operations,
Tatum then details the nitty-gritty of the OSG. "I was an operative
for OSG from April, 1986 through January, 1992. When I was operating
under the authority of the OSG I would report directly to the OSG,
not to the CIA or DIA. This `secret government' apparatus, built by
Vice President Bush from 1981 to 1986, was able to draw upon assets
from the CIA, the DOD Special Operations Units, and the private
sector. Using the private sector clause, Don Gregg, VP Bush's
National Security Advisor, included a representative from British
Intelligence and Israeli Intelligence. To date I have called this
group Pegasus in an attempt not to divulge it's true identity until
I was on safe ground. Although most of the missions performed by OSG-
2 are classified, the existence of the organization is now
declassified."

Until Tatum forwarded these details, the existence of more than one
Operations Sub-Group (OSG) were unknown. In fact, Tatum has now
revealed the existence of three OSGs. OSG-1 was headed by Ted
Shackley and was "our anti-narcotics group.' OSG-2 was the anti-
terrorism group and OSG-3 was "our alignment group." (aka a US death
squad) Tatum was originally posted to OSG-2 which was commanded by
Col. Oliver North. The third group, OSG-3 was commanded by Richard
Secord. Following the exposure of Oliver North's role in Contragate
in 1987 he resigned as head of OSG-2, and his spot was taken over by
Secord. Tatum moved up to command OSG-3 at the same time.

All three OSG's answered to those individuals who sat on the TIWG.
General Colin Powell, represented the Department of Defence, William
Casey the CIA, Donald Gregg for the National Security Council. "FBI
guys rotated in and out…" Tatum says. "It was like they couldn't get
anyone," he concludes. Representing British Intelligence was Sir
Colin Figure. Formerly head of MI6, Sir Colin transferred in 1986 to
become "Security Co-coordinator" one of the top slots at the Cabinet
office, under the Premiership of Margaret Thatcher. He retired in
1989. Amiram Nir represented Israeli interests until his
assassination by an "Archer" team led by Tatum - at the request of
high level Israeli individuals - in 1988. Any of these six
could "call a mission." In addition, VP George Bush could do
likewise. Of significance too, was the occasional representation on
the TIWG of Lord Chalfont. The British lord was an adviser on "Mid-
East affairs" between 1986 and 1990.

From the moment Tatum was recruited to the OSG, he was posted to up
state New York where he established a number of cover businesses.
Tatum's up-state New York operation was also involved in shipping
the most sophisticated weapons across the border to Canada. Not
least are the known connections between Oliver North's related gun-
running operations that saw dirty money being laundered through the

British Channel Islands and the London based BCCI bank. Money
laundering was one of the principal activities of Col. Oliver North.

Tatum has stated that it was routine for all the OSG operatives to
establish their own businesses as "covers." Funding was provided
as a line of credit with the Key Bank of Central New York,
Watertown, New York state by Republican Harry Hyde. The company was
formed by attorney, Ben Whitaker. Legal representation was through
O'Hara and Crough in Syracuse, NY. Tatum also operated through a
number of other similar "fronts."
"http://www.deepblacklies.co.uk/the_pegasus_file-part2.htm

Tatum would be tasked by Bush Sr. with the neutralization (kill) of
a Mossad agent in 1988, an army Chief of Staff in 1989, the
President of a third world country in 1989, and the leader of a
revolutionary force in Central America in 1991.

o Ami Nir was killed in 1988.
o General Gustavo Alverez was killed in 1989.
o Enrique Bermudez, Contra leader and overseer of the cocaine
In 1992 I was tasked to neutralize an American citizen (Ross
Parot) . I refused. I decided that day to leave the Black Operations
unit. When I told Mr. Colby of my decision, he told me that one
can't just walk away. I explained to him that I understood the fate
of those who walk away. For that reason, I began documenting my
activities on film, on audio tapes, and with copies of documents,
all of which I compiled through the years. I explained that the film
and tapes were placed in strategic locations around the world to
insure my safety.

http://www.whatreallyhappened.com/RANCHO/POLITICS/MENA/TATUM/tatum.ht
ml

Appendix B:  History of the US mafia and the CIA,
Some Unknown History of the US (Copyrighted 2 April 2006).

NOTE: 28 Dec 06:   I will be updating this with newer information
soon, but I want to put this all at the top of my website with the
rest of the latest update of my book.
Dick

During the 1800s and early 1900s, immigrants arrived in the United
States from all corners of the world seeking the American dream.
What they most found was an impoverished and bleak existence. In
the various ethnic communities there were those who had belonged to
the secret societies of the other countries - the mafia of Sicily,
the Camorra of Italy, and the Tongs of China. They brought to
America the learned terror and intimidation of those societies.

The mafia used the extortion to shake down successful businessmen
selling protection. Those who didn't pay might be have their
business burned down or a relative might be kidnapped or beaten.

In the early 1900s, the city gangs were becoming more adept at their
crimes and expanding operations to include gambling, prostitution,
and lotteries. They were also the bankers for the poor, charging
exorbitant interest rates.

The Irish brought a new dimension of power to the gangs by allying
themselves with political leaders. Initially it was the politicians
who used the gangsters. Ballot boxes were stuffed , voters
intimidated, and opposition rallies broken up. But as the gang
leaders grew more wealthy, and thus more powerful, soon the
politicians came seeking favors. Through the years that Tammany
Hall controlled New York City, Irish gangsters provided the
enforcement muscle.

Another source of power for Tammany Hall was the 1,200 member
Eastman gang, run by a Jewish Immigrant.

On January 16, 1920 Prohibition against the sale of intoxicating
beverages became law. Profits aside - the greatest impact of the
thirteen years of Prohibition was to make crime and criminals
acceptable in the minds of the general public. It resulted in
massive corruption of the political and legal system. enormous power
wielded by the criminal gangs, and the deaths and maimings from
toxic hooch. Because Prohibition was unpopular, buying protection
from city officials and the police became an easy chore.

The Chicago police chief, Fizmorris once stated: " Sixty percent of
my policemen are in the bootleg business." Every section of Chicago
was ruled by a gang and they were often intensely competitive and
their rivalry was fueled by racial and ethnic prejudices. During
the early 1920s, the Chicago underworlds became united and
prospered.

In mid-May 1929, a meeting of the USA/nation's underworld leaders
was held in Atlantic City attended by Al Capone. New York was
control by two large crime families. Eventually, gangsters from
both New York and Chicago were drawn into a gang war and in
September 10, 1931 Charles "Lucky" Luciano (real name: Salvatore
Lucania) and his underboss, Vito Genovese became preeminent leaders
of the criminal mobs.

Luciano created a commission of bosses and organized the old Mafia
families into a national crime syndicate/outfit. He created a
commission of bosses. Backed by the deadly power of Murder,
incorporated - a group of organized killers whose sole client was
the outfit/mafia.

Next to Prohibition, one of the most far-reaching events in the
history of the outfit came during World War II. The gangsters
became the friendly black marketeers, of rationed items. The outfit
obtained ration coupons from corrupt officials with the Office of
Price Administration, a semi-volunteer organization. One of this
organization's young lawyers was Richard M. Nixon.

In 1942, Naval intelligence was convinced that information about
ship convoys leaving the US was being transmitted to the Axis by
longshoreman of German and Italian extraction. Naval intelligence
turned to the mob/outfit for help.

Navy Secretary Frank Knox created a special intelligence unit headed
by Lt. Commander Charles Radcliffe Haffenden. Haffenden met with
mob figures in his office at the Manhattan Astor Hotel. Gangster
Meyer Lansky met with Haffenden and promised to get Lucky Luciano's
support. Lucky Luciano became a partner with the U.S. Government to
prevent sabotage on East Coast ports.

Union strikes and sabotage were practically nonexistent on the New
York docks during the war. And when the U.S. forces landed in
Sicily, there were mafia men waiting to show them the location of
German position and safe routes through minefields.

During this final phase of the war, the mafia-military cooperation -
known as Operation Underworld - moved from the Navy to the Office of
Strategic Services (OSS) forerunner of the CIA.

As early as 1933, Meyer Lansky had been had been establishing
gambling in Cuba, but World War II brought a halt to his plans for
turning the island into a haven for gamblers.

The awareness of organized crime dates back to about 1950/1951, and
the creation of a Select US Senate Committee to probe organized
crime under the sponsorship of Sen. Estes Kefauver, the "Kefauver
Committee". This committee found that organized crime has spread
from the cities of New York and Chicago to Kansas City, New Orleans,
and Dallas. Also it found that organized, professional gambling and
bookmaking was widespread throughout the U.S., that narcotics
trafficking was highly organized, that the outfit had infiltrated
legitimate businesses ranging from advertising and transportation,
big city police forces corrupted.

The some of the leading mobsters were Sam Giancana and/or Sam Yaras
in Chicago, Carlos Marcello in New Orleans, Joe Civello in Dallas,
Mickey Cohen in Los Angeles, Santos Trafficante Sr. in Tampa, FL.

In 1956 and 1957, Robert Kennedy become concerned with the outfit's
takeover of labor unions.

Veteran mob observers have established the close ties between Hoffa
and Carlos Marcello and Santos Trafficcante Jr. (p.167)

Source: Crossfire, The Plot that Killed Kennedy by Jim Marrs 156 -
167.

Chuck Giancana wrote a biography of his brother, Double Cross. His
brother Sam Giancana murdered his way to become the leader of the
Chicago mafia and the whole US mafia or "Outfit" as it is called by
the gangsters themselves.

He writes that Joe Kennedy was not just some bootlegger who got
lucky in legitimate hard drink business. He says Kennedy was a "made-
man", a part of the Outfit, or a man who paid the Outfit a
percentage of his profits for protection from the cops and help make
the Outfit bosses rich.

He writes that John Kennedy was corrupt and was killed by both the
CIA and the Outfit because, Bobby and John went against the Outfit
after being helped greatly to get John elected.
Jack Ruby was more than just a bar owner in Dallas. He says the CIA
and the mafia are one and the same.

(Source: Double Cross by Chuck Gian
----------------

Luciano, Meyer Lansky, Joe Adonis, and Frank Costello (Luciano`s
Successor) , help the US intelligence agencies keep in touch with
Sicilian Mafia leaders exiled by Italian dictator Benito Mussolini.
Domestically, the aim is while in Italy the goal is to gain
intelligence on Sicily prior to the allied invasions and to suppress
the burgeoning Italian Communist Party. Imprisoned in New York,
Luciano earns a pardon for his wartime service and is deported to
Italy, where he proceeds to build his heroin empire, first by
diverting supplies from the legal market, before developing
connections in Lebanon and Turkey that supply morphine base to labs
in Sicily. The OSS and ONI also work closely with Chinese gangsters
who control vast supplies of opium, morphine and heroin, helping to
establish the third pillar of the post-world War II heroin trade in
the Golden Triangle, the border region of Thailand, Burma, Laos and
China's Yunnan Province.

1947
In its first year of existence, the CIA continues U.S. intelligence
community's anti-communist drive. Agency operatives help the Mafia
seize total power in Sicily and it sends money to heroin-smuggling
Corsican mobsters in Marseille to assist in their battle with
Communist unions for control of the city's docks. By 1951, Luciano
and the Corsicans have pooled their resources, giving rise to the
notorious `French Connection' which would dominate the world heroin
trade until the early 1970s. The CIA also recruits members of
organized crime gangs in Japan to help ensure that the country stays
in the non-communist world. Several years later, the Japanese Yakuza
emerges as a major source of methamphetamine in Hawaii.

1949

Chinese Communist revolution causes collapse of drug empire allied
with U.S. intelligence community, but a new one quickly emerges
under the command of Nationalist (KMT) General Li Mi, who flees
Yunnan into eastern Burma. Seeking to rekindle anticommunist
resistance in China, the CIA provides arms, ammunition and other
supplies to the KMT. After being repelled from China with heavy
losses, the KMT settles down with local population and organizes and
expands the opium trade from Burma and Northern Thailand. By 1972,
the KMT controls 80 percent of the Golden Triangle's opium trade.

Source: http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/1998_cr/980507-l.htm

-------------
Nixon's connections to the outfit:

In his memoirs, mobster Mickey Cohen wrote that he gave Murray
Chotiner $5,000 to give Nixon for his 1946 congressional campaign
and raised $75,000 from Las Vegas gamblers for Nixon's 1950 Senate
race. Chotiner was a close friend of Nixon and his campaign manager.
He also was a lawyer who represented ranking mobsters and had
connections leading back to reputed New Orleans Mafia chief, Carlos
Marcello and Jimmy Hoffa.

It has been revealed by investigative authors Carl Oglesby, Howard
Kohn, David Scheim, and others that Nixon was a frequent visitor to
Cuba during the early 1950s and was in contact with confederates of
organized crime financial wizard Meyer Lansky. Lansky was one of the
mob chieftains who wanted Castro overthrown.

Ed Partin, a former aide to Jimmy Hoffa who turned government
informant, describe a meeting between Hoffa and Carlos Marcello at
the height of Nixon's 1960 presidential campaign. He stated
witnessed Marcello give a suitcase filed with $500,000 which was
going to Nixon. He says Marcello promised another $500,000 would be
coming from the mob boys in New Jersey and Florida.

The Florida mob boss was Santos Trafficante. Trafficante was angry
about Castro kicking him out of Cuba and shutting down his vice
operations and casino in 1960. The CIA had used the outfit's Havana
casinos to hide payments to the crime figures it sometimes
employed. (p. 169)

There was a schemes to assassinate Castro involved Trafficante,
Frank Sturgis, Robert Maheu (the ex-FBI agent who was the liaison
between the CIA and the mafia/outfit and later became the manager
of the Howard Hughes empire), and the two mafia chiefs, John Roselli
and Sam (Momo) Giancana. (p.170)

Prior to becoming President, Kennedy was having an affair with a
former paramour (mistress) of Sam Giancana, Judith Exner (aka Judy
Cambell). Exner was introduce to Kennedy by Frank Sinatra. (p. 176-
177).

Evidence that John Kennedy had received campaign contributions from
Sam Giancana and other mob leaders was picked up by an FBI phone tap
that were part of an electronic surveillance program initiated by
the Attorney General Robert Kennedy. The mob figured it has bought
some relief from growing government awareness and prosecutions of
the outfit. Kennedy had met with mob boss Joseph Bonanno in the
winter of 1959 and reportedly received campaign contributions from
the mob channeled to his father, Joe Kennedy by Frank Sinatra.
(p.180)

Eisenhower's Vice President Nixon and CIA Officers attempted to
plan an invasion of Cuba. Nixon was the "White House Political
Action Officer" and he stated that in his book, Six Crises: "The
training of Cuban exiles by the CIA was due in substantial part, at
least, to my effort. This had been adopted as a policy as a result
of my direct support."

Source: Crossfire, The Plot that Killed Kennedy by Jim Marrs and
pages 267- 274.




In March I960, President Eisnehower approved a CIA plan to overthrow
Fidel Castro. The plan involved a budget of $13 million to train "a
paramilitary force outside Cuba for guerrilla action." The strategy
was organized by Richard Bissel and Richard Helms.

Sidney Gottlieb of the CIA Technical Services Division was asked to
come up with proposals that would undermine Castro's popularity with
the Cuban people. Plans included a scheme to spray a television
studio in which he was about to appear with an hallucinogenic drug
and contaminating his shoes with thallium which they believed would
cause the hair in his beard to fall out.

These schemes were rejected and instead Bissell decided to arrange
the assassination of Castro. In September 1960, Richard Bissel and
Allen W. Dulles, the director of the CIA, initiated talks with two
leading figures of the Mafia, John Roselli (using the name John
Rawlston) and Sam Giancana.

Trafficante and other gangsters--including Sam Giancana of Chicago
and Russell Bufalino of the Pennsylvania mob--agreed to work with
the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency in a direct action against
Castro. Strong evidence points to the fact that the original
middleman between the CIA and the American underworld was Jimmy
Hoffa, who used the union's financial machinery for arms sales to
both sides in the Cuban Revolution. [1a]

According to a former Hoffa aide--later a government informant--who
believes his boss was the CIA's initial go-between with the mob in
the Castro murder plan, Rolland McMaster (a top Teamster organizer)
was Hoffa's liaison to Santo Trafficante during the planning of the
assassination in the early 1960s. Russell Bufalino had also been
among the mob chieftains whom the CIA solicited for direct action
against Castro, and Genovese crime captain Anthony Provenzano (a New
Jersey Teamster leader) had in 1974 come under the jurisdiction of
gangland leaders, including Russell Bufalino, who were now trustees
of the Genovese family.
[1a]

John Roselli (Filippo Sacco) first became involved in crime when he
worked for
Al Capone in the 1920s. By the end of the end of World War II
Roselli had emerged as a senior crime boss in Las Vegas with close
links to Meyer Lansky.

On 12th March, 1961, William Harvey arranged for CIA operative, Jim
O'Connell, to meet Giancana, Trafficante, Roselli, and Robert Maheu
(CIA liaison) at the Fontainebleau Hotel. During the meeting
O'Connell gave poison pills and $10,000 to Rosselli to be used
against Castro. As Richard D. Mahoney points out in his book: Sons
and Brothers: "Late one evening, probably March 13, Rosselli passed
the poison pills and the money to a small, reddish-haired Afro-Cuban
by the name of Rafael "Macho" Gener in the Boom Boom Room, a
location Giancana thought "stupid." Rosselli's purpose, however, was
not just to assassinate Castro but to set up the Mafia's partner in
crime, the United States government. Accordingly, he was laying a
long, bright trail of evidence that unmistakably implicated the CIA
in the Castro plot. This evidence, whose purpose was blackmail,
would prove critical in the CIA's cover-up of the Kennedy
assassination."

In 1961 Roselli persuaded Meyer Lansky to join the conspiracy and
was reportedly offering a million-dollar reward for the Cuban
leader's murder Richard Cain a specialist in electronics and wire
taps, was also recruited by Roselli. Cain took part in a failed
attempt in March 1961 to poison Castro. Cain became involved in
criminal activity and eventually began working for Mafia boss,
Giancana.

The nearest Rosselli came to killing Castro was in September 1961.
Several Cubans were arrested at the intersection of Rancho Boyeros
Avenue and Santa Catalina Avenue in Havana. The men were in two
Jeeps armed with bazookas, grenade launchers, and machine guns. Two
of those arrested, Guillermo Caula Ferrer and Higinio Menendez, made
a full confession during their interrogation and admitted they had
been working with CIA agents in Miami and had been trained on
Guantanamo, the American naval base in Cuba. All the men involved in
the plot were executed.

In April 1962, William Harvey took control of the ZR/RIFLE project.
He told Roselli that Trafficante and Giancana had to cease
involvement in the project to kill Castro. Ted Shackley the new head
of JM/WAVE also began to play a more important role in planning the
assassination.

Eventually Rosselli and his friends became convinced that the Cuban
revolution could not be reversed by simply removing its leader.
However, they continued to play along with this CIA plot in order to
prevent them being prosecuted for criminal offences committed in the
U. S.

In February, 1963, William Harvey was removed as head of the
ZR/RIFLE project. Harvey was now sent to Italy where he became Chief
of Station in Rome.

Roselli was eventually charged with being involved in illegal
gambling in Las Vegas. In an attempt to obtain a lenient sentence,
Roselli provided information in court about his role in helping the
CIA with Operation and ZR/RIFLE. The judge was not impressed and he
was sent to McNeal Island prison. His good friend Fred Black
intervened and used his powerful political connections to get
transferred to a less harsh prison. Roselli was eventually released
in 1973.

In the 1950s Black became a business associate and political
adviser to Lyndon Johnson He was also a close friend of Mafia boss,
Roselli. Baker was investigated by Attorney General Robert Kennedy
He discovered Baker had links to Clint Murchison (rich Texas oil
guy) and several Mafia bosses.

Murchison was also closely liked to the Mafia. In 1955 a Senate
committee discovered that 20 per cent of the Murchison Oil Lease
Company was owned by Vito Genovese (New York outfit) and his
family. The committee also discovered Murchison had close financial
ties with Carlos Marcello.

Jack Anderson of the Washington Post, interviewed Roselli just
before he was murdered July 1976 . On 7th September, 1976, the
newspaper reported Roselli as saying : "When Oswald was picked up,
the underworld conspirators feared he would crack and disclose
information that might lead to them. This almost certainly would
have brought a massive US crackdown on the Mafia. So Jack Ruby was
ordered to eliminate Oswald."

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKroselli.htm



---------------

On May 7, 1961, CIA General Council Lawrence Houston finally told
Pres. Kennedy that the CIA had contracted with Sam Giancana (in 1960
took of the Chicago syndicate and become the head of the American
mafia and later added the south east Asia mafia/Outfit as
well /p.175) and John Roselli to murder Fidel Castro. Kennedy also
became very angry with the CIA for not telling him about other
operations by the CIA to assassinate other foreign leaders.

Marcello, Trafficante, and Rosselli undertook this extraordinary act
of vengeance in order to halt the Kennedy administration's
unrelenting prosecution of them and their allies. The Kennedy
Justice Department had vigorously pursued Marcello, even subjecting
him to a brief, nightmarish deportation.
Marcello, Trafficante, and Rosselli decided that their only way to
avoid prison or deportation was to kill JFK. Our investigation has
produced clear evidence that the crime bosses arranged the
assassination so that any thorough investigation would expose the
Kennedys' Cuban coup plan to get ride of Castro. They were confident
that any such exposure could push America to the brink of war with
Cuba and the Soviet Union, meaning that they could assassinate JFK
with relative impunity. They did not carry out the act themselves,
but used trusted associates .

Robert Kennedy told several close associates that Carlos Marcello
was behind JFK's death, but he couldn't reveal what he knew to the
public or to the Warren Commission without the covert Cuban coup
plan being uncovered.

Robert Kennedy and other key government officials worried that
exposure of the Cuban coup plan could trigger another nuclear
confrontation with the Soviets, just a year after the Cuban Missile
Crisis.

Source: Ultimate Sacrifice by Lamar Waldron, Thom Hartmann.

"http://ultimatesacrificethebook.com/outline"

Source: Crossfire, The Plot that Killed Kennedy by Jim Marrs
1a: The Hoffa Wars: The Rise and Fall of Jimmy Hoffa By Dan E.
Moldea , Chapter One
http://www.moldea.com/Hoffa.html

NOVEMBER 23, 1963 President John F. Kennedy assassinated.
----------

Lyndon Johnson

There is evidence that Johnson profited from cash contributions from
the mob. A former senatorial aide, Jack Sullivan, testified that he
witnessed the transfer of a suitcase full of money from a Teamster
lobbist through a Maryland senator to Johnson's chief of staff Cliff
Carter. Also one of Johnson's trusted friends, Bobby Baker, had
long and documented mob connections.

Soon after Lyndon Johnson become vice president, yet another
investigation into his financial dealings got underway. This time
it involved a big-time Texas wheeler-dealer named Billie Sol Estes.
Estes had allegedly been cheat the Department of Agriculture of
millions in federal cotton allotments (money for not growing cotton)
on land which was underwater.

The Johnson administration's anticrime record is dismal. Racket
busting came to a virtual halt. During the first four years of his
administration, Justice Department organized-crime section field
time dropped by 48 percent, time before grand juries by 72 percent,
and the number of district court briefs filed by that section
dropped by 83 percent.
Source: Crossfire, pages 289-294.


---------



Haldeman told Nixon that the FBI was aware of CIA operatives'
involvement in the Watergate affair.
In an Oval Office meeting on June 23, 1972 -- just five days after
the Watergate break-in by the Plumbers, Nixon's chief of staff, H.R.
Halderman, say (heard on the Watergate tapes), "Of course, this
Hunt that will uncover a lot of things. You open a scab, there's a
hell of lot things, and we feel that it would be very detrimental to
have this thing go any further....the President believes that it is
going to open the whole Bay of Pigs thing up again."

Later in the day, Nixon spoke with Haldeman again, saying:

...very bad to have this fellow Hunt, ah, he knows too damned much,
if he was involved -- you happen to know that? if it gets out that
this is all involved, the Cuba thing would be a fiasco. It would
make the CIA look bad, it's going to make Hunt look bad, and it's
likely to blow the whole Bay of Pigs thing, which we think would be
very unfortunate --both for the CIA, and for the country, at this
time, and for American foreign policy. .. (Hunt was not with the
Watergate burglars, bus was in radio contact with them from across
the street.)

Hunt demanded $2 million to keep quite about what he knew, Nixon
agreed and the money was raised.

In 1973, Nixon's attorney general, Richard Kleindienst, denied an
FBI request to continue an electronic surveillance operation that
was beginning to penetrate connections between the Mafia and the
Teamsters.
In 1975, Trowbridge Ford, a political science professor at the
College of Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts, discovered a
document written by an FBI staff assistant to a government panel
looking into organized crime in 1947. The document state:

"It is my sworn statement that one Jack Rubenstein of Chicago (whose
name was later changed to Jack Ruby), noted as a potential witness
for hearings of the House Committee on Un-American Activities, is
performing information functions for the staff of Congressman
Richard Nixon, (R-CA). It is requested Rebenstein not be called for
open testimony in the aforementioned hearings."


In the final days of Watergate, organized crime investigator Dan E.
Moldea revealed that military authorities, including Nixon's chief
of staff Alexander Haig, began to connect Nixon with several
mobsters, including Florida's Santos Trafficante, believed
responsible for setting up heroin routes from Viet Nam and making
payoffs to Nixon associates. Moldea quoted a Justice Department
official as saying:

"The whole goddamn thing is to frightening to think about. We're
talking about the President of the United States ... a man who
pardoned organized crime figures after millions were spent by the
government putting them away, a guy who's had these connections
since he was a congressman in the 1940s. .."

International Brotherhood of Teamsters boos, Richard Fitzsimmons
became personally involved in a dirty tricks campaign against
Senator Edward Kennedy, a potential challenger to Nixon. Allen
Dorfman chipped in a $100,000 contribution which he gave illegally
to John Mitchell. And after the Watergate burglars began
blackmailing the White House, the mob came through in January 1973
with a million dollars in hush money--delivery arranged by
Fitzsimmons, Provenzano (out of prison since 1970), and Dorfman. [1a]

The House Select Committee on Assassination determined that there
were many connections between Marcello and the JFK assassination.
Marcello was close with Jack Ruby and David Ferry. (p. 165) In 1975
when former executive assistant to the CIA's deputy director, Victor
Marchetti, stated that during high-level CIA meetings in 1969, CIA
Director Richard Helms disclosed that Ferrie and Clay Shaw (who used
the possible CIA covert name or aka Clay Bertrand) , figures in Jim
Garrison investigation of the JFK assassination, had worked for the
CIA (as contract operatives/agents). Ferrie a pilot, claimed to have
flown hazardous missions into Cuba, including landing there during
the Bay of Pigs invasion. (p. 188) New Orleans attorney Dean
Andrews told the Warren Commission that he had received a call from
a "Clay Bertrand", the day after JFK was shot, asking him to fly to
Dallas and legally represent Lee Harvey Oswald. (p. 497)

Much evidence success that one of the "tramp" who were arrested in
the railroad track area near Dealey Plaza minutes after JFK was
murdered (and photographed being arrested) was a Texas mafia hitman,
Charles V. Harrelson. Harrelson admitted to participating in the JFK
assassination. (p. 85) He has been linked to Carlos Marcello. In
April 1981, Harrelson was identified by Flordia law enforcement
officials as being a member of a shadowy group of hired gunman,
mercenaries, and drug smugglers known as "The Company". The Company
took its name from the CIA's nick-name, and it involved more than
300 persons, any ex-police and ex-military men. The Company owned
more than $30 million in assets, such as planes, ships, and real
estate. Federal drug agents said the group imported billions of
dollars worth of narcotics from Central and South America as well as
conducting gun-running and mercenary operations. Harrelson was (or
is) serving a life sentence for a murder conviction. (p. 336)

Source: Crossfire, The Plot that Killed Kennedy by Jim Marrs pages
267- 274
1a: The Hoffa Wars: The Rise and Fall of Jimmy Hoffa By Dan E.
Moldea , Chapter One
http://www.moldea.com/Hoffa.html

Nixon attempted a cover-up Watergate by ordering Deputy Director
Vernon Walters through John Dean, to tell the F.B.I. that its
investigation of Watergate might harm secret CIA operations in
Mexico.

Howard Hunt:
The involvement of the CIA in the Nixon Watergate went far beyond
the fact that the burglars were "Company" alumni. Hunt was
ostensibly employed by Robert R. Mullen and Company, a firm that had
long provided cover for active CIA agents throughout the world and
had actively been involved in Bay of Pigs operations. The owner of
the firm, Robert Bennett, in addition to his CIA ties, was the
Washington representative of Howard Hughes having taken over that
job from Larry O'Brien, the Democratic National Chairman, the target
of the Watergate break-in.

The CIA supplied technical support to Hunt and his plumbers team
when they broke into the offices of Daniel Ellsberg's psychiatrist.

"http://www.walrus.com/~jklotz/watergat.htm"

Watergate paid for via money laundered through a bank account in
Mexico


The Plumbers were created at the demand of Henry Kissinger, who told
Nixon that something had to be done to stop leaks in the wake of
the "Pentagon Papers" affair of 1971. But if the Plumbers were
called into existence by Kissinger, they were funded through a
mechanism set up George Bush. A salient fact about the White House
Special Investigations Unit (or Plumbers) of 1971-72 is that the
money used to finance it was provided by George Bush's business
partner and lifelong intimate friend, Bill Liedtke, the president of
Pennzoil.

Bill Liedtke was a regional finance chairman for the Nixon campaigns
of 1968 and 1972, and he was one of the most successful, reportedly
exceeding his quota by the largest margin among all his fellow
regional chairmen. Liedtke says that he accepted this post as a
personal favor to George Bush. In 1972, Bill Liedtke raised $700,000
in anonymous contributions, including what appears to have been a
single contribution of $100,000 that was laundered through a bank
account in Mexico. According to Harry Hurt, part of this money came
from Bush's bosom crony Robert Mosbacher, now Secretary of Commerce.
According to one account, "two days before a new law was scheduled
to begin making anonymous donations illegal, the $700,000 in cash,
checks, and securities was loaded into a briefcase at Pennzoil
headquarters and picked up by a company vice president, who boarded
a Washington- bound Pennzoil jet and delivered the funds to the
Committee to Re- elect the President at ten o'clock that night." [fn
14]

The U.S. House of Representatives Banking and Currency Committee,
chaired by Texas Democrat Wright Patman, soon began a vigorous
investigation of the money financing the break-in, large amounts of
which were found as cash in the pockets of the burglars. Chairman
Patman opened the following explosive leads: Patman confirmed that
the largest amount of the funds going into Miami bank account of
Watergate burglar Bernard Barker, a CIA operative since the Bay of
Pigs invasion, was the $100,000 sent in by Texas CREEP chairman
William Liedtke, longtime business partner of George Bush. The money
was sent from Houston down to Mexico, where it was "laundered" to
eliminate its accounting trail. It then came back to Barker's
account as four checks totaling $89,000 and $11,000 in cash. A
smaller amount, an anonymous $25,000 contribution, was sent in by
Minnesota CREEP officer Kenneth Dahlberg in the form of a cashier's
check.

Patman relentlessly pursued the true sources of this money, as the
best route to the truth about who ran the break-in, and for what
purpose. CREEP national chairman Maurice Stans later described the
situation just after the burglars were arrested, made dangerous
by "...Congressman Wright Patman and several of his political
hatchet men working on the staff of the House Banking and Currency
Committee. Without specific authorization by his committee, Patman
announced that he was going to investigate the Watergate matter,
using as his entry the banking transactions of the Dahlberg and
Mexican checks. In the guise of covering that ground, he obviously
intended to roam widely, and he almost did, but his own committee,
despite its Democratic majority, eventually stopped him." [fn 16]

On Oct. 3, 1972, the House Banking and Currency Committee voted 20-
15 against continuing chairman Wright Patman's investigation. The
vote prevented the issuance of 23 subpoenas for CREEP officials to
come testify to Congress. The margin of protection to the moguls was
provided by six Democratic members of the Committee who voted with
the Republicans against chairman Patman. As CREEP chairman Maurice
Stans put it, "There were...indirect approaches to Democratic
[committee] members. An all-out campaign was conducted to see that
the investigation was killed off, as it successfully was." Certain
elements of this infamous "campaign" are known. Banking Committee
member Frank Brasco, a liberal Democratic Congressman from New York,
voted to stop the probe. New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller had
arranged a meeting between Brasco and U.S. Attorney General John
Mitchell. Brasco was a target of a Justice Department investigation
for alleged fraud and bribery since 1970, and Mitchell successfully
warned Brasco not to back Patman.

The day before the Committee vote, the Justice Department released a
letter to Patman claiming that any Congressional investigation would
compromise the rights of the accused Watergate burglars before their
trial.

House Republican leader Gerald Ford led the attack on Patman from
within the Congress. Though he later stated his regrets for this
vicious campaign, his eventual reward was the U.S. Presidency.
Cancelling the Patman probe meant that there would be no
investigation of Watergate before the 1972 Presidential election.

Leading Plumbers included retired high officials of the CIA. Plumber
and Watergate burglar E. Howard Hunt had been a GS-15 CIA staff
officer; he had played a role in the 1954 toppling of Guatemalan
President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman, and later had been one of the
planners in the Bay of Pigs invasion of 1961. After the failure of
the Bay of Pigs, Hunt is thought to have been a part of the
continuing CIA attempts to assassinate Castro, code-named Operation
Mongoose, ongoing at the time of the Kennedy assassination. All of
this puts him in the thick of the CIA Miami station. One of Hunt's
close personal friends was Howard Osborne, an official of the CIA
Office of Security who was the immediate superior of James McCord.
In the spring of 1971 Hunt went to Miami to recruit from among the
Cubans the contingent of Watergate burglars, including Bernard
Barker, Eugenio Martinez, and the rest. This was two months before
the publication of the Pentagon Papers, leaked by Daniel Ellsberg,
provided Kissinger with the pretext he needed to get Nixon to
initiate what would shortly become the Plumbers.

Another leading Watergate burglar was James McCord, a former top
official of the CIA Office of Security, the agency bureau which is
supposed to maintain contacts with US police agencies in order to
facilitate its basic task of providing security for CIA
installations and personnel. The Office of Security was thus heavily
implicated in the CIA's illegal domestic operations, including
cointelpro operations against political dissidents and groups, and
was the vehicle for such mind-control experiments as Operations
Bluebird, Artichoke, and MK-Ultra. The Office of Security also
utilized male and female prostitutes and other sex operatives for
purposes of compromising and blackmailing public figures,
information gathering, and control. According to Hougan, the Office
of Security maintained a "fag file" of some 300,000 US citizens,
with heavy stress on homosexuals. The Office of Security also had
responsibility for Soviet and other defectors. James McCord was at
one time responsible for the physical security of all CIA premises
in the US. McCord was also a close friend of CIA Counterintelligence
Director James Jesus Angleton. McCord was anxious to cover the CIA's
role; at one point he wrote to his superior, General Gaynor, urging
him to "flood the newspapers with leaks or anonymous letters" to
discredit those who wanted to establish the responsibility of "the
company."

But according to one of McCord's own police contacts, Garey
Bittenbender of the Washington DC police Intelligence Division, who
recognized him after his arrest, McCord had averred to him that the
Watergate break-ins had been "a CIA operation," an account which
McCord heatedly denied later.

The third leader of the Watergate burglars, G. Gordon Liddy, had
worked for the FBI and the Treasury. Liddy's autobiography, Will,
published in 1980, and various statements show that Liddy's world
outlook had a number of similarities with that of George Bush: he
was, for example, obsessed with the maintenance and transmission of
his "family gene pool."

Another key member of the Plumbers unit was John Paisley, who
functioned as the official CIA liaison to the White House
investigative unit. It was Paisley who assumed responsibility for
the overall "leak analysis," that is to say, for defining the
problem of unauthorized divulging of classified material which the
Plumbers were supposed to combat. Paisley, along with Howard Osborne
of the Office of Security, met with the Plumbers, led by Kissinger
operative David Young, at CIA Headquarters in Langley, Virginia on
August 9, 1971.

Paisley's important place on the Plumbers' roster is most revealing,
since Paisley was later to become an important appointee of CIA
Director George Bush. In the middle of 1976, Bush decided to
authorize a group of experts, ostensibly from outside of the CIA, to
produce an analysis which would be compared with the CIA's own
National Intelligence Estimates on Soviet capabilities and
intentions. The panel of outside experts was given the designation
of "Team B." Bush chose Paisley to be the CIA's "coordinator" of the
three subdivisions of Team B. Paisley would later disappear while
sailing on Chesapeake Bay in September of 1978.

The lesser Watergate burglars came from the ranks of the CIA Miami
Station Cubans: Bernard Barker, Eugenio Martinez, Felipe de Diego,
Frank Surgis, Virgilio Gonzalez, and Reinaldo Pico. Once they had
started working for Hunt, Martinez asked the Miami Station Chief,
Jake Esterline, if he was familiar with the activities now being
carried out under White House cover. Esterline in turn asked Langley
for its opinion of Hunt's White House position. A reply was written
by Cord Meyer, later openly profiled as a Bush admirer, to Deputy
Director for Plans (that is to say, covert operations) Thomas
Karamessines. The import of Meyer's directions to Esterline was that
the latter should "not ..concern himself with the travels of Hunt in
Miami, that Hunt was on domestic White House business of an unknown
nature and that the Chief of Station should 'cool it.'"

Source: George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography Chapter -XII-
Chairman George in Watergate --- by Webster G. Tarpley & Anton
Chaitkin

http://www.tarpley.net/bush12.htm



In the book, A farewell to Justice by Joan Mellen, she write that
the CIA killed JFK in November 23, 1963 ....with the aid of the
mafia branch of the CIA, but CIA ran the assassination Also she
writes that Bobby Kennedy help shut down Jim Garrison investigation,
helped to cover up CIA's participation in the assassination of JFK
to prevent the disclosure of RFK's covert operation to kill Castro.

Robert Kennedy was aware of Oswald and his connection to the FBI
before the assassination. JFK put Oswald under surveillance and had
his Cuban associates tracking Oswald's movements during the summer
of 1963.

Lee Oswald was not a loner but a government agent who worked not
only for the New Orleans FBI office, but for U.S. Customs.
"http://www.joanmellen.net/"





George H,W. Bush's

Texan William Stamps Farish III, is George H,W. Bush's "closest
friend and confidant."



"As President and Chief Executive Officer of Standard Oil of New
Jersey, Farish was the controller of the global cartel between
Standard Oil and the German I.G. Farben concern.

Farish, one of the richest men in Texas, managed George Bush's
personal wealth.
Bush's tenure as head of the Republican National Committee exactly
coincided with Laszlo Pasztor's 1972 drive to transform the Heritage
Groups Council into the party's official ethnic arm. The groups
Pasztor chose as Bush's campaign allies were the émigré Fascists
whom Dulles had brought to the United States....
Nearly twenty years later, and after exposé's in several respectable
newspapers, Bush continued to recruit most of the same ethnic
Fascists, including Pasztor, for his own 1988 ethnic outreach
program when he first ran for President."



Fugitive Nazi war criminal Otto von Bolschwing, U.S. head of the
notorious Nazi Gehlan Org spy apparatus, was himself a Republican
Party activist and reportedly a friend of Richard Nixon's.
Another group of suspected Nazi war criminals, the Anti-Bolshevik
Bloc of Nations, participated in a 1983 White House meeting with
George Bush and Ronald Reagan. One photo of the meeting was
signed: "To the Honorable Yaroslav Stetsko, With Best Wishes, George
Bush.

Reagan himself, formerly part of Allen Dulles's Office of Policy
Coordination, had been the front man back in the 1950s for the
Crusade for Freedom, a money-laundering organization which was part
of Dulles's fascist "freedom fighters" program.

One of CIA Director Allen Dulles's covert agents inside the
Roosevelt and Truman administrations was Edwin Pauley, who would
become the U.S. representative to the Allied Reparations Committee
and the industrial advisor to the Potsdam Conference. Pauley later
became George Bush's partner in the Mexican government's oil
monopoly Pemex. The CIA used Pemex as a cover and as a money
laundering operation for Pauley's campaign contributions. As Tarpley
and Chaitkin write:
"Pauley, say several of our sources, was the man who invented an
intelligence money-laundering system in Mexico, which was later
refined in the 1970s as part of Nixon's Watergate scandal."



As for Watergate, burglar Frank Sturgis told the San Francisco
Chronicle that "the reason we burglarized the Watergate was because
Nixon was interested in stopping news leaking relating to the photos
of our role in the assassination of President John Kennedy

Former CIA operative Trenton Parker, who was part of a special unit
named "Pegasus," states that Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon and
George Bush all knew of the intended assassination plot

Bush reportedly coordinated Frank Sturgis, as well as Watergate team
members Rafael "Chi Chi" Quintero, E. Howard Hunt, and Bernard
Barker for the Cuban Bay of Pigs invasion—using Pemex and Bush's
Zapata Oil as a staging point (the operation was codenamed OPERATION
ZAPATA). Nixon, as Vice President, had supervised Allen Dulles's
planning of the invasion.

Quintero worked under CIA coordinator William F. Buckley, Jr. in an
assassination unit Buckley supervised under the cover of Pemex. Bush
had a keen financial interest in turning Cuba back into a playground
for ultra-capitalist interests, as Bush's Zapata Oil was one of the
key suppliers to Cuba under Batista.

As Richard Nixon told John Ehrilchman shortly after his
election: "Eliminate everyone except George Bush. Bush will do
anything for our cause." Nixon and Bush had openly discussed killing
Kennedy for his failure to provide air cover at the Bay of Pigs

Nixon's relationship to the Bush family goes back to 1946, when
Nixon answered an ad placed by the Orange County Republican Party in
a Los Angeles newspaper. Key funding for the ad was provided by
Prescott Bush, who was looking for a puppet to run for Congress.
Nixon got the job, landing a seat in the Senate and then progressing
to the Vice-Presidency. In 1960 George Bush became a protégé of
Nixon's, who was then running for President. Bush described Nixon as
his mentor.

Yet Bush had maintained a personal relationship with Lee Harvey
Oswald's alleged handler, CIA "asset" George DeMohrenschildt, who
carried Bush's name and telephone in his address book until his
supposed suicide. DeMohrenschildt gave only the vaguest explanations
for his frequent trips to Bush's home town of Houston in his
testimony before the Warren Comission.

In fact, Bush had been a top agent of the CIA since at least 1960,
when he recruited Cubans for the Bay of Pigs invasion. Given the
Bush family's oil interests in the region, this is hardly
surprising. As Anthony Kimery writes in Covert Action Quarterly:

"Veteran CIA operatives in the war against Castro say Bush not only
let the CIA use Zapata as a front for running some of its operations
(including the use of several off-shore drilling platforms), but
assert that Bush personally served as a conduit through which the
Agency disbursed money for contracted services.

It was at that time that Bush met Felix Rodriguez, part of a CIA
shooter team coordinated out of a training base in Mexico supervised
by the FBI's Division Five (domestic counter-intelligence. Rodriguez
would later become Bush's main liaison to Oliver North's Contra
drugs-for-guns pipeline when Bush served as Vice President.
--------------
Nebraska State Senate Franklin investigative committee. The Franklin
allegations centered around one Larry E. King, Jr. a prominent black
Nebraska Republican fund-raiser, CEO of the Franklin Credit Union
and friend of former DCIs William Casey and George Bush

"A homosexual prostitution ring is under investigation by federal
and District authorities and includes among its clients key
officials of the Reagan and Bush administrations, military officers,
congressional aides and U.S. and foreign businessmen with close ties
to Washington's political elite.'

One of King's associates in Washington, D.C. was political lobbyist
Craig Spence, who maintained a call-boy ring for Washington's elite,
specializing in children. A Republican powerbroker, Spence was known
for his lavish "power cocktail'' parties.

Spence's mansion was found to be full with hidden surveillance
equipment, including hidden cameras and two-way mirrors. It was
alleged that the ring was part of a CIA sexual blackmail operation
(see "The Finders" case, below), gathering compromising evidence on
Washington politicos and foreign dignitaries. Following his arrest
on weapon and drug charges, Spence gave an interview to the
Washington Times in which he claimed to work with both the CIA and
high-ranking members of the Reagan/Bush administrations.

"Spence was well connected. He celebrated Independence Day 1988 by
conducting a midnight tour of the White House in the company of two
teenage male prostitutes among others in his party. Rumors
circulated that a list existed of some 200 Washington prominents who
had used the call boy service. The Number Two in charge of personnel
affairs at the White House, who was responsible for filling all the
top civil service posts in the federal bureaucracy, and Secretary of
Labor Elizabeth Dole's chief of staff, were two individuals publicly
identified as patrons of the call boy ring. Two of the ring's call
boys were allegedly KGB operatives, according to a retired general
from the Defense Intelligence Agency interviewed by the press. But
the evidence seemed to point to a CIA sexual blackmail operation
instead. Spence's entire mansion was covered with hidden
microphones, two-way mirrors and video cameras, ever ready to
capture the indiscretions of Washington's high, mighty and
perverse.... Months after the scandal had died down, and a few weeks
before he allegedly committed suicide, Spence was asked who had
given him the "key'' to the White House."

Spence's mansion was found to be full with hidden surveillance
equipment, including hidden cameras and two-way mirrors. It was
alleged that the ring was part of a CIA sexual blackmail operation
(see "The Finders" case, below), gathering compromising evidence on
Washington politicos and foreign dignitaries. Following his arrest
on weapon and drug charges, Spence gave an interview to the
Washington Times in which he claimed to work with both the CIA and
high-ranking members of the Reagan/Bush administrations.

The paper trail would be quickly covered-up - some 20,000 documents
sealed by court order. Spence turned up dead in a Boston hotel room
five months later. The UK's Independent reported that: "Boston
police said he was found lying on his bed at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel,
dressed in evening clothes, with no obvious signs of injury. The
police refused to comment on the cause of death." The Post had
earlier reported that Spence had told a friend: "I may be
disappearing soon. It will be sudden. It may appear to be a suicide,
but it won't be.

"So, was Larry King's buddy George Bush the country's `drug kingpin'
in the 1980s? I don't know. But what I do know, is that if Bush were
running the Contra affair, and drugs were a big part of it, that
would certainly jibe 100% with everything known or rumored about
Bush, Larry King, and the Franklin Credit Union..

As Lieutenant Colonel Bo Gritz, the most highly decorated Special
Forces officer of the Vietnam War and later head of Special Forces
in Central America, adds in his book, Called To Serve:
"George Bush was head of the CIA in 1975-76, appointed by President
Gerald Ford; as Vice President under Ronald Reagan, he was our top
drug cop for eight years; one of his chief aides, Donald Gregg, was
a direct contact in the Contra line of communication to the White
House. Ollie North's personal diary has more than 550 entries citing
drug money being used to support contra operations. If George Bush
didn't know about the drug smuggling, he wasn't doing his job. If he
did know about it, then he is clearly culpable. Either way, it
doesn't stand as a credit for a man who would represent the best
interests of the United States/

Like Richard Nixon, Bush publicly claimed to be a strong anti-drug
president, escalating the so-called "war on drugs" begun by his
mentor Richard Nixon. Nixon had first brought Bush into his "war on
drugs" in 1971-77 when Nixon appointed him to the White House
Cabinet Committee on International Narcotics Control.
In his first formally scheduled prime time television address to the
nation as President in September of 1989, Bush again reiterated his
plan to rid the nation of its devastating drug scourge. Bush held up
a bag of crack cocaine for the camera and announced with mock
incredulity that it had been purchased right across the street from
the White House, in Lafayette Park. In fact, the drug bust of the
dealer had been a set-up.
During his 1988 election campaign, Bush had hawked himself as
President Reagan's number one drug fighter. In his acceptance speech
before the 1988 Republican National Convention, Bush stated: "I want
a drug-free America. Tonight, I challenge the young people of our
country to shut down the drug dealers around the world.... My
Administration will be telling the dealers, "Whatever we have to do,
we'll do, but your day is over. You're history.'"



Bush was telling the truth, in a sense. At least small drug dealers
would be out of business—replaced by the Medellin Cartel which Bush,
along with Ted Shackley, allegedly helped organize. The CIA
reportedly arranged at least two meetings with Colombian drug
smugglers—first in Buenaventura, Colombia in September of 1981, then
in December of that same year, with approximately 200 dealers in
attendance. The meeting, according to former FAA investigator Rodney
Stich's (Defrauding America and The Drugging of America ) CIA
sources, was held at the Hotel International in Medellin. The CIA
set up a "crisis" situation to compel the dealers to consolidate
under the protection of the CIA by kidnapping drug kingpins Carlos
Lehder and Jorge Ochoa's sister. The CIA reportedly paid a group
known as M-19 three million dollars to carry out the kidnapping. As
CIA operative Trenton Parker told Stich, "...Bush knew the whole
goddamn thing.

According to Russell S. Bowen, a highly decorated World War II P-38
ace and former OSS agent imprisoned for smuggling cocaine into the
U.S. from Colombia (and other sources), Noriega and the Israeli
Mossad worked hand-in-hand with the CIA in the drug traffic from
Central and South America.

Bowen was a friend of Shackley's, having worked with him from the
early 1950s until 1984. In 1959, Shackley was a passenger onboard a
C-46 piloted by Bowen when the plane crashed in the Bolivian Andes.
As Bowen told Stich: "It was loaded with drugs!"


"[Bowen] stated that this trip occurred several years before
Shackley was made CIA station chief in Miami, and that Shackley was
instrumental in setting up the CIA drug trafficking into the United
States from South America....
"Bowen described the conflict between different CIA factions. "At
that time, " Bowen said, "Shackley was the leader of the CIA faction
bringing the drugs in. The CIA team I worked for did not want the
drugs in.

"I asked who set up that initial drug operation. Bowen, referring to
Shackley, said, "He was the mastermind of the drug operation. he had
full authority to set it up.

Another pilot maintained in voluminous correspondence from prison
with Senator John Kerry's Iran-Contra Committee (and since his
release in 1990) that "Bob Haynes" was the alias used by Shackley
during their close interaction between 1979 and 1984. As Harry
Martin reports in the Napa Sentinel:

"[The pilot] also has a number of documents in safekeeping which
prove the presence of Shackley in Medellin, not only directing the
cocaine cartel, but orchestrating many of the activities in Panama
and Costa Rica related to the contra war in Nicaragua, and the large-
scale smuggling of cocaine into the United States. Included among
them are a handwritten note from Haynes/Shackley directing him to
deliver a DC-6A aircraft from the Dominican Republic to Floyd
Carlton in Panama "for Col. Robert."

"The pilot has claimed that he functioned as one of an elite group
of military intelligence agents with service dating back to World
War II, who reported, until his imprisonment in 1984, directly to
[former OSS agent and CIA DCI] William Casey, and maintains that he
was directly involved with Theodore Shackley in the establishment of
the arms network to the contras through Panama in the early 1980s.
Among the letters received from Haynes/Shackley was one directing
him to acquire a number of planes in the Dominican Republic and
Aruba for the network. The list has been verified by the special
U.S. Customs team in Miami investigating Munitions Control Board
violations as planes they are familiar with having been used in such
activities

"Haynes" also furnished the pilot with his business card for
INTERKREDIT, with offices in Medellin, Ft. Lauderdale and Amsterdam.
INTERKREDIT was the corporate cover under which Shackley conducted
business with General Noriega during 1983.

In addition to the pilot, witnesses allege Shackley maintained a
home in Medellin, Colombia at one point, where he lived with his
Colombian wife, Leona Ochoa, sister of cartel kingpin Jorge Ochoa.

It was a convenient spot to manage the CIA's drug business. As
previously mentioned, the CIA, through DCI George Bush and Deputy
Director for Operations Ted Shackley, virtually set up the Medellin
Cartel. The meetings were held at the Hotel International in
Medellin. Two CIA operatives: Trenton Parker and Gunther Russbacher,
confirmed the meetings to Stich.

Ramon Milian Rodriguez, an accountant and money launderer who had
laundered $1.5 billion for the Medellin cartel, testified before a
Senate committee that he had given Bush-Shackley CIA associate Felix
Rodriguez $10 million from the cocaine profits to fund the Contras.
Rodriguez told journalist Martha Honey that Rodriguez had offered
that "in exchange for money for the Contra cause he would use his
influence in high places to get the cartel U.S. `good will.


The CIA would eventually eradicate top leaders of the Medellin
Cartel, killing Medellin founders Pablo Escobar and Jorge Ochoa.
Medellin co-founder Carlos Lehder and his associate Manuel Noriega
would be sentenced to life terms. During Operation "Just Cause" in
Panama, Bush replaced many Medellin allied bankers with political
and financial leadership more closely allied with the rival Cali
Cartel.

Trenton Parker said he secretly gave evidence of CIA criminality
from 1976 to 1982 to Congressman Larry McDonald of the Joint Armed
Services Committee. The files revealed corrupt activities of several
presidents, numerous federal officials and the CIA. Immediately
after McDonald let it be known that he was going to reveal the
information, including information on the CIA's drug smuggling
activities, his plane was shot down.
Bush's Zapata Petroleum Co. (later Zapata Offshore), with upwards of
600 branches worldwide, is reportedly used for the CIA's
intelligence gathering. (Bush had begun his career working for
International Derrick and Equipment Company, a subsidiary of the
Houston-based Dresser Industries—a long-time CIA cover. Dresser's
Chairman, Henry Neil Mallon, who offered Bush the job, was a friend
of Prescott's and a fellow Skull and Bonseman.) Some sources,
including covert operatives interviewed by Stich, contend that
Zapata's offshore drilling rigs, located beyond the U.S.
jurisdictional limit, are centers for transferring large quantities
of illicit drugs and other contraband. CIA cable analyst Michael
Maholy told Stich that he personally witnessed numerous drug flights
while working on Zapata rigs, and was told to forget what he had
seen. The operation was run through Rowan International. "Rowan
International was a cover for a branch of Zapata Oil," says Maholy.
Three of the propietaries involved were the CIA-connected Evergreen
(owned by Raytheon; see Chapter XX), Southern Air Transport, and
Pacific Seafood.

Maholy says he worked directly under George Bush and Marine
Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North. These people and their accomplices
and agents, made hundreds of millions of dollars bringing drugs into
the U.S. over the years.

Implicated in the Venezuelan operation were naval officer Lizardo
Marquez Perez, Mossad agent Michael Harari, CIA officer Dewy Duane
Clarridge, Army lieutenant General Paul Gorman, Commander of the
U.S. Southern Command, Washington DEA Chief Ron Caffrey, Oliver
North, Pacific Seafood's Russell Hebert and others.
Maholy says Bill Clinton was also in the loop. "...not only was I
arrested four blocks from the then-Governor of Arkansas, Bill
Clinton's mansion," says Maholy, "but I was also involved in
the `Mena, Arkansas' incident. Our drugs were going to many of the
high-ranking state and government officials in Arkansas. Roger
Clinton (Clinton's brother) was one of our better customers.


Former CIA operatives Russell Bowen, Tosh Plumlee, Gunther
Russbacher, Chip Tatum and others confirmed much of Maholy's
story.Some of the money, according to former CIA operative Richard
Brenneke, was banked at the infamous Nazi-connected Brown Brothers-
Harriman Bank. Brenneke testified under oath that he opened an
account there for Bush's operation in 1980. The money was funneled
through the John Gotti organized crime family.

Another bank used for hiding Bush's secret accounts was the Hawaii-
based Bishop, Baldwin, Rewald, Dillingham and Wong—a CIA propietary
that in part took over the failed CIA Nugan-Hand Bank of Australia.
Agency operative Ronald Rewald told Stich that he personally set up
accounts for Bush under the aliases "Irwin M. Peach" and "Mr.
Bramble.


According to former LAPD Narcotics detective Michael Ruppert, two
key men in the drug pipeline were Ted Shackley and George Bush.
Shackley, a CIA Deputy Director, had reportedly played the key role
in smuggling heroin out of South-East Asia when he was Saigon
Station Chief, as popularized by the movie "Air America/

"http://www.voxfux.com/features/bush_world_class_criminal.html"

Panama money laundering

During the 1950's and 1960's the Vatican Bank prospered by
laundering funds for wealthy Italian families and the Italian mafia.
The Vatican Bank owned (owns) Panamanian and Luxemburg shell
corporations and the Banco Ambrosiano of Nassau, Bahamas which had
or has mafia and/or drug trafficking cartel connections.[1]
In December 20, 1989, President Bush invaded Panama and replaced
Noriega, with Guillermo Endara. He was a director and secretary of
Banco Interoceánico, targeted by both the FBI and DEA as a major
money laundry for both the Cali and Medellín cocaine cartels. Just
before the December 1989 Panama invasion, Endara's business partner,
Carlos Eleta, was arrested in Georgia for conspiring to import a
half-ton of cocaine per month. The charges were dropped as soon as
Bush installed Endara as Panamanian president and Eleta became
an "asset."

As Senator Carl Levin summarizes the record: "Estimates are that
$500 billion to $1 trillion of international criminal proceeds are
moved internationally and deposited into bank accounts annually. It
is estimated that half of that money comes to the United States".
"http://www.drugwar.com/active army.shtm"

In one of the most mysterious events in the case, BCCI bank records
from Panama City relating to Noriega "disappeared" in transit to
Washington while under guard by the Drug Enforcement Administration.
After an internal investigation, the DEA said it had no idea what
had happened to the documents.

"http://www.stewwebb.com/Money%20Laundering%20B.C.C.I.%20The%
20Dirtiest%20Bank%20of%20All.html"
Panama had more international banks than any other country south of
the Rio Grande. Often called the Switerland of the Americas.[2]

1. Everything you Know is Wrong, The Disinformation Guide to Secret
and Lies by Jonathan Levy
2. Confessions of an Economic Hit Man, by John Perkins, page 63.
-----------
Organized Crime, The CIA and the Savings and Loan Scandal

All told at least twenty-two of the failed S & L's can be tied to
joint money laundering ventures by the CIA and organized crime
figures (Glassman, 1990: 16-21; Farnham, 1990: 90-108; Weinberg,
1990: 33; Pizzo, et al., 1989: 466-471).
If the savings and loan scandals of the 1980s reveal anything, they
demonstrate what has often been stated as a maxim in organized crime
research: that corruption linking government, business, and
syndicates is the reality of the day-to-day organization of crime.
Investigations of organized crime in the United States, Europe, and
Asia have all uncovered organized crime networks operating with
virtual immunity from law enforcement and prosecution. Chambliss'
study of organized crime in Seattle exposed a syndicate that
involved participation by a former governor of the state, the county
prosecutor, the police chief, the sheriff, at least 50 law
enforcement officers, leading business people, including
contractors, realtors, banks, and corporation executives, and, of
course, a supporting cast of drug pushers, pimps, gamblers, and
racketeers (Chambliss, 1978). The Chambliss study is not the
exception but the rule. Other sociological inquires in Detroit,
Texas, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York have all revealed
similar patterns (Albini, 1971; Block, 1984; Block and Chambliss,
1981; Block and Scarpitti,1985; Jenkins and Potter, 1989; 1986;
Potter and Jenkins, 1985; Potter, 1994).
Criminologists have discovered the existence of organizations whose
activities focus on the smuggling of illegal commodities into and
out of countries (cocaine out of Colombia and into the United States
and guns and arms out of the United States and into the Middle East,
for example); other organizations, sometimes employing some of the
same people, are organized to provide services such as gambling,
prostitution, illegal dumping of toxic wastes, arson, usury, and
occasionally murder. These organizations typically cut across ethnic
and cultural lines, are run like businesses, and consist of networks
of people including police, politicians, and ordinary citizens
investing in illegal enterprises for a high return on their money.
Gary W. Potter Eastern Kentucky University padpotte@...

-------------------

George H.W. Bush purchased United Fruit Company

Do you know who owns United Fruit?" he asked.

"Zapata Oil, George Bush's company - our UN ambassador."
Source: Confessions of an Economic Hit Man, by John Perkins, page
72

-----------

I had researched Guatemala and I understood [Omar] Torrjos's
[President of Panama] meaning. United Fruit Company had been that
country's political equivalent of Panama's canal. Founded in the
late 1800s, United Fruit soon grew into one of the most powerful
forces in Central America. During the early 1950s, reform candidate
Jacobo Arbenz was elected president of Guatemala in an election
hailed all over the hemisphere as a model of the democratic process.
At the time, less than 3 percent of Guatemalans owned 70 percent of
the land. Arbenz promised to help the poor dig their way out of
starvation, and after his election he implemented a comprehensive
land reform program.

"The poor and middle classes throughout Latin America applauded
Arbenz," Torrijos said. "Personally, he was one of my heroes. But we
also held our breath. We knew that United Fruit opposed these
measures, since they were one of the largest and most oppressive
landholders in Guatemala. They also owned big plantations in
Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Santo Domingo, and
here in Panama. They couldn't afford to let Arbenz give the rest of
us ideas:'

In 1954, the CIA orchestrated a coup. American pilots bombed
Guatemala City and the democratically elected Arbenz was overthrown,
replaced by Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas, a ruthless right-wing
dictator.

The new government owed everything to United Fruit. By way of
thanks, the government reversed the land reform process, abolished
taxes on the interest and dividends paid to foreign investors,
eliminated the secret ballot, and jailed thousands of its critics.
Anyone who dared to speak out against Castillo was persecuted.
Historians trace the violence and terrorism that plagued Guatemala
for most of the rest of the century to the not-so-secret alliance
between United Fruit, the CIA, and the Guatemalan army under its
colonel dictator.
See this!!! "http://www.ratical.org/ratville/CAH/ultAgent.html"

The United Fruit Company (1899-1970) was a corporation prominent in
the import-export trade of tropical fruit (notably bananas and
pineapples) coming from Third World plantations and sent to the
United States and Europe. The company was founded by
Thomas_Jefferson_Coolidge".

The company is notorious as an archetypal example of multinational
influence extending deeply into the internal politics of so-called
banana republics and is frequently cited as an example of
exploitative neocolonialism.
In 1961, United Fruit also provided two ships for the disastrous
invasion of Cuba.

http://demopedia.democraticunderground.com/index.php/Bay_of_Pigs

Reagan

According to law-enforcement authorities, several of Reagan's
campaign financiers were close friends and associates of Sidney
Korshak. Sidney Korshak was a Beverly Hills attorney who has been
described by federal investigators as the principal link between the
legitimate business world and organized crime.

Korshak, a Democrat who had supported Reagan during his 1970
reelection bid for governor of California, ha been the target of a
four-part series in June of 1976 in the New York Times, which
described him as "a behind-the-scenes 'fixer' who has been
instrumental in helping criminal elements gain power in union
affairs and infiltrate the leisure and entertainment industries."

Although Korshak was not on record as supporting either Carter or
Reagan in 1980, his close associate, Democrat Paul Ziffren, became a
law partner of William French Smith, who later became Reagan's
attorney general.

During the presidential campaign, Reagan met privately with known
associates of organized crime and appointed others to his personal
campaign staff. Several of these people were later given high
positions in the Reagan administration after his election. President
Reagan talked tough about the organized crime problem in the United
States, while surrounding himself with many who were closely linked
to those who have created it.

http://www.moldea.com/MCA.html

Wall Street, CIA and the Global Drug Trade

October-November 2001:  a summary of Michael Rupperts commentary

If you and I go to a bank and we take in $10,001 in cash, the bank
has to fill out a currency transaction report because you might be
laundering money. General Electric-- GE can accept a check for 100
million dollars from the biggest drug lord in the world, and there
is no requirement in the world that GE report that to anybody. But
with a thing called the "price-to-earnings ratio" on their shares, a
hundred million dollars in net profit for GE in South America--which
was very easily done last year--equates to, at a price-to-earnings
ratio of thirty to one, an increase in GE's stock value of three
billion dollars.

Of a massive $6 trillion that annually circulates around the world's
financial markets, one quarter - $1.5 trillion - is illicit, and a
third of this, $500 billion, relates to the narcotics trade.  $200
billion of narcotics are shipped to the U.S. each year.

  It's the CIA's Volume 2 of their own Inspector-General's Report
from 1998 where, in its own words, the Agency admits that of the 58
known Contra groups, 58 were involved with drugs. And that the
Agency dealt with them; it protected six traffickers, kept them out
of jail. One guy moving four tons of cocaine a month was using a
bank account opened by White House staffer Oliver North.

In the mid- to late '70s, America dealt with oil cartels. We had an
oil crisis and it almost crippled the American economy. We had been
subsidized by very cheap oil that we acquired by, in a sense,
exploiting other countries. Well, then we had cartels of cocaine and
we went from 40 to 50 metric tons a year to 600 metric tons a year.
And that money was moved through Wall Street and became, in effect,
the capital that replaced oil in the US economy.

When people start to talk to me about the Trilateral Commission, the
Council on Foreign Relations and the Bilderbergers--those are all
readily identifiable groups of people who are the wealthiest of the
wealthy in the world. And we find the Rothschilds and there are
groups of wealth in the world that are so powerful that political
movements don't ever touch them. And yes, they are in effect a
guiding unseen hand.

Bill Clinton... Well, first of all, he was up to his eyeballs in CIA
cocaine in Mena, Arkansas. Again, it's provable; the Wall Street
Journal covered it. The New York Times covered the aspects of that.
Gary Webb in his fabulous book, Dark Alliance, produced documents
showing that CIA contracts at the Mena airport were negotiated by
the Rose Law Firm--Hillary's law firm.

The (Kosovo) KLA controls 77 per cent of the heroin that's entering
into Western Europe.

In October of '98, CIA Inspector-General Frederick Hitz released a
report...well, actually, he didn't release it; he had finished a
report as far back as May or June of '98.   It was released to the
public on October 8, 1998, one hour after Henry Hyde's committee on
the judiciary voted to start the impeachment of Bill Clinton.

Then, in May, 1998, Maxine Waters received a "smoking gun" letter
from Reagan Attorney-General William French Smith to Bill Casey,
where it said the CIA no longer has to report drug trafficking by
its agents!  Working on the release of this smoking-gun memorandum
was a guy on the Attorney-General's staff named Ken Starr,

One of the reasons why Colombia is like Vietnam is because we
already have about 300 Special Forces Green Beret advisers on the
ground, training Colombian troops, but we have maybe 500 to 1,000
former--and I use that term real loosely--CIA Special Forces
personnel who have supposedly retired from the military and are now
working for two corporations: Dyncorp and MPRI. And they're in
Colombia as "civilian advisers" but they're going out on combat
missions. They're flying airplanes, they're shooting, they're being
shot. We've had Army personnel shot down already. About a year ago
we had an Army plane shot down by a SAM [surface-to-air missile].

We have major investment corporations like Nicholas Brady's Darby
Investments. Nicholas Brady was George Bush's Secretary of the
Treasury. He has just opened a billion-dollar investment partnership
with a group called Corfinsura, based in Medellín, Colombia, to
build roads and dams. And it's like what we saw in Vietnam with
major companies like Brown & Root going in to build Cam Ranh Bay,
making billions of dollars in profit.

So we're going in to suck out. You see, for twenty or thirty years
now, the drug money has been building up in Colombia. There's
trillions of dollars in equity that's accumulated and it's become a
threat to Wall Street's control, so we have to go down and blow the
country up to take the money back to make sure it doesn't become
powerful. Venezuela is not going along with this, like Cambodia
would not go along with the Vietnam War and Laos wouldn't either.
President Hugo Chavez is denying overflight to American planes, so
we're gonna sabotage the Venezuelan economy! This is going to suck
us into a hemispheric conflict just like Vietnam.

We're being told that we're going to fight the evil drug lords.
Well, the American Press even now is having trouble selling that to
the American people. And even now, in the first or second week in
September of 2000, we're starting to have body counts turn up in the
news. It's just like Vietnam.

http://www.nexusmagazine.com/articles/wallstdrugs.html


Background:

On December 1, 1981, President Reagan signed an initial, one-
paragraph "Finding" authorizing the CIA's covert paramilitary war
against Nicaragua.

Vice President George Bush participated in arranging a quid pro quo
deal with Honduras in which the U.S. did provide substantial overt
and covert aid to the Honduran military in return for Honduran
support of the Contra war effort.

In a remarkable passage, Secretary of State George P. Shultz warns
the president that White House adviser James Baker has said that "if
we go out and try to get money from third countries, it is an
impeachable offense.

A May 14, 1986. memorandum from Vincent Cannistraro, a career CIA
official then on the NSC staff, specifically mentions "Ollie's
ship," a vessel North and his associates used to ferry arms to the
(Contra) rebels, and indicates the subject will come up at
Poindexter's next meeting with CIA Director Casey and DDCI Gates.
Cannistraro later concluded from the discussion that followed that
Gates was aware of the ship's use in the resupply operations and of
North's connection to it.
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB210/6a-Cannistraro-
Poindexter%205-14-86%20(IC%2002820).pdf

  "Project Democracy's" assets?  (aka propaganda operation directed
at US citizens)
Dated June 14, 1982, and entitled "Project Democracy: Proposals for
Action," a draft proposal spelled out plans for drawing non-
governmental organizations into the process. The plan also called
for harnessing financial resources from a "coalition of wealthy
individuals"; U.S. defense contractors; and private foundations,
such as the Twentieth Century Fund.

The Reagan administration also rewarded its friends by pumping money
into the conservative infrastructure. Inside the National Security
Council, former CIA propagandist Walter Raymond Jr. coordinated
plans for enlisting private organizations into wide-ranging "public
diplomacy" operations.

Raymond's operation -- initially called "Project Truth" and
later "Project Democracy".
A chart, marked Appendix A and also dated June 14, 1982, identified
Freedom House and the Atlantic Institute as important "instruments"
for research and contacts with universities.

The chart also included boxes for "elite groups" that would be drawn
into the operation, including the Trilateral Commission, the
Bilderberg Group and the Chamber of Commerce. The Trilateral
Commission and the Bilderberg Group are secretive organizations that
sponsor closed-door policy discussions involving leading
international businessmen, bankers, politicians and media moguls.
A chart, marked Appendix A and also dated June 14, 1982, identified
Freedom House and the Atlantic Institute as important "instruments"
for research and contacts with universities.

During this same period, another major source of conservative media
money came on line. In 1982, drawing on his shadowy resources in
Asia and apparently South America, Rev. Moon launched a daily
newspaper, The Washington Times. The right-wing paper soon became
President Reagan's favorite as it promoted his policies and
denounced his opponents.

The main job of the psy-ops specialists was to pick out incidents in
Central America that would rile the U.S. public. In a memo dated May
30, 1985, Jacobowitz explained that the military men were scouring
embassy cables "looking for exploitable themes and trends, and
[would] inform us of possible areas for our exploitation."

Raymond's public diplomacy teams also exacted a high price from
mainstream reporters whose work challenged the administration's
assertions about Central America and other international hot spots.
By 1986, a chastened Washington press corps was falling into line on
the contra war and other controversial issues.
In March 1986, Otto Reich, a senior public diplomacy official,
reported that his office was taking "a very aggressive posture vis-à-
vis a sometimes hostile press" and "did not give the critics of the
policy any quarter in the debate."

http://www.consortiumnews.com/1999/080499a3.html
In one of the most controversial efforts to enlist third country
support for the Contra war, Oliver North arranged to meet Panamanian
dictator Manuel Noriega in a London hotel in September 1986. In
return for ending U.S. pressure on Panama for Noriega's drug
smuggling operations and helping to "clean up" his image, Noriega
proposed to engage in efforts to assassinate the Sandinista
leadership. With authorization from National Security Advisor John
Poindexter, North met with Noriega in a London hotel on September 22
and discussed how Panama could help with sophisticated sabotage
operations against Nicaraguan targets, including the airport, oil
refinery and port facilities. According to notes taken by North at
the meeting, they also discussed setting up training camps in Panama
for Contra operatives.

In a memo for the record, Gates, clearly admits to continuing to
protect the CIA, and relates that North told him the "CIA is
completely clean" on the private resupply matter.
The most secret part of the Iran-Contra operations were the quid pro
quo arrangements the White House made with countries such as
Honduras, Guatemala, Panama, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Sultan of Brunei,
and other governments who were enlisted to support the Contra war.
In the end, the Saudis contributed $32 million dollars and the
Sultan of Brunei, $10 million to finance the Contra war campaign.


Approaches to, and arrangements with, numerous other governments
made by the CIA and NSC in an effort to acquire funding, arms,
logistics and strategic support for the Contra war. The effort
ranged from CIA acquisitions of PLO arms seized by Israel, to Oliver
North's secret effort to trade favors with Panamanian dictator
Manuel Noriega. In the case of Saudi Arabia, President Reagan
personally urged King Fahd to replace funds cut by the U.S.
Congress. In the end, the Saudis contributed $32 million dollars to
finance the Contra war campaign.

[LTC. Oliver] North set up a team including [Richard] Secord; Noel
Koch [Armitage's deputy] , then assistant secretary at the Pentagon
responsible for special operations; George Cave, a former CIA
station chief in Tehran, and Colin Powell, military assistant to
U.S. Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger...(The Guardian, December
10, 1986)
VP George Bush was well informed of events, particularly the Iran
deals, as evidenced in part by this diary excerpt just after the
Iran operation was exposed: "I'm one of the few people that know
fully the details ..."

Although Colin Powell was not directly involved in the arms'
transfer negotiations, which had been entrusted to Oliver North, he
was among "at least five men within the Pentagon who knew arms were
being transferred to the CIA." (The Record, 29 December 1986).
Lieutenant General Powell was directly instrumental in giving
the "green light" to lower-level Irangate officials in blatant
violation of Congressional procedures. According to the New York
Times, Colin Powell took the decision (at the level of military
procurement), to allow the delivery of weapons to Iran:
Hurriedly, one of the men closest to Secretary of Defense
Weinberger, Maj. Gen. Colin Powell, bypassed the written ''focal
point system'' procedures and ordered the Defense Logistics Agency
[responsible for procurement] to turn over the first of 2,008 TOW
missiles to the C.I.A., which acted as cutout for delivery to Iran"
(New York Times, 16 February 1987)

Richard Armitage held the position of Assistant Secretary of Defense
in the Reagan Administration. He was in charge of coordinating
covert military operations including the Iran-Contra operation.

"With a Pentagon position that placed him over the military's covert
operations branch, Armitage was a party to the secret arms dealing
from the outset. He also was associated with former national
security aide Oliver L. North in a White House counterterrorism
group, another area that would also have been a likely focus of
congressional inquiry" (Washington Post, 26 May 1989)
CIA Director William Casey with the collaboration of Richard
Armitage in the Pentagon "ran the Mujahideen covert war against the
Soviet Union…" (quoted in Domestic Terrorism: The Big Lie
The "War") "Contragate was also an off-the-shelf drug-financed
operation run by Casey."
http://www.spectrezine.org/war/Chossudovsky3.htm
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB210/index.htm

Background on off-the-shelf drug financing of US covert operation

A small unit of US military intelligence - members of the Defence
Intelligence Agency (DIA) - that had uncovered a drugs-smuggling
ring in Lebanon. This a ring was run by a "rogue" CIA unit (Oliver
North Enterprise) working in collusion with Hizbullah, the
resistance movement to Israeli occupation of south Lebanon. Some of
the funds generated were intended to buy the freedom of six US
hostages held by Hizbullah (which was bankrolled by Iran).

Lt. Col. Oliver North was personally notified that Syrian
intelligence in Lebanon was willing to negotiate with the White
House for release of the hostages held by Lebanese terrorists. [4]
Interfor (a private investigation agencyclaimed the ring was
overseen by Syrian king pin Monzer AlKassar often known as the
world's biggest arms dealer. The CIA was protecting the AlKassar
operation because he was cooperating with efforts to free U.S.
hostages in Lebanon.[3]

Interfor is a New York firm founded by Yuval Aviv, a former Mossad
staffer who emigrated to America in 1979.

AlKassar was alleged to have provided Oliver North with drug profits
to purchase arms for the Nicaraguan Contras. The U.S. Tower
Commission probe into Irangate revealed that AlKassar had been paid
$1.2 million by Oliver North's co-conspirator General Richard Secord
to move weapons from Israel to the Contras.[3]

  For exposing the drug-smuggling aspects of Irangate, Aviv became
the victim of a US government campaign to discredit him: his New
York office was mysteriously burgled; his US government contracts
were cancelled; and he was charged with "defrauding" a company, GE
Capital, over a report he had done for them on security in the
Caribbean (the jury dismissed the case against him in just over an
hour after the judge excoriated the FBI for bringing a harassing
case even though GE Capital had made no complaint).  [1]

CIA-Hizbullah-Mossad drugs ring

CIA (and/or Enterprise) -Hizbullah drugs habitually traveled to New
York under CIA protection, in baggage marked "inspected" by a
Turkish baggage-handler at Frankfurt.
DIA sources say that the CIA-Hizbullah drug ring was set up by
Mossad agents, who had penetrated Hizbullah and were the local
Arabic-speaking traffic managers for the CIA. At the same time,
Israel would sell elderly US missiles, at ample profit, to Iran; a
skim from both drugs and arms profits would be used, as part of
Irangate, to subsidize the Contras, the right-wing terrorist
movement in Nicaragua so favored by Reagan and the iniquitous Oliver
North.[1]
A former DIA Officer, Lester Coleman, in his 1993 book, The Trail Of
The Octopus, revived the drugs-ring story.
1. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/5260/guardian17499.html
2. http://www.wakeupmag.co.uk/articles/ciadrugslaunder.htm
3. http://www.american-buddha.com/last.circle.8.htm
4. http://www.lycaeum.org/books/books/last_circle/8.htm

Cover up of Turkey's drug trafficking by the 911 commission

President Clinton was promoting Turkey, one of the world's top drug
transit points, as a model for Muslim-Western cooperation and a
country necessary to reshape the Middle East.  A grand design to
reshape Central Asia and the Middle East with Turkey and Israel as
pivot points was being pushed by the Clinton administration as a
matter of national policy.

The historical record shows that the US "War on Drugs" and the
nascent "War on Terror" kept colliding with not only within the US
intelligence, policy and business apparatus, but also with European
strategic and business interests. Turkey continues its push for
entry into the European Union and the USA wants that to happen as
the current meeting of NATO, and  Bush's attendance under dangerous
circumstances, in Turkey demonstrates. Turkey is one of the USA's
and Europe's top arms buyers and is located near what could be some
of the biggest oil and natural gas fields in the world.

It's worth noting that the one of the FBI's tasks is to counter
industrial espionage and to engage in it. Where big arms sales pit
the US against its European competitors—as is the case in Turkey
(particularly starting in 1998)—the FBI is busy making sure the US
gets the edge over its competition.

In 1998, the US Department of State (DOS) was finally forced to
admit that Turkey was a major refining and transit point for the
flow of heroin from Southwest Asia to Western Europe, with small
quantities of the stuff finding its way to the streets of the USA.
In that same year, Kendal Nezan, writing for Le Monde Diplomatique,
reported that MIT and the Turkish National Police force were
actively supporting the trade in illicit drugs not only for fun and
profit, but out of desperation.

According to the daily Hürriyet, Turkey's heroin trafficking brought
in $25 billion in 1995 and $37.5 billion in 1996 . . . Only criminal
networks working in close cooperation with the police and the army
could possibly organize trafficking on such a scale. Drug barons
have stated publicly, on Turkish television and in the West, that
they have been working under the protection of the Turkish
government and to its financial benefit. The traffickers themselves
travel on diplomatic passports. The drugs are even transported by
military helicopter from the Iranian border."

Nowhere is the pain of Turkey's role in the heroin trade felt more
horribly than in the United Kingdom.

Both the DOS and the US Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) described in
detail the transit routes and countries involved in getting the
goods to Turkey. Intelligence organizations here and abroad must
have sanctioned the role that they, and Turkey and Afghanistan,
played in the process. "Afghanistan is the original source of most
of the opiates reaching Turkey. Afghan opiates, and also hashish,
are stockpiled at storage and staging areas in Pakistan, from where
a ton or larger quantities are smuggled by overland vehicles to
Turkey via Iran. Multi-ton quantities of opiates and hashish also
are moved to coastal areas of Pakistan and Iran, where the drugs are
loaded on ships waiting off-shore, which then smuggle the contraband
to points in Turkey along the Mediterranean, Aegean, and/or Marmara
seas. Opiates and hashish also are smuggled overland from
Afghanistan via Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, and Georgia to Turkey.

  During the 27-month period from July 1, 1999, to September 30,
2001, over 56 metric tons of illicit acetic anhydride were seized in
or destined for Turkey."  Acetic anhydride is a precursor chemical
which is used in the production of heroin.

The Ankara Pact

The Middle East Report concluded in 1998 that probably the greatest
strategic move in the Clinton post-Cold War years is what could be
called "The Ankara Pact"—an alliance between the US, Turkey, and
Israel that essentially circumvents and bottles up the Arab
countries. Earlier in 1997, Turkish Prime Minister Yilmaz visited
with Bill Clinton to ensure him that Turkey would attempt to improve
its human rights record by slaughtering fewer Kurds, but also
mentioned that if the US pushed too hard on that subject or if the
US Congress adopted an Armenian Genocide Resolution, Turkey might
award a billion dollar contract for attack helicopters to the
Europeans or maybe even Russia.

During this timeframe, and with approval from the USA, Turkey began
to let contracts to Israel to upgrade its F-4, F-5 and F-16
aircraft. Pemra Hazbay, writing in the May 2004 issue of Peace
Watch, reported that total Israeli arms sales to Turkey had exceeded
$1 billion since 2000. "In December 1996, Israel won a deal worth
$630 million to upgrade Turkey's fleet of fifty-four F-4 Phantom
fighter jets. In 1998, Turkey awarded a $75 million contract to
upgrade its fleet of 48 F-5 fighter jets to Israel Aircraft
Industries' Lahav division, beating out strong French competition.
In 2002, Turkey ratified its largest military deal with Israel, a
$700 million contract for the renovation of Turkish tanks." But that
pales in comparison to the $20 billion in US arms exports and
military aid dealt to Turkey over the last 24 years.

The head of the Foreign Office's Turkey Department told an English
journalist that the heroin trade was more important than billions of
pounds worth off trade capacity and weapons selling. When he was
also working for the Turkish Foreign Ministry. he said "50 billion
dollars worth of foreign debt is nothing, it is two lorry loads of
heroin . . . '"
http://www.onlinejournal.com/Special_Reports/062904Stanton/cioran123@
yahoo.com.

Comment: You will recall my recent N&V story about how much the
Isrelis were involved in the lies that got the US Congress to
declare war against Iraq.  The Trail of Disinformation leading up to
the Iraq war and the Israeli connection

   Israeli connection:  Larry Franklin is a colonel in the U.S. Air
Force Reserve.  It is feared that his spying dates back to his time
as the Air Force Attaché at the US embassy in Tel Aviv.  Franklin
investigation stems from a two-year FBI probe into who leaked top
secret war plans for Iraq published by the New York Times on July 5,
2002.  June 26, 2003 - FBI observes Franklin divulging secret
information re: Iraq to AIPAC's Steven Rosen and Keith Weissman
while having lunch.
(http://www.marinij.com/Stories/0,1413,234~24410~2853235,00.html)


NUGAN HAND

One of the earliest revelations of the CIA's involvement with
laundering drug money came with the collapse of the Nugan Hand Bank.
One of the founding partners of the bank, Michael Jon Hand, was a
Green Beret who served with the CIA for two years, fighting with
Hmong guerrillas in northern Laos. It was here that he acquired the
expertise in narcotics that he later applied to building the bank.


Hand moved to Sydney in 1967, where he became involved in selling
real estate to Americans serving in Southeast Asia. He maintained
many of his CIA contacts; 19 of the 71 shareholders of his company
Australasian and Pacific Holdings Ltd. were employees of the CIA's
Air America and Continental Air Services.

In Sydney, Hand met Frank Nugan, a solicitor and businessman whose
family ran a fruit-packing business near Griffith in New South
Wales, a district famous for its drug crops and gang murders. The
two set up Nugan Hand Ltd. in 1973.

Over the next few years, the bank divided into two almost separate
companies: the Sydney-based Nugan Hand Ltd under Frank Nugan's
control (which concentrated on tax fraud and money laundering) and
the international branches of the Nugan Hand Bank, later registered
as a Cayman Islands corporation, largely managed by Michael Hand.
Hand took on as a third partner one Maurice "Bernie" Houghton, a
Texan who had worked for the CIA in Southeast Asia during the
Vietnam War. The Hand-Houghton partnership led the bank's
international division in the fields of drug finance, arms trading
and support work for CIA covert operations.]

Nugan Hand Bank was the conduit through which the secret team formed
by Shackley, Wilson, Clines, Secord and co. funneled the massive
fortune generated by heroin pipeline. The money was used to finance
covert paramilitary operations such as the supply of the Contras. A
central figure in the handling of Vang Pao's drug profits was former
naval officer Richard L. Armitage, whose official duty in Thailand
was "special consultant" to the Pentagon. However, Armitage actually
functioned as a "bursar", overseeing the transfer of Vang Pao's
heroin profits to Shackley's Nugan Hand account in Tehran. From late
1973 until the ultimate withdrawal of U.S. forces from Indochina in
April 1975, money was smuggled out of Vietnam in large suitcases by
Secord and Clines, and deposited in a secret Nugan Hand account in
Australia. Armitage later became Assistant Secretary of Defence for
International Security Affairs.

Hand developed a global network of twelve branches that covered
Asia, Africa and the Americas. Some of the most famous names in U.S.
national security circles joined the bank as associates or
employees. For example, Admiral Earl Yates, retired chief strategist
for the U.S. Pacific Command, served as president of Nugan Hand
Bank. Other senior appointments included: General LeRoy Manor
(former Pentagon counterinsurgency specialist and chief of staff of
the U.S. Pacific Command - manager of the bank's Manila branch);
General Edwin Black (former OSS officer and commander of U.S. forces
in Thailand - president of Nugan Hand lnc., Hawaii); Walter McDonald
(retired CIA Deputy Director for Economic Research - bank
executive); Dale Holmgren (former chairman of the CIA's Civil Air
Transport - manager of the bank's Taiwan branch); William Colby (ex-
CIA Director - Nugan Hand's legal counsel); and Patry Loomis (a CIA
officer who helped Edwin Wilson recruit a team of Green Berets to
train Libyan forces).


CASTLE BANK AND NUGAN HAND

After retiring from the CIA, Colonel Paul Helliwell, the founder of
such Agency fronts as Air America and Sea Supply Inc. (which shipped
vast quantities of arms to the opium-growing Kuomintang forces in
Burma) opened a law office in Miami and formed Castle Bank offshore
in nearby Nassau. Castle Bank operated as a laundry for both CIA and
organised crime funds. In addition, an investment firm for which
Helliwell was counsel mingled CIA funds with dirty money from
Philippine dictator Ferdinand Marcos.
http://www.wakeupmag.co.uk/articles/ciadrugsseasia.htm

Moon, North Korea & the Bush Crime Family
by Robert Parry |

11 October 2000:  In the six years since Rev. Sun Myung Moon  made
payments to North Korean officials, George W. Bush's administration
has taken no legal action against Moon. Meanwhile, Moon's Washington
Times has been one of Bush's most consistent and aggressive backers
in the U.S. news media.

  Because of the long-term U.S. embargo against North Korea, Moon's
alleged payments to the communist leaders raised potential legal
issues for Moon, a South Korean citizen who is a U.S. permanent
resident alien.  Moon became a permanent resident of the United
States in 1973.  Though often in South Korea and South America, Moon
maintained a residence near Tarrytown, north of New York City.
     "Nobody in the United States was supposed to be providing
funding to anybody in North Korea, period, under the Treasury
(Department's) sanction regime," said Jonathan Winer, former deputy
assistant secretary of state handling international crime.

In the 1990s when North Korea was scrambling for the resources to
develop missiles and nuclear technology, Moon was among a small
group of outside businessmen quietly investing in North Korea.

Moon's activities attracted the attention of the Defense
Intelligence Agency.   Moon negotiated a business deal in 1991 with
Kim Il Sung, the longtime communist leader, the DIA documents
said.    The deal called for construction of a hotel complex in
Pyongyang as well as a new Holy Land at the site of Moon's birth in
North Korea, one document said.  "In the original deal with Kim [Il
Sung], Moon paid several tens of million dollars as a down-payment
into an overseas account," the DIA said in a cable dated Aug. 14,
1994.

  The DIA depicted Moon's business plans in North Korea as much
grander. The DIA valued the agreement for hotels in Pyongyang and
the resort in Kumgang-san, alone, at $500 million. The plans also
called for creation of a kind of Vatican City covering Moon's
birthplace.

A DIA reported on Sept. 9, 1994. ..." $3 million was sent through a
bank in China to the Hong Kong branch of the KS [South Korean]
company 'Samsung Group.' The money was later presented to Kim Jung
Il [Kim Jong Il] as a birthday present."

The DIA released the above documents under a Freedom of Information
Act request in 2000.

Background:

Around the world, Moon's business relationships long have been
cloaked in secrecy. His sources of money have been mysteries, too,
although witnesses - including his former daughter-in-law - have
come forward in recent years and alleged criminal money-laundering
within the organization.

  Since Moon stepped onto the international stage in the 1970s, he
has used his fortune to build political alliances and to finance
media, academic and political institutions.

     In 1978, Moon was identified by the congressional "Koreagate"
investigation as an operative of the South Korean CIA and part of an
influence-buying scheme aimed at the U.S. government. Moon denied
the charges.

     Though Moon later was convicted on federal tax evasion charges,
his political influence continued to grow when he founded The
Washington Times in 1982. The unabashedly right-wing newspaper won
favor with presidents Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush by backing
their policies and hammering their opponents.

     In 1988, when then-Vice President Bush was trailing early in the
presidential race, the Times spread a baseless rumor that the
Democratic presidential nominee Michael Dukakis had undergone
psychiatric treatment. The Moon-affiliated American Freedom
Coalition also distributed millions of pro-Bush flyers.

     The elder George Bush personally expressed his gratitude. When
Wesley Pruden was appointed The Washington Times' editor-in-chief in
1991, Bush invited Pruden to a private White House lunch "just to
tell you how valuable the Times has become in Washington, where we
read it every day." [Washington Times, May 17, 1992].  In November
1996,  Moon launched a South American newspaper, Tiempos del Mundo
in Buenos Aires, Argentina,  .

Later in 1992, the Times was again rallying to President George H.W.
Bush's defense. The newspaper stepped up attacks against Iran-Contra
special prosecutor Lawrence Walsh as his investigation homed in on
Bush and his inner circle. Walsh considered the Times' relentless
criticism a distraction to the criminal investigation, according to
his book, Firewall.

     That fall, in the 1992 campaign, the Times turned its editorial
guns on Bush's new rival, Bill Clinton. Some of the anti-Clinton
articles raised questions about Clinton's patriotism, even
suggesting that the Rhodes scholar might have been recruited as a
KGB agent during a collegiate trip to Moscow.     Moon's newspaper
joined in excoriating the Clinton-Gore administration for postponing
a U.S. missile defense system.

During the 2000 election cycle, Moon's newspaper took up the cause
of Bush's son and mounted harsh attacks against his rival, Al Gore.
The Washington Times used the notion of Gore as an exaggerator.

For more details on the Moon-Bush connection, see Robert Parry's
Secrecy & Privilege.

http://www.truthout.org/docs_2006/101206K.shtml

Moon's relationships with drug-tainted gangsters and corrupt right-
wing politicians go back to the early days of his Unification Church
in Asia. Moon's Korea-based church made its first important inroads
in Japan in the early 1960s after gaining the support of Ryoichi
Sasakawa, a leader of the Japanese yakuza crime syndicate who once
hailed Italian dictator Benito Mussolini as "the perfect fascist."
In Japan and Korea, the shadowy yakuza ran lucrative drug smuggling,
gambling and prostitution rings.

The Sasakawa connection brought Moon both converts and clout because
Sasakawa was a behind-the-scenes leader of Japan's ruling Liberal
Democratic Party. On the international scene, Sasakawa helped found
the Asian People's Anti-Communist League, which united the heroin-
stained leadership of Nationalist China with rightists from Korea,
Japan and elsewhere in Asia. [For details, see Yakuza by David E.
Kaplan and Alec Dubro]

Moon's connection to South American drug traffickers

After World War II, South America was becoming a crossroads for Nazi
fugitives and drug smugglers. Nazi war criminal Klaus Barbie, the so-
called Butcher of Lyons, earned his living in Bolivia by selling his
intelligence skills, while other ex-Nazis trafficked in narcotics.
Often the lines crossed.

In those years, Auguste Ricord, a French war criminal who had
collaborated with the Gestapo, set up shop in Paraguay. Ricord
opened up French Connection heroin channels to American Mafia drug
kingpin Santo Trafficante Jr., who controlled much of the heroin
traffic into the United States. Columns by Jack Anderson identified,
Ricord's accomplices as some of Paraguay's highest-ranking officers.

Another French Connection mobster, Christian David, relied on
protection of Argentine authorities. While trafficking in heroin,
David also "took on assignments for Argentina's terrorist
organization, the Argentine Anti-Communist Alliance," Henrik Kruger
wrote in The Great Heroin Coup. During President Nixon's "war on
drugs," U.S. authorities smashed this famous French Connection and
won extraditions of Ricord and David in 1972.

But by then, powerful drug lords had forged strong ties to South
America's military leaders. Other Trafficante-connected groups,
including right-wing anti-Castro Cubans in Miami, eagerly filled the
drug void. Heroin from the Golden Triangle of Southeast Asia quickly
replaced the French Connection heroin that had come mostly from the
Middle East.

During this period, the CIA actively collaborated with right-wing
army officers to oust left-leaning governments. And amid this swirl
of anti-communism, Moon became active in South America. His first
visit to Argentina was in 1965. He returned a decade later and began
making high-level contacts in Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Bolivia
and Uruguay.

While the CIA was encouraging this aggressive anti-communism on one
level, DEA Agent Michael Levine and his DEA field agents were moving
against some of the conspirators for drug crimes. In May 1980, DEA
in Miami seized 854 pounds of cocaine base and arrested two top
Bolivian traffickers.. But Levine saw the bust double-crossed, he
suspected, for geo-political reasons.  (Michael Levine's book Big
White Lie).

One suspect, Jose Roberto Gasser "was almost immediately released
from custody by the Miami U.S. attorney's office," Levine wrote.
(Gasser was the son of Bolivian World Anti-Communist league (WACL)
associate Erwin Gasser, a leading figure in the upcoming coup.) The
other defendant saw his bail lowered, letting him flee the United
States. Levine worried about the fate of Bolivian officials who had
helped DEA. [See Levine's Deep Cover]

On June 17, 1980, in nearly public planning for the coup, six of
Bolivia's biggest traffickers met with the military conspirators to
hammer out a financial deal for future protection of the cocaine
trade. A La Paz businessman said the coming putsch should be called
the "Cocaine Coup," a name that would stick. [Cocaine Politics]

After the coup, Arce-Gomez went into partnership with big narco-
traffickers, including Trafficante's Cuban-American smugglers. Klaus
Barbie and his neo-fascists got a new assignment: protecting
Bolivia's major cocaine barons and transporting drugs to the border.
[Cocaine Politics]

http://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/moon6.html

-----

To understand the role the Moonies play in U.S. politics, one must
start with Ryoichi Sasakawa, identified in a 1992 PBS Frontline
investigative report as a key money source for Reverend Moon's far-
flung world empire. In the 1930s, Sasakawa was one of Japan's
leading fascists. He organized a private army of 1,500 men equipped
with 20 warplanes. His men dressed in black shirts to emulate
Mussolini. Sasakawa was an "uncondemned Class A war criminal"
suddenly freed with another accused war criminal - Yoshio Kodama, a
leading figure in Japan's organized crime syndicate Yakuza - in
1948.





  In January 1995, Japan's KYODO news-service uncovered documents
establishing that the one-time fascist war criminal suspect was
earmarked as an informer by U.S. military intelligence two months
prior to his unexplained release: Declassified documents link
Kodama's release to the CIA. During World War II, the Kodama Agency,
according to U.S. Army counterintelligence records, consisted
of "systematically looting China of its raw materials" and dealing
in heroin, guns, tungsten, gold, industrial diamonds and radium.

Both Sasakawa and Kodama's CIA ties are a reoccurring theme in their
relationship with the Moonies. In 1977, Congressman Donald Fraser
launched an investigation into Moon's background. The 444-page
Congressional report alleged Moonie involvement with bribery, bank
fraud, illegal kickbacks and arms sales. The report revealed that
Moon's 20,000-member Unification Church was a creation of Korean
Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA) Director Kim Chong Phil as a
political tool to influence U.S. foreign policy. The U.S. CIA was
the agency primarily responsible for the founding of the KCIA.


Moon, who is Korean, and his two Japanese buddies, Sasakawa and
Kodama, first joined together in the 1960s to form the Asian
People's Anti-Communist League with the aid of KCIA agents, alleged
Japanese organized crime money and financial support from Chinese
Generalissimo Chiang Kai-Shek. The League concentrated on uniting
fascists, right-wing, and anti-Communist forces throughout Asia.

In 1964, League funds set up Moon's Freedom Center in the United
States. Kodama served as Chief Advisor to the Moon subsidiary Win
Over Communism, an organization that served to protect Moon's South
Korean investments. Sasakawa acted as Win Over Communism's chair.

In 1966, the League merged with the anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations,
another group with strong fascist ties, to form the World Anti-
Communist League (WACL). Later, in the 1980s, the retired US Major
General John Singlaub emerged as a key player in the Iran-Contra
scandal through his chairmanship of the WACL. Singlaub enlisted
paramilitary groups, foreign governments and right-wing Americans to
support the Contra cause in Nicaragua.

Moon's Freedom Center served as the headquarters for the League in
the United States. During the Iran-Contra hearings, the League was
described as "a multi-national network of Nazi war criminals, Latin
American death squad leaders, North American racists and anti-
Semites and fascist politicians from every continent."

In 1969, Moon and Sasakawa jointly formed the Freedom Leadership
Foundation (FLF), a pro-Vietnam War organization that lobbied the US
government.

In the 1970s, Moon earned notoriety in the Koreagate scandal after
female followers of the Unification Church were accused of
entertaining and keeping confidential files on several US
congressmen whom they "lobbied" at a Washington Hilton I-Intel suite
rented by the Moonies. The US Senate held hearings concerning
Moon's "programmatic bribery of US officials, journalists and others
as part of an operation by the Korean CIA to influence the course of
US foreign policy."

The Fraser report noted that Moon was paid by the KCIA to stage
demonstrations at the United Nations and run pro-South Korean
propaganda campaigns. The Congressional investigator for the Fraser
report said, "We determine that their [Moonies'] primary interest,
at least in the US at that time, was not religious at all but was
political, it was attempt to gain power, influence and authority."

http://www.americanatheist.org/spr00/T2/fitrakis.html

Bush Sr. and Operation Condor mid-1970s

AWOL Bush helps cover-up his Dad's support of terrorist
Latin American Terrorists /Chile's death squads; war crimes

Sep 22 2006 The AWOL Bush administration also is protecting former
President George H.W. Bush against possibly being implicated in this
act of terrorism, conceivably as an accessory after the fact for
diverting suspicion away from Pinochet - by frustrating the Chilean
investigation,

  Chilean investigators say the Bush administration is undercutting
their case against former dictator Augusto Pinochet for his alleged
role in the terrorist assassination of a political rival on the
streets of Washington three decades ago, a crime that then-CIA
Director George H.W. Bush appears to have tolerated and then helped
cover-up.

Six years ago, near the end of the Clinton administration, an FBI
team reviewed new evidence that had become available in the case and
recommended the indictment of Pinochet. But the final decision was
left to the incoming Bush administration, which has failed to act
while also withholding relevant documents from Chilean investigators.

The Letelier-Moffitt murder is considered the worst act of state-
sponsored terrorism in the history of Washington, D.C.  The former
Chilean Foreign Minister Orlando Letelier and an American (citizen)
co-worker, Ronni Moffitt, were killed by a car bomb on Sept. 21,
1976, as Letelier drove down Massachusetts Avenue.   Letelier was
briefly defense minister in the leftist government of Salvador
Allende. In 1973, after Pinochet took power in a military coup that
killed Allende, Pinochet imprisoned Letelier.

THIRTY-YEAR TALE

At the time assassination, one of the most eloquent voices making
the case against Pinochet's regime was Orlando Letelier, who was
living in exile and operating out of a liberal think tank in
Washington, the Institute for Policy Studies.  Pinochet was
nfuriating under Letelier's criticism of the regime's human rights
record.

On Oct. 6, a CIA informant in Chile went to the CIA station in
Santiago and relayed an account of Pinochet denouncing Letelier. The
informant said the dictator had called Letelier's criticism of the
government "unacceptable." The source "believes that the Chilean
Government is directly involved in Letelier's death and feels that
investigation into the incident will so indicate," the CIA field
report said.

The case dates back to 1976 when the elder George Bush was running
the CIA operations.  Right-wing military dictatorships – many with
close CIA ties – were striking out at political adversaries through
a cross-border assassination project known as Operation Condor.

By summer 1976, Bush's CIA was hearing a lot about Operation Condor
from South American sources who had attended a second organizational
conference of Southern Cone intelligence services.

These CIA sources reported that the military regimes were
preparing "to engage in `executive action' outside the territory of
member countries." In intelligence circles, "executive action" is a
euphemism for assassination.

One of the CIA's best-placed assets in Chile was DINA chief Manuel
Contreras - would turn out to be the mastermind of the assassination.

Col. Manuel Contreas was the organizational director of the
Department of National Intelligence (DINA). During his tenure as
security chief under the regime of Gen. Augusto Pinochet, Contreas
organized "Operation Condor" in association with the Argentinean
intelligence service (SIDE) and presided over the torture,
kidnapping and "disappearance" of tens of thousands of Chilean
leftists. http://www.fas.org/irp/world/chile/dina.htm

Recently declassified documents add weight to the thesis that U.S.
forces secretly aided and facilitated Condor operations. The U.S.
government considered the Latin American militaries to be allies in
the Cold War, worked closely with their intelligence organizations,
and promoted coordinated action and modernization of their
capabilities. As shown here, U.S. executive agencies at least
condoned, and sometimes actively assisted, some Condor "counter
subversive" operations. see more below:

At the time, the attack represented the worst act of international
terrorism on U.S. soil and remains the most notorious terror attack
sponsored by a foreign government inside the United States.

The Letelier assassination should have been even easier to solve
since the Pinochet government had flashed its intention to mount a
suspicious operation inside the United States by involving the U.S.
Embassy in Paraguay and the deputy director of the CIA. Bush's CIA
even had in its files a photograph of the leader of the terrorist
squad, Michael Townley.

Working with anti-Castro Cubans, U.S.-born and expatriate, Townley,
then traveled to Washington, planted a bomb under Letelier's car and
exploded it as the car traveled down Embassy Row.

Researcher Peter Kornbluh wrote in The Pinochet File. "The Agency
had concrete knowledge that DINA had murdered other political
opponents abroad, using the same modus operandi as the Letelier
case. The Agency had substantive intelligence on Condor, and Chile's
involvement in planning murders of political opponents in Europe."

Adding to the potential for scandal, the terrorism had been carried
out by a regime that was an ostensible ally of the United States,
one that had gained power with the help of the Nixon administration
and the CIA.

Though initially treated in the press as a murder mystery, the facts
behind the Letelier bombing threatened to unleash a major political
scandal at just the wrong time for President Gerald Ford's election
campaign.

Breaking the Case

Despite the lack of help from Washington, the FBI's legal attache in
Buenos Aires, Robert Scherrer, began putting the puzzle together
only a week after the Letelier bombing.

Relying on a source in the Argentine military, Scherrer reported to
his superiors that the assassination was likely the work of
Operation Condor, the assassination project organized by the Chilean
government.

"It is not beyond the realm of possibility that the recent
assassination of Orlando Letelier in Washington, D.C., may have been
carried out as a third phase of Operation Condor," Scherrer wrote,
referring to acts of assassination.

Democrat Jimmy Carter narrowly defeated Ford to win the presidency
on Nov. 2.

Over the next two years, federal investigators would crack the case,
successfully bringing charges against Townley and several other
conspirators. But prosecutor Eugene Propper told me that the CIA
didn't volunteer the crucial information about the Paraguayan gambit
or supply the photo of the chief assassin, Townley.

"Nothing the agency gave us helped us break this case," Propper said.

Rather than assist the probe, Bush's CIA appears to have gone to
some lengths to help DINA divert attention away from the real
assassins. The CIA leaked an analysis to Newsweek that "the Chilean
secret police were not involved [in the Letelier- Moffitt car-
bombing].

After complex negotiations, Townley was extradited to the United
States and served a prison term for his role in the killings.

Despite suspicions that Pinochet masterminded the terrorist attack,
the U.S. government made no known effort to bring the dictator to
justice.

In 1995, after the Pinochet dictatorship had ended, DINA chief
Contreras was convicted in Chile for the Letelier assassination and
was sentenced to seven years in prison. Contreras began implicating
Pinochet in the Letelier murder and other acts of terrorism, saying
Pinochet knew and approved all of Contreras's actions.

In the fall of 1998, when Pinochet went to England for back surgery.
Pinochet was detained in on an extradition request from Spanish
Judge Baltasar Garzon, who was pursuing Pinochet for his role in
killing Spanish citizens.   One of the advocates for Pinochet's
freedom was George Bush Sr.   In his letter to the British
government, Bush called the case against the former dictator "a
travesty of justice" and urged that Pinochet be sent home to
Chile "as soon as possible.
http://victorian.fortunecity.com/brambles/499/Bush/Condor/condor.html

Now, eight years later, the baton of the Letelier-Moffitt-murder
cover-up has passed to a new Bush generation, with George W. Bush
now protecting Pinochet from prosecution and sparing the Bush Family
possible exposure as hypocrites on terrorism.



"It is quite beyond belief that the CIA is so lax in its
counterespionage functions that it would simply have ignored a
clandestine operation by a foreign intelligence service in
Washington, D.C., or elsewhere in the United States," wrote John
Dinges and Saul Landau in their 1980 book, Assassination on Embassy
Row. "It is equally implausible that Bush, Walters, Landau and other
officials were unaware of the chain of international assassinations
that had been attributed to DINA."

http://www.smirkingchimp.com/thread/890

Operation Condor

October 5, 1999:  According to a declassified 1976 FBI report,
Condor had several levels. The first was mutual cooperation among
military intelligence services, including coordination of political
surveillance and exchange of intelligence information. The second
was organized cross-border operations to detain/disappear
dissidents. The third and most secret, "Phase III," was the
formation of special teams of assassins from member countries to
travel anywhere in the world to carry out assassinations
of "subversive enemies." Phase III was aimed at political leaders
especially feared for their potential to mobilize world opinion or
organize broad opposition to the military states.


Victims of Condor's Phase III, in addition to Orlando Letelier was
Chilean Christian Democrat leader Bernardo Leighton and his wife, in
Rome. Condor assassinations in Buenos Aires were carried out against
General Carlos Prats, former Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean army;
nationalist ex-president of Bolivia Juan Jose Torres; two Uruguayan
legislators known for their opposition to the Uruguayan military
regime, Zelmar Michelini and Hector Gutierrez Ruiz.

According to a declassified Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) report
from 1976, Condor used multinational commando teams made up of
military and paramilitary operatives who carried out combined cross-
border operations, and testimony from survivors of such operations
confirms this. Condor also employed a telecommunications system
(Condortel) to coordinate its intelligence, planning, and operations
against political opponents. An Argentine military source told a
U.S. Embassy contact in 1976 that the CIA had played a key role in
setting up the computerized links among the intelligence and
operations units of the six Condor states.

Recently declassified U.S. documents (written by FBI official Robert
Scherrer) confirms that U.S. officials and agencies were cooperating
with the military dictatorships and acting as a link in the Condor
chain. Perhaps most striking is that this coordination was routine
(if secret), standard operating procedure within U.S. policy.

Two declassified State Department documents about U.S. links to
Condor:

  The first is a 1978 Roger Channel cable from Robert White, then
Ambassador to Paraguay, to the (US) Secretary of State, links
Operation Condor to the former U.S. military headquarters in the
Panama Canal Zone.

In the cable, White reported a meeting with Paraguayan armed forces
chief General Alejandro Fretes Davalos. Fretes identified the Panama
Canal Zone base of the U.S. military as the site of a secure
transnational communications center for Condor. According to Fretes
Davalos, intelligence chiefs from Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Bolivia,
Paraguay and Uruguay used "an encrypted system within the U.S.
telecommunications net[work]," which covered all of Latin America,
to "coordinate intelligence information." In the cable, White drew
the connection to Operation Condor and questioned whether the
arrangement was in the U.S. interest--but he never received a
response.


The Panama base housed the headquarters of the U.S. Southern Command
(SOUTHCOM), the U.S. Special Forces,

One military graduate of the the Army School of the Americas (SOA)
said (also located in Panama) , "The school was always a front for
other special operations, covert operations." Another officer, an
Argentine navy man whose unit was organized into kidnap commandos
("task forces") in 1972, said the repression was part of "a plan
that responded to the Doctrine of National Security that had as a
base the School of the Americas, directed by the Pentagon in
Panama." A Uruguayan officer who worked with the CIA in the 1970s,
said that the CIA not only knew of Condor operations, but also
supervised them.

The second astonishing piece of recently-released information is the
admission by the CIA itself in September 2000 that DINA chief Manuel
Contreras was a CIA asset between 1974 and 1977, and that he
received an unspecified payment for his services. During these same
years Contreras was known as "Condor One," the leading organizer and
proponent of Operation Condor. The CIA never divulged this
information in 1978, when a Federal Grand Jury indicted Contreras
for his role in the Letelier-Moffitt assassinations. Contreras was
sentenced to a prison term in Chile for this crime, and convicted in
absentia in Italy for the Leighton attack. The CIA claims that it
did not ask Contreras about Condor until after the assassinations of
Letelier and Moffitt in September 1976. This assertion is hardly
credible, less so when one considers that the CIA was privy to
earlier assassination plans by Condor. Moreover, the CIA helped
organize and train the DINA in 1974, and retained Contreras as an
asset for a year after the Letelier/Moffitt assassinations. The CIA
destroyed its file on Contreras in 1991.


Michael Townley's relationship to the CIA is also murky. Townley
turned state's evidence in the

Letelier/Moffitt assassination trial, served a short sentence, and
then entered the Witness Protection Program. In Chile, Townley had
said that he was a CIA operative, and so did the attorney who
defended the accused Cuban exiles in the Letelier/Moffitt
assassination trial in the United States. In fact, declassified
documents show that Townley was interviewed by CIA recruiters in
November 1970 and was judged to be "of operational interest as a
possible [phrase excised] of the Directorate of Operations in 1971."
The memo carefully states, however, that the "Office of Security
file does not reflect that Mr. Townley was ever actually used by the
Agency." A separate affidavit states that "in February 1971, the
Directorate of Operations requested preliminary security approval to
use Mr. Townley in an operational capacity." Townley had close ties
to the U.S. Embassy and to high-ranking Foreign Service officers,
who knew of his ties to the fascist anti-Allende paramilitary group
Patria y Libertad. The question that must be asked is whether
Townley and Contreras were acting independently, or as CIA agents in
Condor planning and operations.

http://www.globalpolicy.org/intljustice/general/2001/07condor.htm

Victims of Operation Condor
Martín Almada, educationalist in Paraguay, tortured three years long
Carlos Altamirano, leader of the Chilean Socialist Party, targeted
for murder by Pinochet in 1975
Bernardo Leighton, narrowly escaped murder in Rome in 1975
Orlando Letelier, murdered in 1976 in Washington D.C.
US Congressman Edward Koch, who became aware in 2001 of relations
between 1970s threats on his life and Operation Condor
Eduardo Frei Montalva, may have been poisoned in the early 1980s
according to current investigations
General Carlos Prats, assassinated in Buenos Aires in 1974
Bolivian president Juan José Torres
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Condor

A HUGE WEAPONS CACHE AND SECRET INTELLIGENCE FILES about Operation
Condor  June 17, 200

were found in CHILE'S "COLONIA DIGNIDAD" ENCLAVE, run by former Nazi
SS medic andpedophile Paul Schaefer, is rattling sectors of the
Armed Forces and right-wing party apparatus. The find, made public
on June 16, is expected to provide crucial evidence on the
functioning of the Operation Condor apparatus, including the names
of individuals -- some
still active today in the military or political parties -- who
protected the German-Chilean Nazi
cult's kidnapping, torture, murder and a range of other illegal and
barbaric practices. This occurs as Chile's Presidential election
campaign is also heating up.

The weapons, which according to authorities were enough to "supply
an army," included machine-guns, M-16 rifles, rocket launchers,
grenades and mortars, among others. Deputy Interior Minister Jorge
Correa Stutil told {La Nacion}, "This is the largest arsenal
discovered in private hands since the restoration of democracy, and
in the history of Chile." It's clear that the weapons ... were
either sold on the black market, or used to supply the Armed Forces
at the point that the U.S. and other nations cut off weapons sales
to Chile in the mid-1970s.


Source: La Nacion, 6/16, 6/18; New York Times, 6/17/05. Santiago]

"COLONIA DIGNIDAD"  is a colony of some 300 residents, both Germans
and Chileans, and covered 137 square kilometers (53 square miles).
It was founded by a group of German immigrants led by Paul Schäfer
in 1961. Some defectors from the colony have portrayed the colony as
a cult.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonia_Dignidad


Immediately after the military coup of September 11, 1973,
concentration camps were set up throughout Chile to hold the
thousands of political prisoners arrested during the state of siege.

Survivors' testimonies have verified that the German colony was used
as a detention and torture center during the 1973-77 period but
precise dates are not known. Collaboration with the DINA, in form of
property leases, began in late 1974. Although it no longer possesses
the status of a charitable organization, the colony still exists
today, under the name of Villa Baviera and is the subject of an
ongoing investigation by the Chilean judicial system.
http://www.chipsites.com/derechos/memory_map_eng.html

http://www.chipsites.com/derechos/index_eng.html


A secret government within a government and Team B

Ford administration officials Dick Cheney and Donald Rumsfeld were
among those challenging as too soft the CIA's estimate of Moscow's
military power.

Vested interests can be ideological as well as institutional. In the
mid-1970s, a group of well-known hawks, mainly former policy-makers
and retired officers, started clamoring that the Soviets were
acquiring a first-strike capability and that the CIA was gravely
underestimating their prowess and might. President Gerald Ford,
under growing pressure from the right, succumbed to what seemed a
modest demand—to let a team of their analysts examine the same data
that the CIA had been examining and come up with alternative
findings. It was sold as an "exercise" in intelligence analysis, an
interesting competition—Team A (the CIA) versus Team B (the
critics). Yet once allowed an institutional footing, the Team B
players presented their conclusions—and leaked them to friendly
reporters—as the truth, which the pro-detente administration was
trying to hide.

  CIA Director William Colby rejected the Team B idea and was fired.
Colby's successor as head of the spy agency, George H.W. Bush,
accepted it.

Team B's conclusion that the CIA was indeed soft on the Soviets was
leaked to sympathetic journalists and generated public support for a
new round of military spending, particularly on missiles. Team B's
conclusions turned out, years later, to be false.

http://www.node707.com/archives/005705.shtml

"http://www.geocities.com/aberdenn/trud/rumsfeld_intelligence_unit.ht
ml"

A key member of the Plumbers unit was John Paisley, who functioned
as the official CIA liaison to this White House investigative unit.

Paisley was later to become an important appointee of CIA Director
George Bush. In the middle of 1976, Bush decided to authorize a
group of experts, ostensibly from outside of the CIA, to produce an
analysis which would be compared with the CIA's own National
Intelligence Estimates on Soviet capabilities and intentions. The
panel of outside experts was given the designation of "Team B." Bush
chose Paisley to be the CIA's

"coordinator" of the three subdivisions of Team B. Paisley would
later disappear while sailing on Chesapeake Bay in September of
1978.

Source: George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography Chapter -XII-
Chairman George in Watergate --- by Webster G. Tarpley & Anton
Chaitkin http://www.tarpley.net/bush12.htm

As early as 1979 when Carter was still president, the CIA assessment
clearly indicated that the Soviet Union was beginning to crumble
internally. Its economy was virtually in shambles. What little
export business it had was quickly going down the tubes. Its
infrastructure was falling apart.

Then in 1981, the started CIA sending its annual assessment report
to the White House directly and not to anybody else. (Later in the
1980s Tommy Rheinhardt the CIA liaison officer to Congress lied
extensively about this very same subject matter.) The White House
then would reproduce a whole new CIA report that showed the exact
opposite of what was really happening,

The Bush Sr. Cabal then used this as a justification to embark upon
a policy of enormous necessary to finance said defense buildup.

The Soviet Union was very close to bankruptcy in 1987 and the Bush
Cabal was scared. They knew that if the Soviet Union fell apart
economically in 1987, the jig was up and people would know they had
lied (about the threat and the corporate welfare) .

Pres. Reagan in 1981 installed a highly compartmentalized
organization separate from his National Security Council. He signed
a top secret National Security Decision Directive #3 which
established a new intelligence organization headed by VP Bush
resulting in a separate spy agency within the White House. This
group was formed to set up a special mercenary unit (yes, you heard
right) to "take hostages and rescue them" as an option against
terrorists. The ideas was to kidnap or assassinate terrorists and/or
their families. Pres. Carter had signed a order outlawing
assassinations, you recall. Oliver North's boss in the Iran-Contra
debacle was VP Bush, the head of this White House covert action
group. (Source: Loftus, John The Secret War Against the Jews, New
York: St Martin's Press, p. 49).

----

Tatum states it was in 1981 that "President Reagan signed National
Security Decision Directive Number 3 (NSDD-3), which authorized the
vice president to chair the Special Situation Group (SSG). The
Special Situation Group was a division under the National Security
Council (NSC). One entity formed to support the SSG was the
Terrorist Incident Working Group (TIWG). TIWG was formed in April
1982, by authority of President Reagan in NSDD-30. This group
consisted of representatives of the following: Director of Central
Intelligence, Department of Defense, FBI, NSC staff and others as
required.

As a deep cover (allegedly) CIA and DIA operative, Gene "Chip" Tatum
(aka Major Gene Duncan) saw or participated in a remarkable series
of covert operations. Foremost in his mind are the years 1986-92,
when he operated for a group he called Pegasus(codename) . This
group operated on behalf of the US and other governments undertaking
tasks that ranged from narcotic smuggling to assassinations.

In a very real sense, Chip Tatum's story has now gone full circle.
In March 1996, Tatum wrote to former Director of Central
Intelligence, William Colby. Readers will recall that it was Colby
who originally recruited Tatum into the CIA in 1971, and set him on
his career as a covert intelligence operator. Since that time, Tatum
had developed a fondness for the super-spook and Colby, in turn,
played the role of mentor.

"The purpose of TIWG is to provide SSG with direct operational
support. TIWG then recommended to the President that a Terrorism
Task Force be formed and chaired by the head of SSG (the vice
president). Reagan approved NSDD-138 in April 1984, which extended
TIWG's arm and ability to form sub-groups. As a result of NSDD-138
was the formation of the Operation Sub-Group. The subgroup was a
select NSC-DOD-CIA-FBI-Foreign Intelligence Agency which operated so
as to by-pass the regular operations of intelligence/military/law
enforcement agencies. OSG was formed in February 1986."

Having revealed the framework of the authorizing Presidential
Directives necessary for the conduct of these covert operations,
Tatum then details the nitty-gritty of the OSG. "I was an operative
for OSG from April, 1986 through January, 1992. When I was operating
under the authority of the OSG I would report directly to the OSG,
not to the CIA or DIA. This `secret government' apparatus, built by
Vice President Bush from 1981 to 1986, was able to draw upon assets
from the CIA, the DOD Special Operations Units, and the private
sector. Using the private sector clause, Don Gregg, VP Bush's
National Security Advisor, included a representative from British
Intelligence and Israeli Intelligence. To date I have called this
group Pegasus in an attempt not to divulge it's true identity until
I was on safe ground. Although most of the missions performed by OSG-
2 are classified, the existence of the organization is now
declassified."

Until Tatum forwarded these details, the existence of more than one
Operations Sub-Group (OSG) were unknown. In fact, Tatum has now
revealed the existence of three OSGs. OSG-1 was headed by Ted
Shackley and was "our anti-narcotics group.' OSG-2 was the anti-
terrorism group and OSG-3 was "our alignment group." (aka a US death
squad) Tatum was originally posted to OSG-2 which was commanded by
Col. Oliver North. The third group, OSG-3 was commanded by Richard
Secord. Following the exposure of Oliver North's role in Contragate
in 1987 he resigned as head of OSG-2, and his spot was taken over by
Secord. Tatum moved up to command OSG-3 at the same time.

All three OSG's answered to those individuals who sat on the TIWG.
General Colin Powell, represented the Department of Defence, William
Casey the CIA, Donald Gregg for the National Security Council. "FBI
guys rotated in and out…" Tatum says. "It was like they couldn't get
anyone," he concludes. Representing British Intelligence was Sir
Colin Figure. Formerly head of MI6, Sir Colin transferred in 1986 to
become "Security Co-coordinator" one of the top slots at the Cabinet
office, under the Premiership of Margaret Thatcher. He retired in
1989. Amiram Nir represented Israeli interests until his
assassination by an "Archer" team led by Tatum - at the request of
high level Israeli individuals - in 1988. Any of these six
could "call a mission." In addition, VP George Bush could do
likewise. Of significance too, was the occasional representation on
the TIWG of Lord Chalfont. The British lord was an adviser on "Mid-
East affairs" between 1986 and 1990.

From the moment Tatum was recruited to the OSG, he was posted to up
state New York where he established a number of cover businesses.
Tatum's up-state New York operation was also involved in shipping
the most sophisticated weapons across the border to Canada. Not
least are the known connections between Oliver North's related gun-
running operations that saw dirty money being laundered through the
British Channel Islands and the London based BCCI bank. Money
laundering was one of the principal activities of Col. Oliver North.

Tatum has stated that it was routine for all the OSG operatives to
establish their own businesses as "covers." Funding was provided as
a line of credit with the Key Bank of Central New York, Watertown,
New York state by Republican Harry Hyde. The company was formed by
attorney, Ben Whitaker. Legal representation was through O'Hara and
Crough in Syracuse, NY. Tatum also operated through a number of
other similar "fronts."

http://www.deepblacklies.co.uk/the_pegasus_file-part2.htm

Tatum would be tasked by Bush Sr. with the neutralization (kill) of
a Mossad agent in 1988, an army Chief of Staff in 1989, the
President of a third world country in 1989, and the leader of a
revolutionary force in Central America in 1991.

o Ami Nir was killed in 1988.

o General Gustavo Alverez was killed in 1989.

o Enrique Bermudez, Contra leader and overseer of the cocaine
kitchens, was killed in 1991.

In 1992 I was tasked to neutralize an American citizen (Ross
Parot) . I refused. I decided that day to leave the Black Operations
unit. When I told Mr. Colby of my decision, he told me that one
can't just walk away. I explained to him that I understood the fate
of those who walk away. For that reason, I began documenting my
activities on film, on audio tapes, and with copies of documents,
all of which I compiled through the years. I explained that the film
and tapes were placed in strategic locations around the world to
insure my safety.


"http://www.whatreallyhappened.com/RANCHO/POLITICS/MENA/TATUM/tatum.h
tml"

Why were anti-Castro Cuban Terrorists not prosecuted in Miami?
...stands in marked contrast to the US government's see-no-evil
approach to notorious anti-Castro Cuban terrorists who have lived
openly in Miami for decades.



   For three decades, both Orlando Bosch and Luis Posada Carriles
have been under the Bush family's protective wing, starting with
former President George H.W. Bush (who was CIA director when the
airline bombing occurred in 1976) and extending to Florida Gov. Jeb
Bush and President George W. Bush.  Orlando Bosch, who offered a
detailed justification for the 1976 mid-air bombing of a Cubana
Airlines flight that killed 73 people, including the young members
of the Cuban national fencing team.
Bosch said ( when questioned about his part in the bombing) , "In a
war such as us Cubans who love liberty wage against the tyrant
[Fidel Castro], you have to down planes, you have to sink ships, you
have to be prepared to attack anything that is within your
reach."   "Who was on board that plane?"  "Four members of the
Communist Party, five North Koreans, five Guyanese." [Officials
tallies actually put the Guyanese dead at 11.]

Secret History
     As for the Cubana Airlines bombing, declassified US documents
show that after the plane was blown out of the sky on Oct. 6, 1976,
the CIA, then under the direction of George H.W. Bush, quickly
identified Posada and Bosch as the masterminds of the Cubana
Airlines bombing.

     But in fall 1976, Bush's boss, President Gerald Ford, was in a
tight election battle with Democrat Jimmy Carter and the Ford
administration wanted to keep intelligence scandals out of the
newspapers. So Bush and other officials kept the lid on the
investigations. [For details, see Robert Parry's Secrecy &
Privilege.]

     Still, inside the US government, the facts were known. According
to a secret CIA cable dated Oct. 14, 1976, intelligence sources in
Venezuela relayed information about the Cubana Airlines bombing that
tied in anti-communist Cuban extremists Bosch, who had been visiting
Venezuela, and Posada, who then served as a senior officer in
Venezuela's intelligence agency, DISIP.

     The Oct. 14 cable said Bosch arrived in Venezuela in late
September 1976 under the protection of Venezuelan President Carlos
Andres Perez, a close Washington ally who assigned his intelligence
adviser Orlando Garcia "to protect and assist Bosch during his stay
in Venezuela."

     On his arrival, Bosch was met by Garcia and Posada, according to
the report. Later, a fundraising dinner was held in Bosch's honor
during which Bosch requested cash from the Venezuelan government in
exchange for assurances that Cuban exiles wouldn't demonstrate
during Andres Perez's planned trip to the United Nations.

     "A few days following the fund-raising dinner, Posada was
overheard to say that, 'we are going to hit a Cuban airplane,' and
that 'Orlando has the details,'" the CIA report said.

     "Following the 6 October Cubana Airline crash off the coast of
Barbados, Bosch, Garcia and Posada agreed that it would be best for
Bosch to leave Venezuela. Therefore, on 9 October, Posada and Garcia
escorted Bosch to the Colombian border, where he crossed into
Colombian territory."

     The CIA report was sent to CIA headquarters in Langley,
Virginia, as well as to the FBI and other US intelligence agencies,
according to markings on the cable.

--------

   In South America, investigators began rounding up suspects in the
bombing.

     Two Cuban exiles, Hernan Ricardo and Freddy Lugo, who had left
the Cubana plane in Barbados, confessed that they had planted the
bomb (on the airplane). They named Bosch and Posada as the
architects of the attack.

     A search of Posada's apartment in Venezuela turned up Cubana
Airlines timetables and other incriminating documents.

     Posada and Bosch were arrested and charged in Venezuela for the
Cubana Airlines bombing.   By the late 1980s, Orlando Bosch also was
out of Venezuela's jails and back in Miami. But Bosch, who had been
implicated in about 30 violent attacks, was facing possible
deportation by US officials who warned that Washington couldn't
credibly lecture other countries about terrorism while protecting a
terrorist like Bosch.

     But Bosch got lucky. Jeb Bush, then an aspiring Florida
politician, led a lobbying drive to prevent the US Immigration and
Naturalization Service from expelling Bosch. In 1990, the lobbying
paid dividends when Jeb's dad, President George H.W. Bush, blocked
proceedings against Bosch, letting the unapologetic terrorist stay
in the United States.

------

Panamanian authorities arrested Posada and other alleged co-
conspirators in November 2000. In April 2004, they were sentenced to
eight or nine years in prison for endangering public safety.

     Four months after the sentencing, however, lame-duck Panamanian
President Mireya Moscoso - who lives in Key Biscayne, Florida, and
has close ties to the Cuban-American community and to George W.
Bush's administration - pardoned the convicts.

  After the pardons and just two months before Election 2004, three
of Posada's co-conspirators - Guillermo Novo Sampol, Pedro Remon and
Gaspar Jimenez - arrived in Miami to a hero's welcome, flashing
victory signs at their supporters.

US authorities watched the men - also implicated in bombings in New
York, New Jersey and Florida - alight on US soil. As Washington Post
writer Marcela Sanchez noted in a September 2004 article about the
Panamanian pardons, "there is something terribly wrong when the
United States, after Sept. 11 (2001), fails to condemn the pardoning
of terrorists and instead allows them to walk free on US streets."
[Washington Post, Sept. 3, 2004.]

   Summing up George W. Bush's dilemma in 2005, the New York Times
wrote, "A grant of asylum could invite charges that the Bush
administration is compromising its principle that no nation should
harbor suspected terrorists. But to turn Mr. Posada away could
provoke political wrath in the conservative Cuban-American
communities of South Florida, deep sources of support and campaign
money for President Bush and his brother, Jeb." [NYT, May 9, 2005]

----
Also  Posada points the finger at VP Bush Sr, as being the man at
the White House in charge of the Contra operation.

In 1992, also during George H.W. Bush's presidency, the FBI
interviewed Posada about the Iran-Contra scandal for 6 ½ hours at
the US Embassy in Honduras.
     Posada filled in some blanks about the role of Bush's vice
presidential office in the secret contra operation. According to a
31-page summary of the FBI interview, Posada said Bush's national
security adviser, Donald Gregg, was in frequent contact with Felix
Rodriguez.


http://www.truthout.org/docs_2006/062406A.shtml

Team B,  aka Counter-Terror Network   aka Operation Sub-Group or
Secret Government within our US government agenies


Part 7:  of my book (a draft) Some Unknown History of the US
copyright 17 June 2006

How it developed:

1968: Operation CHAOS

The CIA has been illegally spying on American citizens since 1959,
but with Operation CHAOS, President Johnson dramatically boosts the
effort. CIA agents go undercover as student radicals to spy on and
disrupt campus organizations protesting the Vietnam War. They are
searching for Russian instigators, which they never find. CHAOS will
eventually spy on 7,000 individuals and 1,000 organizations. [2]

A counter-intelligence special operations unit, Chaos, formed by
James Angleton in August 1967
specifically to spy on the New Left and other radical political
groups in the anti-war and civil rights movements. From its earliest
beginnings, Chaos was distinguished from other CIA operations by its
secure communications system, its super inaccessibility
and "compartmentalisation," its inter-connected domestic and
international mandate, and its essentially political nature.

  Veteran CIA officer Richard Ober was in charge of the CIA's Counter-
Intelligence, Special Operations Group (CI/SOG), //CIA's
paramilitary Special forces/Seals on the CIA payroll vs. military
payroll// codenamed MHCHAOS and known as Chaos, which was created in
August 1967, concurrent with the Phoenix Program (and for a similar
purpose), and existed until March 1974.

The Phoenix Program (originally ICEX -- the Intelligence
Coordination and Exploitation Program) was established in June 1967
by members of the CIA's Saigon station; it co-ordinated Counter-
Terror and Interrogation Center Programs, as well as all other
intelligence, security, and counter-insurgency programs.

The Phoenix program in Vietnam was a massive U.S.-backed program to
compile arrest and assassination lists ("Subversive Control Watch
Lists")  of the Viet Cong for action by CIA-created Provisional
Reconnaissance Unit death squads. In fact, former Director of the
CIA William Colby compared the Indonesian operation directly to the
Vietnam Phoenix Program. Colby further admitted directing the CIA to
concentrate on compiling lists of members of the PKI and other left
groups.[1]

As a matter of course, the Agency develops close relationships with
security services in friendly nations and exploits these in many
ways-by recruiting unilateral sources to spy on the home government,
by implementing pro-U.S. policies, and by gathering and exchanging
intelligence. As one aspect of those liaisons, the CIA universally
compiles local "Subversive Control Watch Lists" of leftists for
attention by the local government. Frequently that attention is the
charter of government death squads.[1]

From the earliest days, the Agency's International Organizations
Division (IOD) implemented and coordinated its extensive covert
operations. The division's activities created or assisted
international organizations for youth, students, teachers, workers,
veterans, journalists, and jurists. The CIA used, and continues to
use, the various labor, student, and other suborned organizations
not only for intelligence and propaganda purposes, but also to
participate in elections and paramilitary operations and to assist
in overthrowing governments. At the same time, the CIA manipulates
their organizational publications for covert propaganda goals.[1]

The labor unions the CIA creates and subsidizes, in their more
virulent stages, provide strong-arm goon squads who burn buildings,
threaten and beat up opponents, pose as groups of the opposition to
discredit them, terrorize and control labor meetings, and
participate in coups.[1]

---------------

Post Watergate time frame:   June 17, 1972 -
During the Schlesinger-Colby period, about 2,000 CIA personnel,
representing about 15% of the CIA manpower complement, were
dismissed. The method of these firings appears to have been heavily
influenced by CIA Officer Shackley and his faction.

This purge touched many important posts, which could then be filled
by Shackley loyalists. A description of the process is offered by
retired CIA agent Joseph Burkholder Smith, who served in the Western
Hemisphere division:    He said, "A defensive operation was started
immediately and every activity, agent"

Source:  George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography --- Chapter 15
http://www.tarpley.net/bush15.htm

---------

1974: CHAOS exposed
Pulitzer Prize winning journalist Seymour Hersh publishes a story
about Operation CHAOS, the domestic surveillance and infiltration of
anti-war and civil rights groups in the U.S. The story sparks
national outrage.  Congress holds hearings on the illegal domestic
spying efforts of James Jesus Angleton, the CIA's chief of
counterintelligence. His efforts included mail-opening campaigns and
secret surveillance of war protesters. The hearings result in his
fired from the CIA. [2]

CIA Director William Colby rejected the Team B idea and was fired.

Colby's successor as head of the spy agency, was George H.W. Bush,
Sr.. Team B's conclusion that the CIA was indeed soft on the Soviets
was leaked to sympathetic journalists and generated public support
for a new round of military spending, particularly on missiles. Team
B's conclusions turned out, years later, to be false.

In June, 1976, CIA director Bush Sr. accepted a proposal from Leo
Cherne (chairman of the President's Foriegn Intelligence Advisor
Board and former member of Intelligence Overisight Board) to carry
out an experiment in "competitive analysis" in the area of National
Intelligence Estimates of Soviet air defenses, Soviet missle
accuracy, and overall Soviet strategic objectives. Bush and Cherne
decided to conduct the competitive analysis by commissioning two
separate groups, each of which would present and argue for its own
conclusions. On the one, Team A would be the CIA's own National
Intelligence Officers and their staffs. But there would also be a
separate Team B, a group of ostensibly independent outside experts.


The liason between Pipes' Team B and Team A, the official CIA, was
provided by John Paisley, who had earlier served as the liaison
between Langley and the McCord-Hunt-Liddy Plumbers (June 17. 1972.
Bush's hand-picked staff director for the operation, John Paisley,
the Soviet analyst (Paisley was the former deputy director of the
CIA's Office of Strategic Research)
  In this sense Paisley served as the staff director of the Team A-
Team B experiment. Pipes then began choosing the members of Team B.
First he selected from a list provided by the CIA two military men,
Lieutenant General John Vogt and Brigadier General Jasper Welch,
Jr., both of the Air Force. Pipes the added seven additional
members: Paul Nitze, Gen. Daniel Graham, the retiring head of the
Defense Intelligence Agency, Professor William van Cleave of the
University of Southern California, former US Ambassador to Moscow
Foy Kohler, Paul Wolfowitz of the Arms Control and Disarmament
Agency, Thomas Wolfe of the RAND Corporation, and Seymour Weiss, a
former top State Department official. Two other choices by Pipes
were rejected by Bush.

Paisley had been involved along with (CIA officer) Angleton in the
debriefing and managing of Soviet defectors like Nosenko and Nikolai
Artamonov/"Shadrin," and various aspects of this case show that the
Bush-Cherne Team B had not really ceased its operations after 1976-
77, but had continued to function.

Paisley disappeared on September 24, 1978 while sailing on
Chesapeake Bay in his sloop, the Brillig.

--------------------------

Pres. Carter (1977-1981) fires Director of the CIA, Bush Sr. and
hires Navy Admiral Stansfield Turner

Turner then proceeded to abolish between 820 and 2,800 CIA job over
a five-year period from the Operation Branch.

Examples of the private foreign policy operations/  "The Enterprise"
during the Carter Administration: (1977-81)

In late 1970, CIA case officer Edwin P. Wilson tried to make a deal
with Anastasio Somoza, the dictator of Nicaragua.  Ed Wilson stated
he could mobilize 1,000 former CIA operatives to crush the
Sandinistas.  Wilson asked Somoza for $100 million - $100,000 per
man.  Somoza declined the offer.  (p. 38)  Former CIA man Tom Clines
had drafted this plan. p 306. Source: Charlie Wilson's war - the
largest Covert Operation in History by George Crile. 2003.

Comment:  What you have going on here is that Ed Wilson offered to
use x-CIA and/or x- CIA PM soldiers if he could get private funding
to hire them.  Ed Wilson worked with Congressman Charlie Wilson, D-
TX on this deal.  Rep. Charlie Wison sat on the House Appropriation
sub-Committee for Defense, and this sub-committee authorizes the
classified CIA budget.

CIA Inspector General investigations, some partially redacted, made
available to Wilson's prosecutorial team, dating as far back as
1977, proved that Wilson had provided a number of often embarrassing
services for the Agency since 1971. Those records also showed no
less than 80 "non-social" contacts between Wilson and the CIA
between 1971 and 1978. The Agency had many records, some still
classified, of Wilson meeting with Agency personnel - especially
Shackley, Clines or Shackley's secretary.
Shortly thereafter Wilson began working for a secret Navy operation
known as Task Force 157. But, according to other records from both
CIA and the Navy, he stopped working for the ONI in 1976

Comment: I daught Pres. Carter would have ever approved any covert
CIA operations directed against the Sandinistas to defend Somoza.
For example:

The Carter administration was critical of Somoza's human rights
record.  Between December 1978 and July 1979, the Carter
administration cut off military aid to Nicaragua and pressured
Israel to do the same. Under intense pressure from the Carter
administration and left-leaning Latin American governments in Mexico
and Venezuela, Somoza resigned on July 17, 1979. The Carter
Administration rewarded the Sandinistas' behavior with a $75 million
aid package. http://www.affbrainwash.com/archives/007518.php
http://www.fromthewilderness.com/free/ciadrugs/Ed_Wilson_1.html

The Bolivian cartel leaders, Roberto Gasser and Alfredo Gutierrez
were arrested in Miami after DEA Agent Michael Levine paid them $8
million dollars for a load of cocaine.   At the time Bolivia was the
source of 100 percent of the cocaine entering the US.   Within weeks
after the arrest, these guys were release from jail and afterwards
they took part in over throwing the government of Bolivia.  On July
17, 1980, drug trafficker murdered, tortured and raped of scores of
Bolivians, taking control of Bolivia.  The CIA, State and the
Justice Department destroyed DEA's case, US v Roberto Suarez, et
al.    (Source:  The Big White Lie, by Michael Levine)

Comment:  So the above DEA operation, shows that someone in the
Carter Administration Justice Department or DEA shut-down the
planned sting operation and arrest of this Bolivian cartel . See
deals below:  These traffickers were elite fascist whom the CIA or
someone wanted to overthrow the socialist government of Bolivia.

In 1966, the Asian league evolved into the World Anti-Communist
League (WACL) with the inclusion of former Nazis from Europe, overt
racialists from the United States and "death squad" operatives from
Latin America, along with more traditional conservatives. Rev. Sun
Myung Moon's followers played important roles in both organizations,
which also maintained close ties to the CIA.

Meanwhile, after World War II, South America was becoming a
crossroads for Nazi fugitives and drug smugglers. Nazi war criminal
Klaus Barbie, the so-called Butcher of Lyons, earned his living in
Bolivia by selling his intelligence skills, while other ex-Nazis
trafficked in narcotics. Often the lines crossed.

Comment:  The CIA help Barbie get out of Germany after the war and
knew where he was living, but kept this secret.  "... it was also
clear (from a dossie that Klaus Altmann (aka Klaus Barbie) worked
for the Americans." [For an English translation of Hermann's
detailed account, see Covert Action Information Bulletin, Winter
1986]


In those years, Auguste Ricord, a French war criminal who had
collaborated with the Gestapo, set up shop in Paraguay. Ricord
opened up French Connection heroin channels to American Mafia drug
kingpin Santo Trafficante Jr., who controlled much of the heroin
traffic into the United States. Columns by Jack Anderson identified,
Ricord's accomplices as some of Paraguay's highest-ranking officers.

Another French Connection mobster, Christian David, relied on
protection of Argentine authorities. While trafficking in heroin,
David also "took on assignments for Argentina's terrorist
organization, the Argentine Anti-Communist Alliance," Henrik Kruger
wrote in The Great Heroin Coup. During President Nixon's "war on
drugs," U.S. authorities smashed this famous French Connection and
won extraditions of Ricord and David in 1972.

But by then, powerful drug lords had forged strong ties to South
America's military leaders. Other Trafficante-connected groups,
including right-wing anti-Castro Cubans in Miami, eagerly filled the
drug void. Heroin from the Golden Triangle of Southeast Asia quickly
replaced the French Connection heroin that had come mostly from the
Middle East.

During this period, the CIA actively collaborated with right-wing
army officers to oust left-leaning governments. And amid this swirl
of anti-communism, Moon became active in South America. His first
visit to Argentina was in 1965 when he blessed a square behind the
presidential Pink House in Buenos Aires. He returned a decade later
and began making high-level contacts in Argentina, Chile, Paraguay,
Bolivia and Uruguay.

The far-right gained control of Argentina in 1976 with a Dirty War
that "disappeared" tens of thousands of Argentines. Michael Levine,
a star undercover agent of the Drug Enforcement Administration, was
assigned to Buenos Aires and was struck how "death was very much a
way of life in Argentina." [See Levine's Big White Lie]

While the CIA was encouraging this aggressive anti-communism on one
level, Levine and his DEA field agents were moving against some of
the conspirators for drug crimes. In May 1980, DEA in Miami seized
854 pounds of cocaine base and arrested two top Bolivian traffickers
from the Roberto Suarez organization. But Levine saw the bust double-
crossed, he suspected, for geo-political reasons.
One suspect, Jose Roberto Gasser "was almost immediately released
from custody by the Miami U.S. attorney's office," Levine wrote.
(Gasser was the son of Bolivian WACL associate Erwin Gasser, a
leading figure in the upcoming coup.) The other defendant saw his
bail lowered, letting him flee the United States. Levine worried
about the fate of Bolivian officials who had helped DEA. [See
Levine's Deep Cover]

On June 17, 1980, in nearly public planning for the coup, six of
Bolivia's biggest traffickers met with the military conspirators to
hammer out a financial deal for future protection of the cocaine
trade. A La Paz businessman said the coming putsch should be called
the "Cocaine Coup," a name that would stick. [Cocaine Politics]

According to later Bolivian government and newspaper reports, a Moon
representative invested about $4 million in preparations for the
coup. Bolivia's World Anti-Communist League representatives also
played key roles, and CAUSA, one of Moon's anti-communist
organizations, listed as members nearly all the leading Bolivian
coup-makers. [CAIB, Winter 1986]

On Dec. 16, 1980, Cuban-American intelligence operative Ricardo
Morales told a Florida prosecutor that he had become an informer in
Operation Tick-Talks, a Miami-based investigation that implicated
Frank Castro and other Bay of Pigs veterans in a conspiracy to
import cocaine from the new military rulers of Bolivia. [Cocaine
Politics]

Years later, Medellin cartel money-launderer Ramon Milian Rodriguez
testified before Senate hearings chaired by Sen. John Kerry, D-Mass.
Milian Rodriguez stated that in the early days of the
cartel, "Bolivia was much more significant than the other
countries." [April 6, 1988]

As the drug lords consolidated their power in Bolivia, the Moon
organization expanded its presence, too. Hermann reported that in
early 1981, war criminal Barbie and Moon leader Thomas Ward were
often seen together in apparent prayer. Mingolla, the Argentine
intelligence officer, described Ward as his CIA paymaster, with the
$1,500 monthly salary coming from the CAUSA office of Ward's
representative. [CAIB, Winter 1986]
http://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/moon6.html

Comment:  So the question I put to you was the CIA controlling the
Bolivia coup or was this a private Enterprise/WACL operation?

----------------
Phoenix-based corporations suspected of being "fronts" for General
John Singlaub's "Enterprise" activities. Based in Phoenix, Arizona,
Retired Major General Singlaub organized in early 1982 an American
chapter of the World Anti-Communist League (WACL), called the United
States Council for World Freedom (USCWF), with a loan from Taiwan.
Funding for Seal's planes would come from sources close to those
efforts.

"Jack" Singlaub had a long history of involvement in covert
operations, beginning with service in the World War II Office of
Strategic Services (OSS). He had served as CIA Desk Officer for
China in 1949 and Deputy Chief of Station in South Korea during the
Korean War, and during the Vietnam War he commanded the Special
Operations Group Military Assistance Command, Vietnam--Studies and
Observation Group (MACVSOG), which participated in the CIA's
Operation Phoenix assassination program.

Singlaub's efforts, and Seal's as well, had been necessitated by the
shocking scandals of the 1970s combined with drastic reductions
in "official" CIA capabilities in the Carter years. Until then, the
CIA. had controlled a huge network of planes, pilots and companies
for use in paramilitary situations. But with the end of the Vietnam
War and the public revulsion at disclosures of out of control CIA
covert operations, many of those assets (such as the infamous Air
America) were dissolved or sold off.
But Carter won and Admiral Stansfield Turner became director of the
CIA. Under Carter's direction, Admiral Turner began to dismantle
large parts of the CIA's covert operations apparatus. Since the
accounts in the Nugen Hand bank and the military hardware stashed in
Thailand had neve officially existed, they were never touched.
However the remnants of Air America feared that this would not be
the case for much longer so they found employment with the Shah of
Iran until Turner's purge had run it's course.

Consequently, when the Reagan Administration sought to expand covert
paramilitary operations

http://www.fromthewilderness.com/free/ciadrugs/W_plane.html

In the late 1970s and early 80s former military and CIA pilot Gary
Eitel, also an attorney, became aware that the CIA was planning to
move a number of Australian C-130s under CIA control into the
private sector and transfer them to Bogota Colombia. "They were to
be used for drug smuggling," said Eitel. The attorney for the
transfer was a man named John Ford who in later years represented
Pacificorp, Pacific Harbor Capitol and who is currently said to be
senior in-house attorney for Pacific Gas and Electric in San
Francisco (no connection). Several of the Australian C-130's turned
up in the drug trade and were moved through facilities in Arizona
and Mena, Arkansas, among others, on their way into the cocaine
trade.

Eitel has testified in Federal Court and confirmed to From The
Wilderness that CIA was flying drugs into Mena Arkansas as far back
as 1971-5. Eitel began his relations with CIA in 1968 as a
helicopter pilot who was willing to fly risky combat missions in
Vietnam. He has since broken with the Agency and has proven that by
giving sworn testimony both in court and in Congress exposing
illegal CIA operations.

http://fromthewilderness.com/free/pandora/forest_service_c130s.html

-----------

Carter and Torrijos signed a treaty on 7 September 1977 Washington,
DC. "That moment had a significant importance ongoing struggle of
Panamanians for their liberation, their independence, and for
strengthening their sovereignty. Omar Torrijos dared to break the
colonialist circle imposed on Panama by the United States."

Jaime Roldós, president of Ecuador, and Omar Torrijos, president of
Panama died in 1981. CIA assassinations of the leaders of other
countries are a well known fact. Source: Confessions of an Economic
Hit Man by John Perkins

------

Numerous experts, including current and former CIA agents and
analysts, current and former agents of the Drug Enforcement
Administration and current and former Wackenhut executives and
employees, all of whom have said that in the mid-197O's, atter the
Senate Intelligence Committee's revelations of the CIA's covert and
sometimes illegal overseas operations, the agency and Wackenhut grew
very, very close.  Those revelations had forced the CIA to do a
housecleaning, and it became CIA policy that certain kinds of
activities would no longer officially be performed. But that didn't
always mean that the need or the desire to undertake such operations
disappeared. And that's where Wackenhut came in.

Our sources confirm that Wackenhut has had a long- standing
relationship with the CIA, and that it has deepened over the last
decade or so. Bruce Berckmans, who was assigned to the CIA station
in Mexico City, left the agency in January 1975 (putatively) to
become a Wackenhut international-operations vice president.
Berckmans, who left Wackenhut in 1981, told SPY that he has seen a
formal proposal George Wackenhut submitted to the CIA to allow the
agency to use Wackenhut offices throughout the world as fronts for
CIA activities.

http://www.totse.com/en/politics/central_intelligence_agency/wack_1.h
tml

---------

As early as 1979 when Carter was still president, the CIA assessment
clearly indicated that the Soviet Union was beginning to crumble
internally. Its economy was virtually in shambles. What little
export business it had was quickly going down the tubes. Its
infrastructure was falling apart. Then in 1981, the started CIA
sending its annual assessment report to the White House directly and
not to anybody else. (Later in the 1980s Tommy Rheinhardt the CIA
liaison officer to Congress lied extensively about this very same
subject matter.) The White House then would reproduce a whole new
CIA report that showed the exact opposite of what was really
happening, The Bush Sr. Cabal then used this as a justification to
embark upon a policy of enormous necessary to finance said defense
buildup.

//  more of this continued in during Reagan 1981 -

The Soviet Union was very close to bankruptcy in 1987 and the Bush
Cabal was scared. They knew that if the Soviet Union fell apart
economically in 1987, the jig was up and people would know they had
lied (about the threat and the corporate welfare) . Everybody would
know that they had lied about the military and economic strength of
the Soviet Union. Therefore the West defense buildup and the
wasteful expenditure thereunto and the enormous amount of debt
Germans secretly lent the Soviets $80 billion and the Japanese
secretly under Bush pressure lent them another $40 billion. However,
the money was lent with the understanding that the US treasury and
the people of the United States would be ultimately responsible for
the$120 billion should the Soviet Union default on said loans.

http://www.node707.com/archives/005705.shtml
http://www.geocities.com/aberdenn/trud/rumsfeld_intelligence_unit.htm
l

---------------
In 1978, Congress passed the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
to try to stop electronic surveillance of US citizens by American
Intelligence. This act, however, did not cover British wiretapping
of Americans using US equipment at National Security Agency sites
and then passing on information about American back to the US
intelligence agencies. For the past fifty years, British
Intelligence has been allowed to wiretap Americans without warrants
and then pass information back to American intelligence or the FBI.
Also the American have provided the same service to British
Intelligence, allowing Americans intelligence to wiretap their
citizens from within Great Britain without warrants.(Source: Loftus,
John The Secret War Against the Jews, New York: St Martin's Press)

----------

APRIL 1978 The President Carter had authorized a CIAs secret war by
the tribal Mujahedeen in Afghanistan against the Soviet's 40thArmy
and the new Marxist regime. Pakistan was worried that the Soviet
would invade them next and so they agreed to help the CIA.  The
Pakistanis then passed the guns from the CIA to the Afghan warriors.


In the letter, according to Parry, Nituda warned Marcos that
Reagan's emissary, Senator Paul Laxalt demanded that "sensitive
files, including ones listing the 1980 transactions, be turned over
to the US before Marcos could go to Hawaii." Nituda's letter
specifically cited accounts set up for Reagan and his 1980 campaign
manager (and later CIA Director) William Casey, and that Laxalt
demanded "all documents check-listed during his last visit or the
deal for a Hawaiian exile is off."  During his Hawaiian exile,
Marcos declared that he had given Reagan $4 million in 1980 and $8
million in 1984.(Source: "Lost History: Marcos, Money & Treason,"
investigative reporter Robert Parry)

---------------------------------------

Pres. Reagan 1981-

In 1981, Reagan's Director of Central Intelligence, William Casey,
saw the political possibilities of turning Bane's Office of
Terrorism into a "back-channel" mechanism, like Chaos under Angleton
and Richard Ober, for conducting secret "hip pocket" operations
outside the normal chain of command. Casey replaced aging Howard
Bane with CIA officer William F. Buckley Jr., a special warfare
expert who had managed the CIA's Counter-Terror Program in Vietnam
from 1969-1972. Buckley renamed Bane's unit the Office of Domestic
Terrorism (OTC), and the ODT became the official manifestation of
the off-the-shelf Enterprise formed by Bush (Sr.) père, while he was
Director of Central Intelligence (Jan. 1976-Jan. 1997), and his anti-
terrorism guru, the CIA's Assistant Deputy Director of Operations,
Theodore Shackley in mid-1976.

Like Chaos, the Counter-Terror Network had , asa secure
communications system Peter Dale Scott observed, "that excluded
other bureaucrats with opposing viewpoints.""The counter-terrorism
network even had its own special worldwide antiterrorist computer
network, codenamed Flashboard, by which members could communicate
exclusively with each other and their collaborators abroad."

Casey laid the groundwork for this Counter-Terror Network in 1981,
when he appointed veteran CIA officer, David Whipple as the CIA's
National Intelligence Officer (NIO) for counter-terrorism.  Whipple
had been serving as the CIA's station chief in Switzerland.

Whipple monitored Buckley's Office of Domestic Terrorism, and its
staff that included an operations chief, intelligence analysts,
photo interpreters, and several case officers. Because it had the
authority to access any division's files and to co-opt its most
precious penetration agents.  Whipple served as North's case officer
(task force chief) in this monumental misadventure.

In 1982 North was named the NSC staff co-ordinator for crisis
management. VP  Bush was in overall charge as chair of the cabinet-
level Crisis Management Committee. Starting in February 1983, North,
according to Scott, developed a secret Crisis Management Center,
and "a plan (REX 84) to suspend the Constitution in the event of a
national crisis .  In April 1984 he created the Terrorist Incident
Working Group (TWIG) specifically to rescue several American
hostages.

VP George Bush now reassigned his Terrorism Task Force employees,
Craig Coy and Robert Earl, to do the daily work of the North secret
office.   FBI Assistant Director Revell, often George Bush's "hit
man" against Bush's domestic opponents.  VP George Bush now
reassigned his Terrorism Task Force employees, Craig Coy and Robert
Earl, to do the daily work of the North secret office.[4]

The Bush Terrorism Task Force, having completed its official work,
had simply made itself into a renamed, permanent, covert agency. Its
new name was Operations Sub-Group (OSG). In this transformation, CIA
Contra-handler Duane Clarridge had been added to the Task Force to
form the "OSG," which included North, John Poindexter, Charles
Allen, Robert Oakley, Noel Koch, General Moellering and "Buck"
Revell.[4]

GEORGE BUSH, U.S. Vice President: CHAIRMAN

Admiral James L. Holloway III: Executive assistant to Chairman Bush

Craig Coy: Bush's deputy assistant under Holloway

Vice Admiral John Poindexter:Senior NSC representative to Chairman
Bush

Marine Corps Lt. Col. Oliver North: Day-to- day NSC representative
to George Bush

Amiram Nir: Counterterror adviser to Israeli Premier Shimon Peres

Lt. Col. Robert Earl: Staff member

Terry Arnold: Principal consultant

Charles E. Allen, CIA officer: Senior Review Group

Robert Oakley, Director, State Dept. Counter Terrorism Office:
Senior Review Group

Noel Koch, Deputy to Asst. Secretary of Defense Richard Armitage:
Senior Review Group

Lt. Gen. John Moellering, Joint Chiefs of Staff: Senior Review Group

Oliver `` Buck '' Revell, FBI executive: Senior Review Group [5}

According to the Oliver North diaries, even before this final phase
of the Bush-North apparatus there were at least 14 meetings between
North and the Bush Task Force's senior members Holloway, Oakley and
Allen, its principal consultant Terry Arnold, and its staff men
Robert Earl and Craig Coy. The North diaries from July 1985 through
January 1986, show one meeting with President Reagan, and four
meetings with Vice President Bush: either the two alone, North with
Bush and Amiram Nir, or North with Bush and Donald Gregg.[4]


On 20 January 1986, North's efforts were crowned with National
Security Decision Directive 207, making him chief co-ordinator of
the Administration's counter-terror program, and providing him with
a secret office and staff known as the Office To Combat Terrorism.
Working through the inter-agency Operations Sub-Group (OSG), (see
below)  North co-ordinated the secret Counter-Terror Network and
retired Air Force General Richard Secord's Enterprise.

Part of this OSG was a group of anti-Castro Cubans, all of whom were
directly connected to VP Bush through his chief of operations,
Donald Gregg, via Rudy Enders and Felix Rodriguez (all Phoenix
Program veterans);

The ranking members of this Counter-Terror Network included: Donald
Gregg (Bush's National Security Advisor); CIA officer Charles Allen
(Whipple's replacement as Casey's Counter-Terror National
Intelligence Officer in 1985); Robert Oakley at the State
Department's Office of Counter-Terrorism (a former CIA officer with
experience in political operations in Vietnam, Oakley co-chair of
North's Operations Sub-Group until mid-1986); Richard Armitage (a
member of the Enterprise) at the Defense Department, Lt. Gen. John
Moellering at the Joint Chiefs of Staff, FBI Counter-Terror Chief,
Oliver Revell, and Michael Ledeen at the National Security Council.
John Negroponte as US ambassador to Honduras under Reagan, he funded
that particular right-wing regime's most notorious death squads,
Battalion 316.

  June 1985, when Bush Sr. formed the Terrorism Task Force cutting
the CIA's Deputy Director for Operations, Clair George out of the
chain of command.  "Clair George [..] testified how Casey bypassed
him by having Charles Allen, the national Intelligence Officer for
Counter-Terrorism, deal with Michael Ledeen and Ghorbanifar
on "terrorist" matters."

Casey in January 1986 conscripted veteran CIA officer Duane
Clarridge into the Counter-Terror Network, as its de-facto security
chief, and directed Clarridge to form the CIA's Counter-Terror
Center, which exists until today.   Duane "Dewey" Clarridge, a man
with an extensive background in terror, was well equipped for
managing this job. A rabid right-wing ideologue, he was chief of the
CIA's station in Turkey in the late 1960s and 1970s, when the
fascist Grey Wolves went on a terror rampage, bombing, shooting and
killing thousands of officials, journalists, students, lawyers,
labour organisers, social democrats, left-wing activists and Kurds.
Since then, Turkey' military dictatorship has been one of America's
strongest allies.

Background:

Ted Shackley was George Bush Sr's Number 2 man at the CIA when Bush
was CIA Director under Pres. Ford.

A body-builder and certified member of the Old Boy clique that runs
the CIA, Clarridge in August 1976 helped Bush's Assistant Deputy
Director of Operations, Ted Shackley, recruit Albert Hakim, later a
member of Secord's Enterprise, to spy in Iran. Clarridge was serving
as the CIA's station chief in Rome  and was chief of Latin America
Division from 1981 until 1984, when Nicaraguan harbours were mined
and the psyops "murder manual" was distributed to the Contras, with
his approval. In this capacity Clarridge helped Richard Secord move
PLO weapons captured by Israeli forces during their bloody invasion
of Lebanon, through Noriega in Panama, to the Contras.

Clarridge, as chief of the Europe Division, next played a pivotal
role in the illegal Iran-Contra operation, by providing the back
channel, through his station chief in Lisbon, that allowed North and
Secord's Enterprise to sell HAWK and TOW missiles to the Iranians,
at a huge profit for Secord and his Israeli counterparts, in
exchange for the release of several American hostages.

Steve Emerson: Secret Warriors, p24. Shackley, Secord, Hakim, Tom
Clines and Ed Wilson were all linked to various money-making scams
conducted under the aegis of national security.

1970s and 1980s, PANAMA
For more than a decade, Panamanian strongman Manuel Noriega was a
highly paid CIA asset and collaborator, despite knowledge by U.S.
drug authorities as early as 1971 that the general was heavily
involved in drug trafficking and money laundering. Noriega
facilitated "guns-for-drugs" flights for the contras, providing
protection and pilots, as well as safe havens for drug cartel
officials, and discreet banking facilities. U.S. officials,
including then-ClA Director William Webster and several DEA
officers, sent Noriega letters of praise for efforts to thwart drug
trafficking (albeit only against competitors of his Medellin Cartel
patrons). The U.S. government only turned against Noriega, invading
Panama in December 1989 and kidnapping the general, once they
discovered he was providing intelligence and services to the Cubans
and Sandinistas. Ironically drug trafficking through Panama
increased after the US invasion. (John Dinges, Our Man in Panama,
Random House, 1991; National Security Archive Documentation Packet
The Contras, Cocaine, and Covert Operations.) [3]
Another Costa Rican-based drug ring involved a group of Cuban
Americans whom the CIA had hired as military trainers for the
contras. Many had long been involved with the CIA and drug
trafficking They used contra planes and a Costa Rican-based shrimp
company, which laundered money for the CIA, to move cocaine to the
U.S. [3]

Costa Rica was not the only route. Guatemala, whose military
intelligence service — closely associated with the CIA — harbored
many drug traffickers, according to the DEA, was another way station
along the cocaine highway. Additionally, the Medellin Cartel's Miami
accountant, Ramon Milian Rodriguez, testified that he funneled
nearly $10 million to Nicaraguan contras through long-time CIA
operative Felix Rodriguez, who was based at Ilopango Air Force Base
in El Salvador. [3]

The contras provided both protection and infrastructure (planes,
pilots, airstrips, warehouses, front companies and banks) to these
ClA-linked drug networks. At least four transport companies under
investigation for drug trafficking received US government contracts
to carry non-lethal supplies to the contras. Southern Air
Transport, "formerly" ClA-owned, and later under Pentagon contract,
was involved in the drug running as well. Cocaine-laden planes flew
to Florida, Texas, Louisiana and other locations, including several
military bases. Designated as 'Contra Craft,' these shipments were
not to be inspected. When some authority wasn't clued in, and made
an arrest, powerful strings were pulled on behalf of dropping the
case, acquittal, reduced sentence, or deportation. [3]   By the end
of the 1980's it was calculated that the illegal use of drugs in the
United States now netted its controllers over $110 billion a year.

Afghanistan, were used to transport opium to laboratories along the
Afghan/Pakistan border. The output provided up to one half of the
heroin used annually in the United States and three-quarters of that
used in Western Europe. U.S. officials admitted in 1990 that they
had failed to investigate or take action against the drug operation
because of a desire not to offend their Pakistani and Afghan allies.
In 1993, an official of the DEA called Afghanistan the new Colombia
of the drug world. [3]

When Jack Terrell informed the Justice Department that North was
involved in drug smuggling, North labelled Terrell a terrorist and
sicced the FBI's counter-terror unit on him.

Background on the drug trafficking of the Enterprise:

The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, as is by now well-known by
anyone who has cared to be informed, has long been deeply involved
in the international trafficking of the addictive drugs heroin and
(since the early 1980s, if not earlier) cocaine, the enormous
profits from which have financed, and continue to finance, both U.S.
covert operations and the U.S. military (via payments to Pentagon
contractors).

The main reason why this is not more widely known is that the main
players in the U.S. media have always worked to protect the Agency
and to keep the American public in the dark as to the nature of its
activities
Kennedy's intended change in Vietnam policy — his plan to
unilaterally withdraw from the imbroglio — infuriated not only the
CIA but elements in the Pentagon and their allies in the military-
industrial-complex. By this time, of course, the Lansky Syndicate
had already set-up international heroin running from Southeast Asia
through the CIA-linked Corsican Mafia in the Mediterranean. The
joint Lansky-CIA operations in the international drug racket were a
lucrative venture that thrived as a consequence of deep U.S.
involvement in Southeast Asia as a cover for drug smuggling
activities. — Michael Collins Piper, The Final Judgment, quoted at
Vietnam, the CIA's Illegal Drug Trafficking, and JFK's Assassination
From the days of the Vietnam War the CIA has been at the forefront
of heroin trafficking. When the Reagan administration needed to
finance its war against Nicaragua the (The Enterprise) applied what
it had learned in Vietnam to importing vast quantities of cocaine
(sometimes 20 tons at a time) from Latin America, selling it to the
Mafia, and using the profits to finance its "covert activities",
activities so contrary to America's professed values that they must
be concealed at all costs from the American people.
Ollie's Plumbers
A similar abuse occurred in 1986, when evidence began leaking out
about Oliver North's secret supply line to Nicaraguan contra rebels.
Reagan's White House tried to destroy witnesses who knew about those
illegal operations.

North sicced former CIA officer Glenn Robinette on one
whistleblower, named Jack Terrell, who had trained contra units in
Honduras and returned with accounts of contra atrocities and cocaine
trafficking. Robinette ran a mini-plumbers unit, which cranked down
on leaks that were endangering North's secrecy.

When Terrell came to Washington in 1986 to tell his story to
Congress, Robinette contacted Terrell. According to Robinette's July
17, 1986, memo to North, the goal was to "sting" Terrell by luring
him into phony business deals. When that failed, Robinette fed
derogatory information to the FBI, which put Terrell under
investigation for a purported threat against President Reagan's
life.

Meanwhile, at the White House, North reported to his boss, national
security adviser John Poindexter, that a high-powered inter-agency
task force called the Terrorist Incident Working Group had turned
over "all information" on Terrell to the FBI. In a July 17, 1986,
memo, North said the TIWG's "operations sub-group" would review an
FBI "counter-intelligence, counter-terrorism operations plan" to
neutralize Terrell.

"It is interesting to note that Terrell has been part of what
appears to be a much larger operation being conducted against our
support for the Nicaraguan resistance," North declared.

On July 28, 1986, North typed another memo entitled "Terrorist
Threat: Terrell," suggesting that Terrell real crime was his public
criticism of the contras and North's operation. The memo cited
Terrell's "anti-contra and anti-U.S. activities" and accused him of
becoming "an active participant in the disinformation/active
measures campaign against the Nicaraguan Democratic Resistance."

"Terrell has appeared on various television 'documentaries' alleging
corruption, human rights abuses, drug running, arms smuggling and
assassination attempts by the resistance and their supporters,"
North wrote. "Terrell is also believed to be involved with various
congressional staffs in preparing for hearings and inquiries
regarding the role of U.S. government officials in illegally
supporting the Nicaraguan resistance." Reagan personally initialed
that memo.

In late July and early August 1986, FBI and Secret Service agents
kept Terrell under surveillance. Though finding no evidence to
support North's dark suspicions, agents still subjected him to two
days of polygraph examinations.

Finally, the bogus investigation was dropped, but Terrell's
reputation had been damaged in Washington. He also shied away from
telling his stories again. "It burned me up," Terrell said in an
interview. "The pressure was always there."

Even after North's operations were exposed in fall 1986, when one of
his contra supply planes was shot down, the Democrats and the
Washington news media did little to highlight the Reagan
administration's abuse of its police powers -- or to explore other
cases of similar violations.

In contrast, the Republicans are not skipping their chance to wail
away at Clinton on the FBI files as he again sags against the ropes.
The GOP seems to have no fear that the punch-drunk Democrat will go
for a knock-out in the late rounds.

Dirtying Up Dissenters
In 1981, for instance, when President Reagan faced a challenge to
his policy of supporting a right-wing junta in El Salvador, the FBI
launched a nationwide criminal investigation of Reagan's critics.
Over the next four years, the FBI tasked 52 of its field offices to
probe the activities of a peace group, called Committee in
Solidarity with the People of El Salvador (CISPES) and 138 related
organizations, including church groups.

The CISPES investigation spewed out thousands of pages of reports,
as FBI agents crisscrossed the country interviewing the employers
and the neighbors of CISPES activists. Some FBI agents clearly
understood that their job was to discredit political dissidents.
Source:  http://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/clinton1.html

--------------

Around the same time that the Office of Public Diplomacy was geared-
up for its CIA-inspired covert disinformation and propaganda
campaign, LTC. Oliver North was working with officials of the
Federal Emergency Management Agency to draw up a secret contingency
plan to surveil political dissenters and to arrange for the
detention of hundreds of thousands of undocumented aliens.

Comment:  It is my belief this North used the REX  84 planning
operation to illegally investiage and harass protest movements/ US
persons.

The plan, which was modeled after a plan that Reagan and Edwin Meese
had developed in California to deal with black activists, anti-war
protesters and members of the student Free Speech Movement, involved
the cooperation of a number of agencies, including the Immigration
and Naturalization Service.

A Private Eye of the Private Network

In the summer of 1984, North was reassigned from domestic crisis
planning to managing the covert and largely privatized effort to
support the Nicaraguan contras. But while his new role emphasized
the coordination of the Nicaragua initiative, it is clear that North
still kept his eye on domestic developments. His relationship with
Philip Mabry, a private investigator in Fort Worth, Texas, is a case
in point.

At North's encouragement, Mabry (to volunteer and) set up a small
organization called Americans for Human Rights and Social Justice.
And while the group, which consisted of the 49-year-old Mabry and
his associate, Randy Pearce,  operated on a shoestring budget, it
was quite successful in gaining access to local newspapers and
television stations to counter the growing demonstrations against
United States policies in Central America.

Mabry wrote a hand-drawn diagram of a number of interlocking private
foundations and conservative organizations was on a memo which later
turned up in North's files.

"A good way to get these assholes is to let the FBI check them out.
This list includes pro-Marxists, communists, traitors.'" Mabry said
that North instructed him to write to the FBI, requesting that the
Bureau investigate the groups-and asked Mabry to arrange for a
number of other conservative activists to send similar letters to
the FBI all citing the names of the same liberal and left-wing
activists and groups. "Ollie explained that if the Bureau got a
bunch of letters from different sources all citing the same people,
that would be enough for the FBI to have a legal mandate to
investigate those groups," Mabry recounted.

The individuals Mabry cited in the letter include Robert White,
former U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador; Elaine and Gene Lantz ... and
Hollywood personalities Arthur Gorson, Sean Daniel, Michael Douglas,
Martin Sheen, Vonetta McGee, Susan Anspach and Susan Sarandon.
(Sarandon was active in a group called Madre, which provides
literacy, parenting and nutrition assistance to poor women,
especially in Central America.

  FBI may have been "tasked" by the CIA or National Security Council
to interview activists returning from Nicaragua, it seems apparent
that such "tasking" had become a routine part of FBI activities by
the mid-1980s. The FBI's compilation during the 1980s of
investigative files on at least a dozen Senators and Representatives
who opposed President Reagan's policies in Nicaragua and El Salvador-
some of which included material procured through electronic
surveillance

As for the doctrine of "active measures" which was raised to the
level of high policy focus by Casey and used by the FBI to justify
numerous operations-including a campaign to spy on users of public
libraries-it is still the subject of an ongoing inter-agency task
force and, as such, can still be used to discredit and investigate
law-abiding citizens by labeling them as "fronts" for Moscow, Havana
or other purported hostile foreign powers.

The CIA could well have coordinated a number of private groups,
Salvadoran as well as North American, in a campaign of break-ins
which it hid under the cover of the FBI's official investigations of
those groups. It does not seem coincidental that the majority of
break-in victims were also affiliated with groups which were
targeted for official investigation by the FBI.

  In late 1987, Rep. Don Edwards, the former FBI agent, wrote an
article titled "The Unsolved Break-Ins," in which he stated
that "there are two likely sources for these break-ins...[One
possibility is that they] may be the work of agents of one or more
Central American government or of factions representing the ruling
classes in those countries. We know in the past, violent governments
have sent their agents to the U.S. to harass and intimidate their
opponents here. The Shah of Iran and Marcos of the Philippines both
had active intelligence operations in this country...The right-wing
government of Chile was involved in the car bombing in Washington
that killed Orlando Letelier.
http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/FBI/Heart_North_CoverUp_BDF.html

--------------



The story is crystal clear: Presidents Nixon, Reagan and Bush
created secret "counter-terror" cabals within their administrations
to conduct illegal operations and harass their domestic political
opponents. Under the aegis of counter-terrorism, the FBI since then
has conducted extensive surveillance against every peace group that
opposes any right-wing Administration's blatant terrorism.
-----------
The CIA should be abolished, its leadership dismissed and its
relevant members tried for crimes against humanity. Our intelligence
community should be rebuilt from the ground up, with the goal of
collecting and analyzing information.


As for covert action, there are two moral options. The first one is
to eliminate covert action completely. But this gives jitters to
people worried about the Adolph Hitler's of the world. So a second
option is that we can place covert action under extensive and true
democratic oversight. For example, a bipartisan Congressional
Committee of 40 members could review and veto all aspects of CIA
operations upon a majority or super-majority vote. Which of these
two options is best may be the subject of debate, but one thing is
clear: like dictatorship, like monarchy, unaccountable covert
operations should die like the dinosaurs they are. [2]

The above noted, Former FBI Agent Oliver Revell is still pushing
Domestic spying

May 30, 2002:  What it means is that the FBI will be able to do what
any private citizen or any cop on the beat can do, which is go
anywhere the public can go for information," the official added.
Oliver "Buck" Revell, ex-associate director of the FBI, said critics
can't have it both ways -- faulting the agency for not doing enough
to thwart terrorist attacks, but complaining when the agency turns
to more aggressive information-gathering techniques.

"Some of these activities will be chilling, there's no question of
it," Revell said. "But if the public expects and if the Congress
expects there to be prevention of terror activities, there's going
to have to be the collection of information,  and that collection at
times will certainly be problematic to people's concerns."
http://archives.cnn.com/2002/LAW/05/30/ashcroft.fbi/index.html

------------------------
1.  Additional Source:  Ralph McGehee worked for the CIA from 1952
until 1977
http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/CIA/McGehee_CIA_Indo.html   The
article was based on a classified CIA study of which McGehee  was
custodian while working in the International Communism Branch of the
CIA's Counterintelligence Staff.  Indonesia in late 1965 and early
1966.

2. http://www.serendipity.li/cia/cia_time.htm
http://home.att.net/~Resurgence/tenets.htm

3. http://www.serendipity.li/cia/blum1.html

4.  http://www.modernhistoryproject.org/mhp/ArticleDisplay.php?
Article=BushCh18-2

5. http://www.tarpley.net/bush18.htm

Some of the information on the Counter-Terror Network came from
Peter Dale Scott's essay, 'The Counter Terrorism Network: Bush,
North, And The Accumulation of Secret Power'
Main Source:  Douglas Valentine
http://www.nthposition.com/homelandinsecurity.php

------------------

Operation Sub-Group   (based  on sole source: Special Forece) Major
Gene Duncan aka Chip Tatum

Tatum states it was in 1981 that "President Reagan signed National
Security Decision Directive Number 3 (NSDD-3), which authorized the
vice president to chair the Special Situation Group (SSG). The
Special Situation Group was a division under the National Security
Council (NSC). One entity formed to support the SSG was the
Terrorist Incident Working Group (TIWG). TIWG was formed in April
1982, by authority of President Reagan in NSDD-30. This group
consisted of representatives of the following: Director of Central
Intelligence, Department of Defense, FBI, NSC staff and others as
required.

As a deep cover (allegedly) CIA and DIA operative, Gene "Chip" Tatum
(aka Major Gene Duncan) saw or participated in a remarkable series
of covert operations. Foremost in his mind are the years 1986-92,
when he operated for a group he called Pegasus (codename) . This
group operated on behalf of the US and other governments undertaking
tasks that ranged from narcotic smuggling to assassinations.

In a very real sense, Chip Tatum's story has now gone full circle.
In March 1996, Tatum wrote to former Director of Central
Intelligence, William Colby. Readers will recall that it was Colby
who originally recruited Tatum into the CIA in 1971, and set him on
his career as a covert intelligence operator. Since that time, Tatum
had developed a fondness for the super-spook and Colby, in turn,
played the role of mentor.
"The purpose of TIWG is to provide SSG with direct operational
support. TIWG then recommended to the President that a Terrorism
Task Force be formed and chaired by the head of SSG (the vice
president). Reagan approved NSDD-138 in April 1984, which extended
TIWG's arm and ability to form sub-groups. As a result of NSDD-138
was the formation of the Operation Sub-Group. The subgroup was a
select NSC-DOD-CIA-FBI-Foreign Intelligence Agency which operated so
as to by-pass the regular operations of intelligence/military/law
enforcement agencies. OSG was formed in February 1986."

Having revealed the framework of the authorizing Presidential
Directives necessary for the conduct of these covert operations,
Tatum then details the nitty-gritty of the OSG. "I was an operative
for OSG from April, 1986 through January, 1992. When I was operating
under the authority of the OSG I would report directly to the OSG,
not to the CIA or DIA. This `secret government' apparatus, built by
Vice President Bush from 1981 to 1986, was able to draw upon assets
from the CIA, the DOD Special Operations Units, and the private
sector. Using the private sector clause, Don Gregg, VP Bush's
National Security Advisor, included a representative from British
Intelligence and Israeli Intelligence. To date I have called this
group Pegasus in an attempt not to divulge it's true identity until
I was on safe ground. Although most of the missions performed by OSG-
2 are classified, the existence of the organization is now
declassified."

Until Tatum forwarded these details, the existence of more than one
Operations Sub-Group (OSG) were unknown. In fact, Tatum has now
revealed the existence of three OSGs. OSG-1 was headed by Ted
Shackley and was "our anti-narcotics group.' OSG-2 was the anti-
terrorism group and OSG-3 was "our alignment group." (aka a US death
squad) Tatum was originally posted to OSG-2 which was commanded by
LTC. Oliver North. The third group, OSG-3 was commanded by Richard
Secord. Following the exposure of Oliver North's role in Contragate
in 1987 he resigned as head of OSG-2, and his spot was taken over by
Secord. Tatum moved up to command OSG-3 at the same time.

All three OSG's answered to those individuals who sat on the TIWG.
General Colin Powell, represented the Department of Defence, William
Casey the CIA, Donald Gregg for the National Security Council. "FBI
guys rotated in and out…" Tatum says. "It was like they couldn't get
anyone," he concludes. Representing British Intelligence was Sir
Colin Figure. Formerly head of MI6, Sir Colin transferred in 1986 to
become "Security Co-coordinator" one of the top slots at the Cabinet
office, under the Premiership of Margaret Thatcher. He retired in
1989. Amiram Nir represented Israeli interests until his
assassination by an "Archer" team led by Tatum - at the request of
high level Israeli individuals - in 1988. Any of these six
could "call a mission." In addition, VP George Bush could do
likewise. Of significance too, was the occasional representation on
the TIWG of Lord Chalfont. The British lord was an adviser on "Mid-
East affairs" between 1986 and 1990.

From the moment Tatum was recruited to the OSG, he was posted to up
state New York where he established a number of cover businesses.
Tatum's up-state New York operation was also involved in shipping
the most sophisticated weapons across the border to Canada. Not
least are the known connections between Oliver North's related gun-
running operations that saw dirty money being laundered through the
British Channel Islands and the London based BCCI bank. Money
laundering was one of the principal activities of Col. Oliver North.

Tatum has stated that it was routine for all the OSG operatives to
establish their own businesses as "covers." Funding was provided as
a line of credit with the Key Bank of Central New York, Watertown,
New York state by Republican Harry Hyde. The company was formed by
attorney, Ben Whitaker. Legal representation was through O'Hara and
Crough in Syracuse, NY. Tatum also operated through a number of
other similar "fronts."

http://www.deepblacklies.co.uk/the_pegasus_file-part2.htm

----------

Tatum would be tasked by Bush Sr. with the neutralization (kill) of
a Mossad agent in 1988, an army Chief of Staff in 1989, the
President of a third world country in 1989, and the leader of a
revolutionary force in Central America in 1991.

o Ami Nir was killed in 1988.

o General Gustavo Alverez was killed in 1989.

o Enrique Bermudez, Contra leader and overseer of the cocaine
kitchens, was killed in 1991.

In 1992 I was tasked to neutralize an American citizen (Ross
Parot) . I refused. I decided that day to leave the Black Operations
unit. When I told Mr. Colby of my decision, he told me that one
can't just walk away. I explained to him that I understood the fate
of those who walk away. For that reason, I began documenting my
activities on film, on audio tapes, and with copies of documents,
all of which I compiled through the years. I explained that the film
and tapes were placed in strategic locations around the world to
insure my safety.
http://www.whatreallyhappened.com/RANCHO/POLITICS/MENA/TATUM/tatum.ht
ml

--------------
-----------

A secret government within a government

   In his landmark historical study, Operation Mind Control, author
Walter Bowart describes the cryptocracy as "a secret bureaucracy
still supported by all the power of the federal government, but
which operates outside the chain of government command."

  Former Assistant Secretary of State Elliott Abrams called it "a
shadow government in the United States." A Lt. Commander from the US
Naval Reserves, Al Martin's own words, it's a "Government Within a
Government, comprising some thirty to forty thousand people the
American Government turns to, when it wishes certain illegal covert
operations to be extant pursuant to a political objective."

Bowart describes the cryptocracy as "a technocratic organization
without ideology, loyal only to an unspoken, expedient, and
undefined patriotism... Its funds are secret. Its operational
history is secret. Even its goals are secret."

One of Al Martin's roles was acting as a fundraiser for the "War
Against Communism" in Nicaragua. His expertise as a finance and
corporate securities specialist served "The Cause," as Oliver North
called the enterprise of raising cash for secret illicit operations.

At a meeting with General (Ret) Richard V. Secord and Lawrence
Richard Hamil, the US Governments own con man, Martin was briefed
about Iran Contra operations and allowed to view CIA white papers
on "Operation Black Eagle," the code name for the illegal George
Bush/Bill Casey/Oliver North program of government-sanctioned
narcotics trafficking, illicit weapons deals and wholesale fraud.
http://www.almartinraw.com/book.html

When the George Bush, Bill Casey and Oliver North State-sanctioned
fraud and drug smuggling, Iran Contra, finally fell apart, they had
ended up using 5,000 operatives and making $350 billion.


After he retired as from the Navy, Al Martin's life went into the
fast lane as a black ops specialist and an Office of Navy
Intelligenc (ONI) officer. In his book "The Conspirators," Al Martin
tells the facts that have been ignored, ripping off the covers of
the sleaziest secrets of the Washington power-mongers.

  Because of his failing health, Al Martin has decided to go public
and tell the whole story of the Iran-Contra Conspiracy.  His book
The Conspirators is a secret history of the late 20th century.

He says while working as a black operations ONI agent he learned
that Peru would become a staging area for CIA cocaine production and
trafficking.  The CIA Deputy Station Chief in Lima at the time, the
famous Buzz Barlow, Eugene 'Buzz' Barlow.

http://www.almartinraw.com/uri1.html

Update June 2006 to my Some Unknown US History  (copyright 4 June
2006)

Nicaragua:  the US covert war/ The Contra Task Force

The White House decision making center for covert operations and
contracting-out strategy lay within a tiny team of select State,
Defense, CIA and NSC officials known as the "208 Committee"
or "Policy Development Group." Oliver North, the organizer of secret
contra supply missions and Iran arms deals, was one of its most
active members. Meeting in the Crisis Management Center in Room 208
of the Old Executive Office Building, surrounded by secure computer
data links to the National Security Agency, this group could plan
secret operations free from the obligation to report to the
intelligence committees of Congress. Its mission was to implement
the Reagan doctrine of fighting Soviet influence throughout the
Third World, wherever possible by supporting indigenous forces.

As one White House memo from 1982 outlined the mission of "Project
Democracy"-the rubric under which the NSC began to undertake foreign
policy initiatives of its own.  Contracting-out provided means to
subvert the law and stretch the scope of executive orders.  The
Reagan strategy had its roots in the classic intelligence practice
of using proprietaries and "cut-outs" to effect policy while
preserving deniability. [1]

The lesson that individuals like Oliver North drew was "If you're
going to do anything bold or innovative, you're going to have to do
things through irregular channels" argues former Pentagon special
operations planner Noel Koch.  Or as another "covert missions
planner" said of North's decision to rely on former Pentagon special
operations veterans for his secret missions "the CIA and NSC have no
capability to do things in a secure fashion.

In effect, White House operatives set up a parallel Treasury, Army,
Air Force and State Department to negotiate with terrorists, fight
covert wars and subvert the law wherever they deemed appropriate.
Farming such covert operations outside even the CIA served to
insulate the president and his advisors from scrutiny and
responsibility with a shadow network of ex-CIA, ex-military, exile,
and extremist forces in this country and abroad 1,000 former CIA
operatives . [1]

CIA Director William Colby rejected the Team B idea and was fired.
Colby's successor as head of the spy agency, George H.W. Bush, the
current president's father, accepted it.
Team B's conclusion that the CIA was indeed soft on the Soviets was
leaked to sympathetic journalists and generated public support for a
new round of military spending, particularly on missiles. Team B's
conclusions turned out, years later, to be false.

Another run at controlling the CIA was taken when then-President
Ronald Reagan appointed businessman William Casey CIA director with
a mandate to ride herd on those in the CIA who  worried about
following the law to prevent another Watergate and Church committee
scandals. Casey set up the irregular, covert operation led by Marine
Corps Col. Oliver North, which eventually ended in the Iran-Contra
arms-for-hostages scandal. Likewise, when Reagan's Secretary of
State George Schultz wanted to secretly back Saddam Hussein against
the Iranians, Schultz bypassed the CIA and sent Rumsfeld, then a
businessman, to Baghdad to seal the deal.
http://www.node707.com/archives/005705.shtml
"http://www.geocities.com/aberdenn/trud/rumsfeld_intelligence_unit.ht
ml"

Nicaragua saw the first application of the strategy. The Reagan
administration's policy toward the Sandinistas from the start was
summed up by the title of a report prepared by then-State Department
counselor Robert McFarlane in early 1981:

"Taking the war to Nicaragua." But owing to congressional reticence,
the White House had to lie about its ultimate intentions, pledging
that CIA assistance to the contras merely served to block Sandinista
arms shipments to the Salvadoran rebels. "There were always two
tracks," one CIA official explained, "the publicly stated CIA
objective of interdicting weapons to Salvadoran guerrillas, and the
overthrow of the Sandinista government." On March 9,1981, President
Reagan took the first step to launching the covert war under that
public goal by issuing an official "finding" that Nicaraguan arms
smuggling was harming U.S. national security interests.

LTC. Oliver North (a former member of the CIA's Laos paramilitary
Special Operations group) set up a team including (former US Army
General and head of the World Anti-Communist League) Richard
Secord,  Noel Koch [Armitage's deputy] , then assistant secretary at
the Pentagon responsible for special operations; George Cave, a
former CIA station chief in Tehran, and Colin Powell, military
assistant to U.S. Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger...
Source: (The Guardian, December 10, 1986)

Special operations group CIA's paramilitary (PM) unit: Two CIA PM
officers landed in Cuba during Bay of Pigs invasion. Some 100 of
them ran a massive air support operation in Laos in late 1960's.
Downsized during Pres. Carter's administration. p 288. [1}

--------------
Along with North working out of the Nation Security Council (NSC)
were Walt Raymond a CIA propagandist . p. 332.  and  Vince
Cannistrarco Opns Chief Contra covert war p 334. role in the Contra
torture/assassination manual. possible running a black propaganda
operation out of the NSC/White House. p. 416.

  The CIA officers involved were:
Clair George Head of the CIA Contra Task Force worked directly under
the CIAs Director of Operations.       Alan Fiers later ended up in
charge of the Contra war.

  Norm Gardner former Army SF in Laos and Viet Nam right hand man to
Clair George in 1983.

Joe Fernandez CIA officer under Fiers as a chief of station North
asked him to build an air strip in Costa Rica to help the Contras.
p. 449. was fired two months before he could retire from CIA at age
50. Got not pension. p 450.

Art Alper GS 14, CIA Office of Technical services, bomb maker, 30
years with CIA worked one year in Laos, 3 yrs. in Viet Nam. In 1983
worked on Honduran-Nicaragua border with Contras, age 54 in 1982. P.
161.

Eugene Hasenfus was an x-CIA agent p. 449.

George Cave and Jack Devine CIA case officers worked on Iran arms
for hostages.

Jack Devine veteran of the Latin American Division coup of Allende
in Chile. deeply involved in Contra operation, was promoted to Chief
of Latin American Division. P 447.
Source: Charlie Wilson's war - the largest Covert Operation in
History by George Crile. 2003.
-------------
The need for continued deception and greater action prompted a
November 16, 1981 presidential order to begin a full-scale campaign
against Nicaragua. It authorized an initial $19.5 million for the
guerrilla war, justified once again by the need for arms
interdiction. But as one contra source said of that rationale in
1982, "If that's what the CIA told Congress, they forgot to tell us."

The November order specifically directed the CIA to wage its covert
war "primarily through non-Americans" and "with foreign governments
as appropriate." In implementing that early version of
the "contracting out" strategy, the CIA piggybacked on operations
already underway by two other governments: Argentina and Israel.

The Carter Administration sought desperately to keep Somoza's
National Guard in power after it had slaughtered some 40,000
civilians, finally evacuating commanders in planes disguised with
Red Cross markings (a war crime), to Honduras, where they were
reconstituted under the direction of Argentine neo-Nazis.

The first of these "deniable" partners was Argentina, whose military
rulers had, since the mid- 1970s, unleashed an orgy of violence
against their own civilian population in the course of stamping out
a leftist guerrilla movement. Argentine agents had worked in
Nicaragua even before Somoza's overthrow to help track down
Argentine Montoneros guerrillas who had teamed up in exile with the
Sandinistas; they also advised security forces and death squads in
Guatemala and El Salvador. Now Argentina's military junta supplied
as many as 100 veterans of its own dirty war against the left to
train the first contras in urban terrorist tactics and guerrilla
war. These were not just any contras: Argentina's proteges were all
recruits from Somoza's brutal National Guard. Visits to Buenos Aires
in 1981 by such Reagan administration emissaries as Joint Chiefs of
Staff Chairman General Edwin Meyer, Ambassador-at-Large Vernon
Walters and UN Ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick helped establish the
alliance of the CIA and Argentine military in Central America. A
November I meeting of CIA director William Casey and the American-
trained leader of Argentina's military junta, Gen. Leopold Galtieri,
cemented it.
At the same time, CIA paymasters-who had allocated $50 million to
the training program-prevailed on several key contra leaders to
unify their anti-Sandinista groups behind the Argentine-trained
veterans of Somoza s National Guard. Thus the Nicaraguan Democratic
Front, or FDN (Contras), was formed on August 11, 1981, just when
Gen. Galtieri was in Washington on an official visit.

Somoza had turned Nicaragua over to the CIA in 1954, when the CIA
needed help overthrowing the Guatemalan government, and Somoza had
played a critical role in the Bay of Pigs as well. (p34). Source:
Charlie Wilson's war - the largest Covert Operation in History by
George Crile. 2003.

Foreign Money, Foreign Arms

Money for the contras that once flowed freely from CIA contingency
accounts began to dry up in 1983 when Congress began setting limits
on its funding of the burgeoning and ever-more-unpopular war.
Legislators were finally awakening to the fact that the Argentine-
trained Somocistas wanted not a democratic accommodation with the
Sandinistas, but their ouster.

On December 8, 1982, the House of Representatives passed a bill
sponsored by Rep. Edward Boland of Massachusetts barring U.S. covert
actions "for the purpose of overthrowing the government of
Nicaragua." That new law alone did not slow the administration down,
but the demands of an enlarged war did. Later the next year, the CIA
had to augment its budget by persuading the Pentagon to donate $12
million in "surplus" arms to the agency for delivery to the contras.
That December, however Congress voted a $24 million ceiling on CIA
spending for its covert war in the coming fiscal year.

In May 1984 that half-closed spigot was fully plugged in the wake of
revelations that CIA agents, acting in the name of the contras, had
seeded Nicaraguan harbors with mines. These agents included
Salvadoran Hondurans, Argentinians, Chileans and Ecuadorans-but
ironically, no Nicaraguans. That provocative escalation had been
conceived by the NSC s Oliver North and a top CIA officer in charge
of anti-Sandinista operations to get more bang for limited bucks.
But it outraged Managua's Western trading partners and chagrined
Congress, whose intelligence oversight committees were taken by
surprise. The fiction of arms interdiction" held up no longer.
Congress rejected a supplemental appropriation for the contras.
Three months later, in August 1984, it passed the Boland Amendment,
prohibiting any administration agency involved in "intelligence
activities" from "supporting, directly or indirectly, military or
paramilitary operations in Nicaragua by any nation, group,
organization or individual."

North proposed (accepted by National Security Adviser Robert
McFarlane) to subvert Congress' intent by building a "private"
funding and supply network. He criss-crossed the globe in 1984 and
1985, raising as much as $1 million a month from private and foreign
government sources to keep the administration's proxy war alive.
North's agents in turn carried cash from his office safe to Central
America for disbursement to the rebels.[1]

One of North's allies in this project was Elliot Abrams, the
Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs and an
enthusiast of the contra war against Nicaragua. Abrams solicited
money from other countries, ostensibly for humanitarian purposes.
But he consciously "decided to use the account opened by North
without procedures for monitoring expenditures from the account,"
according to a Senate committee report. This studied lack of
interest closely paralleled the ClA's own official policy of asking
no questions about the origin of large sums of money in the contras'
bank accounts.
Together with Abrams and other officials and private agents, North
raised money from a remarkable variety of sources outside the United
States-and thus outside the jurisdiction of Congress. Amos
Perlmutter, an American political scientist with close connections
to the Israeli government, reports that, "All those who are clients
of the United States have been told more or less, 'You've got to do
something for the contras."

According to contra fundraiser and presidential candidate Pat
Robertson, one helping hand for the anti-Sandinista rebels came from
South Africa. For example, some of the planes that supplied the
contras were made available by a South African air freight company,
apparently after the head of the ClA's Latin America division took a
secret trip to
South Africa in early 1985 to solicit aid for the anti-Sandinista
cause. The South African aid may help explain Reagan's vigorous
opposition to economic sanctions and CIA director William Casey's
efforts to line up Saudi oil for the apartheid regime.
Brunei: In the summer of 1985, during the dry spell in congressional
aid, Secretary of State George Shultz and his chief assistant on
Latin American affairs, Elliott Abrams, approached the Sultan of
Brunei for a donation to the contra cause. The sultan, fabulously
wealthy from oil and gas revenues, reportedly deposited $10 million
in a Swiss bank account controlled by Oliver North.

Saudi Arabia: Casey also worked on Saudi Arabia-successfully- to
support Washington's cause in Central America. The CIA director met
with King Fahd in February 1984 to press his case. Working in tandem
with Casey to persuade the royal family were two private individuals
with tremendous experience in the field of Mideast arms sales:
retired Air Force Gen. Richard Secord, who steered the sale of AWACS
surveillance planes to Saudi Arabia through Congress in 1981, and
Robert Lilac, former commander of the U.S. Air Force Logistics
Command in Saudi Arabia, who left the NSC in 1983 and now works for
the Saudi Ambassador in Washington, D.C. The Saudi royal family
reportedly turned over $32 million to the rebels in Honduras and
Costa Rica in gratitude for the administration's success in
overcoming the Israeli lobby's resistance to the $8.5 billion AWACS
sale. Saudi money also supported anti-communists in Angola and
Afghanistan. Most recently, evidence has come to light that Saudi
Arabia financed arms purchases by its feared adversary Iran, in
hopes of moderating the regime's revolutionary, messianic mission.
Some of these monies in turn were allegedly deposited by Israeli
intermediaries in Switzerland for disbursement to the contras.

Robert McFarlane asked Prince Bandar of Saudi Arabia for $1 million
a month to fund the Contras post Boland amendment. p. 236 Oliver
North demanded a CIA Swiss bank account number to hide some contra
funds from the Iran for hostages deal and he got it from Tom Twetten
and mixed these funds with the Saudi funds. p 433. Tom Twetten
replaced Clair George as director of operations at CIA . Source:
Charlie Wilson's war - the largest Covert Operation in History by
George Crile. 2003.

South Korea: Less visibly, South Korea, too, has given generously to
the contras, and on at least one occasion shipped them arms paid for
by Saudi Arabia.  The arms and funding pipelines from South Korea
were kept open by a combination of Washington lobbyists, ex-CIA
officers and private organizations, many with ties to Saudi Arabia
as well.

Israel: No country, however, has played a more significant surrogate
role in both Central America and Iran than Israel. As early as 1981,
Israel's economic minister Ya'acov Meridor had declared, "Israel
will be your proxy." Although Israeli leaders have officially denied
aiding the contras, the record of their involvement is clear and
unequivocal. As recently as September 1986, according to Assistant
Secretary of State Elliot Abrams, Israel sent the contras by sea a
large shipment of Soviet-made arms, presumably captured in Lebanon.

Israel's proxy activities on behalf of the contras grew out of a
long tradition of military support for authoritarian regimes in
Central America, including that of Anastasio Somoza in Nicaragua.
Israel was also in on the ground floor with the contras when Somoza
finally fled the country. Haifa University professor Benjamin Beit-
Hallahmi reports that "when the CIA was setting up the contra
organization in 1981, the Mossad was also there, carrying out the
training and support for the first units.

Finally, Israel was a leading arms supplier to Argentina during the
period of its military rule, despite anti-semitic violence and the
Falklands War. Indirectly, therefore, Israel bolstered the contras
by arming their direct military supporters in the first years of
opposition.

The first major Israeli arms deliveries to the contras appear to
have begun shortly after the pull-out of Argentine trainers and
suppliers from Central America in the aftermath of the Falklands
War. "As early as 1982," according to U.S. News and World Report,
Gen. Richard Secord took charge of a Pentagon operation "in which
Israel shipped tons of weapons captured during its invasion of
Lebanon to a CIA arms depot in San Antonio. From Texas, the guns
were shipped to the contras.

More than arms seem to have been involved. Replacing the Argentine
advisers were "retired or reserve Israeli army commanders...hired by
shadowy private firms," according to Time magazine. America's
contractors had apparently subcontracted the job.

The point man for this cooperative strategy was David Kimche, a 30-
year Mossad veteran who rose to direct Israel's Foreign Ministry
until the fall of 1986. Known as Israel's "key contras specialist,"
he has been directly linked to surrogate funding of contras.
Kimche's Israeli patron Ariel Sharon was himself an architect contra
supply operation.

CIA support of Central American death squads

When Washington and just about every other government in the world
was boycotting Somoza, Israel had been willing to provide him with
weapons.

The Israeli ambassador to Costa Rica supplied the contras with
passports and aliases so that they could travel through Central
America.

Sometime before June 1981 Israel was provided with satellite
pictures of Iraq's nuclear reactor at Osirak "within the framework
of an appeal to Israel for help to the contras." Israel used the
pictures to destroy the reactor. It is not known to what extent, if
any, Tel Aviv responded to the administration's appeal.

This particular arrangement apparently continued until 1986, "[w]hen
the Israelis presented their bill for $50 million...[and] the CIA
pleaded poverty, paying $30 million in arms, not cash."

In El Salvador, the Kennedy Administration set in motion a series of
meetings among Central American leaders that led to the
establishment of the feared ANSESAL secret police and its "parallel
domestic security agencies in Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama,
Honduras, and Costa Rica."

Years later the CIA connections of ANSESAL would come to light in
close connection with the death squads which have terrorized El
Salvador since the 1970s.
El Salvador simply began to buy its weapons from Israel. Between the
1977 U.S. cutoff and the resumption of U.S. aid in 1981, El Salvador
obtained over 80 percent of its weapons from Israel. The balance
came from France and Brazil.
----
El Salvador, 1980-93. 11/5/1993 release of thousands pages of
intelligence reports shows every U.S. diplomat, military officer,
and intelligence operative who worked with El Salvador's military
and political leaders in 1980s knew most of those involved in
organizing death squads. State Department officials lied to
Congress. Intelligence reports detailed precise information on
murder, kidnapping, and coup plots, and death squad funding,
involving people like VP Francisco Merino and current Arena
candidate Armando Calderon Sol. At least 63,000 Salvadoran civilians
were killed — most by government supported by U.S. The Nation,
11/29/1993, p. 645

Neil Livingstone, a consultant who worked with Oliver North at NSC
concluded, "death squads are an extremely effective tool, however
odious, in combating terrorism and revolutionary challenges." op-ed
by Jefferson Morley, an Outlook editor. Washington Post, 3/28/1993,
C1,5

Honduras, 1981-87. Florencio Caballero, who served as a torturer and
a member of a death squad, said he was trained in Texas by the CIA.
He said he was responsible for the torture and slaying of 120
Honduran and other Latin American citizens. The CIA taught him and
24 other people in a army intelligence unit for 6 months in
interrogation. psychological methods — to study fears and weaknesses
of a prisoner, make him stand up, don't let him sleep, keep him
naked and isolated, put rats and cockroaches in his cell, give him
bad food, throw cold water on him, change the temperature.
Washington Post, 6/8/1988, B3

Honduras, circa 1982-87. Army Battalion 3/16, a special
counterinsurgency force which many considered a kind of death squad,
was formed in 1980. Florencio Caballero, a former battalion member,
described a clandestine paramilitary structure for repressing
leftists. Caballero, who studied interrogation techniques in
Houston, said the CIA was extensively involved in training squad
members. NACLA 2/1988, p. 15, from New York Times, 5/2/1987

Honduras, 1980-83. Agents of Battalion 316, a Honduran death squad,
received interrogation training in Texas from CIA in 1980. CIA
agents maintained contact with unit in early 1980's, visiting
detention centers during interrogation and obtaining intelligence
gleaned from torture victims. See Americas Watch "Human Rights in
Honduras" (May 1987). Dillon, S. (1991). Commandos, p. 101

CIA's connection to BN 3-16 confirmed by General Alvarez, who
created and commanded squad from 1980 through 1984. He later became
chief of police and then head of the armed forces. Alvarez forced
into exile in Miami and became paid consultant to Pentagon writing
study on low-intensity conflict.

Honduras, 1980-89. Colonel Gustavo Alvarez Martinez shot to death in
1989. Alvarez spent years networking with fascists and ultra right
terrorists who in World Anti-communist League and its sister
organization, the Latin American Anti-communist Confederation, or
CAL. He most famous for streamlining Honduras's death squads and
uniting them under his control. Alvarez gathered together the
National Front for the Defense of Democracy, the Honduran Anti-
communist Movement (MACHO), and the Anti-communist Combat Army —
death squads all — and combined them with several governmental
forces, including the Fuerzas de Seguridad Publica (FUSEP),
Departmento Nacional de Investigaciones (DIN), and Tropas Especiales
Para Selva y Nocturnas (TESON).With Director of Central Intelligence
Casey, Alvarez and Negroponte turned Honduras into a staging ground
for Contra incursions into Nicaragua. Honduran Congress issued
Decree 33, which declared terrorist anyone who distributed political
literature, associated with foreigners, joined groups deemed
subversive by the government, damaged property, or destroyed
documents. Alvarez's forces murdered upwards of 500 people. He
ousted as Honduras's dictator in 1984 and became special consultant
to RAND Corporation. Lies of our Time, 3/1994, pp. 3-5

During this period as well, Israeli technicians began installing a
computer system able to monitor utilities usage, thus giving the
military the ability to pinpoint houses where the telephone is
heavily used, presumably signifying that political organizing is
going on. (A similar system provided by Israel to Guatemala does the
same with water and electricity use. According to former Col.
Guerra, the Israelis began work on the system in 1978.
In El Salvador it was called the National Plan -- translated: a
Phoenix Program.

"http://www.serendipity.li/cia/death_squads.htm"

Nicaragua:  the US covert war/ Going Private

The Contra had no more then 20,000 fighters. p. 346. It cost a lot
of money to fund that large a Covert army.  Source: Charlie Wilson's
war - the largest Covert Operation in History by George Crile. 2003.


Just as Congress was it reluctant to rein in the elaborate old-boy
network of retired CIA and military covert operators who carried out
Reagan's policies in the field. Their common experiences run the
gamut from the CIA-sponsored war against Castro in the early 1960s,
to the covert war in Laos later in that decade, to shady arms and
intelligence operations in Iran by the mid-1970s. Out of these
experiences came shared expertise, close-knit contacts and trusting
friendships that would bring them together again as a covert network
in the 1980s.

Among the most significant of these figures is retired Gen. John
Singlaub, a veteran of the CIA and military "special operations" in
Indochina who now implements the Reagan doctrine through his
leadership of the World Anti-Communist League and his Pentagon
advisory role. His special operations colleagues from the Vietnam
era run similar aid groups, including the National Defense Council,
Refugee Relief International, and Air Commandos Association. All
these groups coordinated their efforts through Oliver North on the
NSC.

Working with North and Singlaub in Vietnam and Laos as an air supply
specialist on ClA-connected covert missions was (then) Lieutenant
Colonel Richard Secord. In 1981, as deputy assistant secretary of
defense for the Near East, Africa and South Asia, he acted as the
Pentagon's chief representative and lobbyist on the AWACS sale that
set the terms for subsequent Saudi kickbacks to the contras. His job
also put him in a position to follow Israel's covert arms shipments
to Iran in the early 1980s. A career-long specialist in covert
operations, Secord had what one congressional source
called "incredible intelligence contacts." After leaving the
government in 1983, Secord and his Iranian-born business partner
Albert Hakim managed the private supply network for the contras
under North's supervision, using Saudi money deposited in
Switzerland to purchase planes and other supplies.

Another Laos-era associate of Singlaub and Secord was CIA officer
Thomas Clines. As a private businessman by 1986, he helped Secord
arrange clandestine arms deliveries to the contras out of Portugal,
recruited ex-CIA pilots for the supply operation and helped Oliver
North obtain a ship used in the attempt to rescue American hostages
in Lebanon. [1]

In late 1970, CIA officer Ed Wilson worked on US Representative
Charlie Wilson to tell Anastasio Somoza, the dictator of Nicaragua
that Ed Wilson could mobilize 1,000 former CIA operatives to crush
the Sanininstas. Wilson asked Somoza for $100 million - $100,000 per
man. Somoza declined the offer. (p. 38) Former CIA man Tom Clines
had drafted this plan. p 306  Ed Wison is/was a friend of Secord
Source: Charlie Wilson's war - the largest Covert Operation
inHistory by George Crile. 2003.

Clines, who left the CIA on bad terms with the Carter administration
and Carter fired General Singlaub.

Another former CIA officer, Felix Rodriguez, who had served under
Clines in countless CIA operations in Cuba, the Congo and Vietnam.
Rodriguez went to work for Clines in the late 1970s as a
representative of his arms sales business in Latin America.
Rodriguez also served as an arms broker for Gerard Latchinian in
1979-80. Latchinian, who would later be convicted of a drug-financed
assassination plot in Honduras for the benefit of the CIA's favorite
general, Gustavo Alvarez Martinez, was particularly close to Israeli
arms merchants in Guatemala and Miami. Thus Rodriguez appears to
have supplied a connection between Clines and the Israelis in
Central America. Rodriguez would later become the contras' logistics
mastermind at Ilopango military airport in El Salvador.

A host of lesser covert operators joined these private individuals
in carrying out the aims of the Reagan White House. They included
Cuban exile terrorist veterans of the secret war against Castro
directed by Clines from the CIA station in Miami, former CIA
contract pilots who flew supply missions to Central America, former
Pentagon special operations officers skilled in covert missions, and
a private aid network revolving around such organizations as the
World Anti-Communist League, Sovereign Military Order of Malta and
CAUSA, a political arms of Sun Myung Moon's Unification Church.

Serving this group was also a network of private companies long
experienced at serving undercover operations of the government. The
best known of these is Southern Air Transport, a CIA proprietary
company since 1960 that was sold in 1973 to its president. Sales of
other such proprietaries were conditioned on "an agreement that the
proprietary would continue to provide goods or services to the CIA,"
according to a 1976 congressional report. Southern Air Transport
(SAT) was the airline of choice for both the private contra aid
operation and the delivery of U.S. arms to Iran in 1985-86. The same
aircraft that delivered U.S. weapons to Tehran via Israel picked up
Soviet-made arms from Israeli-controlled stocks in Lisbon on their
return trips to Central America.


During his Hawaiian exile, Marcos declared that he had given Reagan
$4 million in 1980 and $8 million in 1984.

"Documentary evidence surfaced after Marcos was ousted by a
revolution in March 1986. As Marcos's fall neared, Reagan arranged
for the dictator to be flown to Hawaii. Marcos's opponents then
ransacked government files and found a Feb. 17, 1986, letter signed
by a senior Marcos aide, Victor Nituda."In the letter, according to
Parry, Nituda warned Marcos that Reagan's emissary, Senator Paul
Laxalt demanded that "sensitive files, including ones listing the
1980 transactions, be turned over to the US before Marcos could go
to Hawaii." Nituda's letter specifically cited accounts set up for
Reagan and his 1980 campaign manager (and later CIA Director)
William Casey, and that Laxalt demanded "all documents check-listed
during his last visit or the deal for a Hawaiian exile is off."
Laxalt also demanded files regarding bank loans and donations made
to General John Singlaub, who was raising money for the Nicaraguan
contra rebels.   (Source: Lost History: Marcos, Money & Treason,
investigative reporter Robert Parry)

In the book, Unreliable Sources , page 283, it is mentioned that a
Cuban who worked for the CIA during the Bay of Pigs thing, and he
also worked for the Contra in El Salvador with the knowledge of "US
Government agents". This Cuban terrorist, Luis Posada is accused of
bombing a Cabaña Air Lines and killing 72 civilians. This guy is
charged with this crime by many countries.
-----
The declassified version of Volume II of the CIA Inspector General's
Report states that the CIA engaged in a conspiracy to protect known
narcotics traffickers throughout the Contra war years. CIA admits
dealing with more than fifty traffickers, failing to inform Congress
for years and engaging in an apparent conspiracy to protect major
narcotics traffickers. Oliver North is
exposed. Source:  http://www.copvcia.com/volii.htm

CIA's took $36,800 in drug money seized by the San Francisco police
and returning it to contra drug smugglers.

In the book titled, Blank Check, by Tim Weiner. In this book is
describe a US Army, covert operation, the Intelligence Support
Activity (ISA) ISA was started in 1981 thru about 86, the Army
tasked some 300 military intelligence officers to this operation and
was unable to account for over $300 million of money NOT APPROVED BY
CONGRESS that was spent by ISA or who know what. Only three officers
were tried and sent to jail. Files were shredded.

Shah of Iran:

Years earlier, in the late sixties or early seventies, the CIA had
secretly provided to the Shah of Iran a perfect set of printing
plates that could reproduce US$100 bills without blemish/
Superbills . Also provided was an intaglio printing press. This
special printing press ensures that the etched plate meets paper
with tremendous force, creating the distinctive embossed feel of a
genuine banknote. In addition, the Shah was also given the ink and
banknote quality paper enabling him to produce perfect counterfeit
US Dollar banknotes. The Shah later fled Iran and left the plates
and press behind in his confusion. The whole caboodle sat in the
mint at Tehran, according to some experts.

According to Chip Tatum (see more about him below) , a deal was
arranged in the early mid-eighties between VP George Bush, Panama's
Manuel Noriega and the Iranian leadership. A sum of US$8 billion
deposited in the Banco Nacional de Panama on behalf of Colombian
Cocaine king, Pablo Escobar was "lent" to George Bush. Of this, US$4
billion was shipped by plane to Iran where it was exchanged at a
ratio of one good bill for two counterfeit bills. On the return
trip, the aircraft, an 707 cargo container carried two shrink-
wrapped pallets containing US$4 billion each. The 707 arrived at
Howard/Albrook Air Force base in Panama where the pallets were off-
loaded under armed guard of the Panamanian military. The counterfeit
notes were re-deposited back into Escobar's account at the Panama
central bank. Under no circumstances could the counterfeit bills be
permitted to leave the bank vault - for fear of devaluing the US
currency with forged notes - and active steps would later be taken
to ensure this.

The other half of Escobar's "good" money was placed into the hands
of Nana DeBusia, the grandson of Guyana's first democratic leader.
DeBusia was chosen by the CIA's William Casey to launder the massive
sum into numerous bank accounts under the joint signature of VP
George Bush and Director Casey. The next leg of the operation was to
retrieve the $4 billion exchanged with the Iranians for the
Superbills. This was facilitated by the supply of military
equipment - arms, ammunition and replacement parts for weapon
systems. This part of the deal was arranged by Col Oliver North on
behalf of the CIA's William Casey.

The result of these complex manoeuvres were twofold. On the one hand
the CIA acquired $4 billion - via the arms sales - for use in future
black operations without the need to rely on Congressional oversight
or authority. If later caught, Tatum says "… the CIA can report the
source of funds as being from an arms transaction with Iran." Part
of these funds were then used to support the Contra's, whilst the
rest disappeared down the ultra-black hole of the Company's covert
finances. Meanwhile, Nana DeBusia had begun laundering the remaining
$4 billion through various banks, including the Vatican bank.

For his trouble, DeBusia was entitled to take a commission amounting
to $200 million. The remaining $3.8 billion was then secreted in
private numbered accounts around the globe controlled by George Bush
and William Casey.

The operation was complete apart from some necessary mopping-up
which was to occur over the following years. 1) In 1989, Pablo
Escobar was targeted by an intensive US-Colombian "War on Drugs"
campaign. He flees into hiding, in fear of his life. Eventually, in
1993, he is tracked down and killed in a police shoot-out. A British
TV documentary reveals that the Cocaine King was gunned down while
attempting to escape and was probably unarmed. The campaign waged
against Escobar ensures he cannot withdraw the $8 billion in
superbills. Following his death, the quantity and quality of Cocaine
shipments from Colombia immediately increases many fold - giving the
lie to the "war on drugs." 2) Also during 1989, Panama's General
Noriega was captured in a US invasion of Panama. Noriega was later
convicted and placed in federal prison under constant US guard to
ensure his silence.  3) penultimately, Nana DeBusia was indicted on
32 counts including bank fraud and thereby effectively silenced. 4)
Earlier, in 1987, DCI William Casey died of a brain  tumour - just
days before he would have been required to attend the Senate
hearings into the Contragate affair. According to Tatum only one
figure emerges unscathed - George Bush, who alone retained control
of $3.8 billion in laundered funds. Obviously, the CIA still
retained control over the balance of their $4 billion share of
the "sting" operation.

It is of considerable significance that this operation has been
corroborated by another source who's credibility is not in question.
This individual was present in Tehran during many of these events,
and was later posted to another sensitive location in this
connection. Moreover, it has additionally been revealed that Banca
Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL) were heavily involved in the Superbill
sting. That BNL were an intrinsic part of Oliver North's so
called "Enterprise" - in reality the OSG's of the Terrorist Incident
Working Group - is beyond doubt.

The question remains, however, is what did George Bush intend to do
with his "black" $3.8 billion? What was the ultimate purpose of the
operation? Perhaps some of the money is to be used to grease palms
and otherwise finance Bush's bid for the presidency following the
completion of President Reagan's second term? Maybe it was used to
finance other lucrative projects. Perhaps it was to be used to
inject financial muscle into another, grander scheme that Tatum has
recently spoken of. This involves George Bush's "scope and mission"
paper for a New World Order.

Team B/ a government within the US government:

During his twenty two years as a deep cover CIA and DIA operative,
Major Gene Duncan a.k.a. Dois Gene "Chip" Tatum saw or participated
in a remarkable series of covert operations. Foremost in his mind
are the years 1986-92, when he operated for a group he called
Pegasus. This group operated on behalf of the US and other
governments undertaking tasks that ranged from narcotic smuggling to
assassinations.

It was in 1981, Tatum states that "President Reagan signed National
Security Decision Directive Number 3 (NSDD-3), which authorized the
vice president to chair the Special Situation Group (SSG). The
Special Situation Group was a division under the national Security
Council (NSC). One entity formed to support the SSG was the
Terrorist Incident Working Group (TIWG). TIWG was formed in April
1982, by authority of President Reagan in NSDD-30. This group
consisted of representatives of the following: Director of Central
Intelligence, Department of Defence, FBI, NSC staff and others as
required.

Tatum continues, "The purpose of TIWG is to provide SSG with direct
operational support. TIWG then recommended to the President that a
Terrorism Task Froce be formed and chaired by the head of SSG (the
vice president). Reagan approved NSDD-138 in April 1984, which
extended TIWG's arm and ability to form sub-groups. As a result of
NSDD-138 was the formation of the Operation Sub-Group. The subgroup
was a select NSC-DOD-CIA-FBI-Foreign Intelligence Agency which
operated so as to by-pass the regular operations of
intelligence/military/law enforcement agencies. OSG was formed in
February 1986."

Having revealed the framework of the authorizing Presidential
Directives necessary for the conduct of these covert operations,
Tatum then details the nitty-gritty of the OSG. "I was an operative
for OSG from April, 1986 through January, 1992. When I was operating
under the authority of the OSG I would report directly to the OSG,
not to the CIA or DIA. This `secret government' apparatus, built by
Bush from 1981 to 1986, was able to draw upon assets from the CIA,
the DOD Special Operations Units, and the private sector. Using the
private sector clause, Don Gregg, VP Bush's National Security
Advisor, included a representative from British Intelligence and
Israeli Intelligence. To date I have called this group Pegasus in an
attempt not to divulge it's true identity until I was on safe
ground. Although most of the missions performed by OSG-2 are
classified, the existence of the organization is now declassified."

Until Tatum forwarded these details, the existence of more than one
Operations Sub-Group (OSG) were unknown. In fact, Tatum has now
revealed the existence of three OSGs. OSG-1 was headed by Ted
Shackley and was "our anti-narcotics group." OSG-2 was the anti-
terrorism group and OSG-3 was "our `alignment' group." Tatum was
originally posted to OSG-2 which was commanded by Col. Oliver North.
The third group, OSG-3 was commanded by Richard Secord. Following
the exposure of Oliver North's role in Contragate in 1987 he
resigned as head of OSG-2, and his spot was taken over by Secord.
Tatum moved up to command OSG-3 at the same time.

All three OSG's answered to those individuals who sat on the TIWG.
General Colin Powell, represented the Department of Defence, William
Casey the CIA, Donald Gregg for the National Security Council. "FBI
guys rotated in and out…" Tatum says. "It was like they couldn't get
anyone," he concludes. Representing British Intelligence was Sir
Colin Figure. Formerly head of MI6, Sir Colin transferred in 1986 to
become "Security Co-ordinator" one of the top slots at the Cabinet
office, under the Premiership of Margaret Thatcher. He retired in
1989. Amiram Nir represented Israeli interests until his
assassination by an "Archer" team led by Tatum - at the request of
high level Israeli individuals - in 1988. Any of these six
could "call a mission." In addition, George Bush could do likewise.
Of significance too, was the occasional representation on the TIWG
of Lord Chalfont. The British lord was an adviser on "Mid-East
affairs" between 1986 and 1990.

From the moment Tatum was recruited to the OSG, he was posted to up
state New York where he established a number of cover businesses.
One of these was Cedar Shores Estates, Inc. This was his base of
operations throughout the next six years.  It may be no more than
sheer co-incidence that the name of the company is similar to Cedar
Holdings, a British company that had a relationship to former
British Conservative Party Treasurer, Lord Alister McAlpine. In an
unpublished book by Peter Jones, the author looked in some detail at
the business activities of this Conservative party "Grey Eminence"
and leading Freemason. Of no little interest was the author's
detailed connections of numerous companies that he believed were
involved in all manner of dark activities. Interestingly, these
include a company called Leisure Circle that has a sinuous
connection to Sir John Cuckney, one of the central figures of the
Scott Inquiry investigation into arms sales to Iraq. Whilst these
connections are admittedly tenuous, to say the least, it should be
noted that Tatum's up-state New York operation was also involved in
shipping the most sophisticated weapons across the border to Canada.
Not least are the known connections between Oliver North's related
gun-running operations that saw dirty money being laundered through
the British Channel Islands and the London based BCCI bank. Money
laundering was one of the principal activities of LTC. Oliver North.

One operation in which Tatum has knowledge, regards the so
called "Superbills," or "Supernotes" sting.


http://www.geocities.com/theoctopus22/chiptatum02.html

http://www.whatreallyhappened.com/RANCHO/POLITICS/MENA/TATUM/tatum.ht
ml

---------------

Selling arms to Iran to finance the Contra war: :

Both Colin Powell and his Deputy Richard Armitage were implicated --
operating behind the scenes-- in the Irangate Contra scandal during
the Reagan Administration, which involved the illegal sale of
weapons to Iran to finance the Nicaraguan Contra paramilitary army.
(Michel Chossudovsky, "Colin Powell's Role: From Iran-Contra to
September 11")
"http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/CHO303D.html"

Colin Powell [was] was among "at least five men within the Pentagon
who knew arms were being transferred to the CIA." (The Record, 29
December 1986). Lieutenant General Powell was directly instrumental
in giving the "green light" to lower-level Irangate officials in
blatant violation of Congressional procedures. According to the New
York Times, Colin Powell took the decision (at the level of military
procurement), to allow the delivery of weapons to Iran: Hurriedly,
one of the men closest to Secretary of Defense Weinberger, Maj. Gen.
Colin Powell, bypassed the written ''focal point system'' procedures
and ordered the Defense Logistics Agency [responsible for
procurement] to turn over the first of 2,008 TOW missiles to the
C.I.A., which acted as cutout for delivery to Iran" (New York Times,
16 February 1987)
"http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/CHO303D.html"

  Sultan of Brunei was also a creditor to the key Irangate arms
broker, Adnan Khashoggi. Some U.S. officials suspect that the
Sultan's money never reached the contras, but instead went to
reimburse Khashoggi, who advanced millions of dollars to finance
U.S. arms sales to Iran.

South Korea has also provided an important back channel for arms
shipments to the Khomeini regime in Iran. The arms and funding
pipelines from South Korea were kept open by a combination of
Washington lobbyists, ex-CIA officers and private organizations,
many with ties to Saudi Arabia as well.

David Kimche, a 30-year Mossad veteran who rose to direct Israel's
Foreign Ministry, by all accounts, it was he who in 1985 persuaded
the Reagan administration to sanction Israel's arms pipeline to
Tehran in order to influence lranian "moderates." Ariel Sharon was
himself an architect not only of the contra supply operation but
also of Israeli arms. sales to Iran.

Secord was also a key logistics agent in the Iran arms deals of 198S-
86. One intelligence source called Secord "the 7-Eleven of this type
of intelligence activity open 24 hours a day." North's own
assessment was equally apt: "A man of many talents ol' Secord is."

1.  Contracting Out U.S. Foreign Policy excerpted from the book The
Iran-Contra Connection
Secret Teams and Covert Operations in the Reagan Eraby Jonathan
Marshall, Peter Dale Scott , Jane Hunter South End Press, 1987, paper

-----
Unreliable Sources, discusses a disinformation operation of the CIA
in which the CIA spread a false story about Yellow Rain to mislead
the American public, the AMERICAN PUBLIC! I don't know if you
remember reading about this, some kind of a mycrotoxin, found in the
jungles of Southeast Asia reportedly Soviet germ warfare. The plan
was to get support for more defense spending.

-----
Reagan Administration Counter-left wing groups operations:

During the Reagan administration, there were revelations of a major
FBI spying campaign that initially targeted the anti-intervention
group Committee in Solidarity with the People of El Salvador
(CISPES) and soon grew to encompass a hundred other organizations,
including the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (founded by
Martin Luther King Jr.), National Council of Churches, United Auto
Workers, and the Women's Rape Crisis Center in Norfolk, Virginia.
Yet when FBI officials claimed the surveillance of CISPES was an
aberration attributable to a few rogue agents, the newspapers of
record accepted this explanation at face value, despite a long
history of FBI corruption and political sabotage.

A New York Times editorial stated that the FBI's probe of
CISPES "seems to have begun prudently enough [but] some agents and
supervisors lost their direction." The probe "went astray," the
editorial concluded, even though a Times news story had reported a
week earlier that then-FBI-director William Webster personally
overruled local field agents who sought to terminate surveillance of
peace groups in their area. Source: Unreliable Sources, p124.
----
In the book titled, Blank Check, by Tim Weiner. In this book is
describe a US Army, covert operation, the Intelligence Support
Activity (ISA) ISA was started in 1981 thru about 86, the Army
tasked some 300 military intelligence officers to this operation and
was unable to account for over $300 million of money NOT APPROVED BY
CONGRESS that was spent by ISA or who know what. Only three officers
were tried and sent to jail. Files were shredded.
----
In 1985, a CIA really sponsor the car bombing to kill one sheikh
Fadlallah in Beirut; 80 people were killed in the explosion, the
sheikh not being among their number. In the book published, Rogue
State, A Guide to the World's Only Superpower, by William Blum,
lists some interesting facts about past US war crimes and human
rights violations. He also list several war criminals that US is
allowing to live in our Country without bring them to trial.
----
In 1985, Vice President Bush authorized the FBI to expand its covert
electronic surveillance operation, SCOPE whose purpose was to
compile list of Jews in government, research, and institutional
leadership (positions). Source:  The Secret War Against the Jews, by
John Loftus, New York: St Martin's Press pgs. 181-196.
----
Grenada:

Reagan lied.   A minority of hard core Marxist-Leninists led a
military coup on October 19, 1983 and placed leading moderates
socialists under arrest. In response, there was a nationwide general
strike and other protests. When a crowd of Bishop supporters
liberated the ousted prime minister Maurice Bishop and his allies
from prison, army troops massacred dozens of protesters and executed
Bishop and two other cabinet members.
The initial justifications for the invasion proved to be either
highly debatable or demonstrably false.

President Reagan immediately implied that the Cubans were behind the
coup and the killings. In reality, Cuban President Fidel Castro had
condemned the coup and declared an official day of mourning for the
late Prime Minister. Strongly worded cables from Havana underscored
the Cuban government's concern, threatening a cessation of Cuban
assistance and a declaration that Cuban forces on the island would
fire only in self-defense.

When Reagon administration wanted to give Castro advance warning of
the 1983 US invasion of Grenada, CIA Director William Casey turned
Noriega, asking him to serve as messenger. Noriega. [1c]

The major justification for the invasion was the protection of
American lives. Reagan administration officials falsely claimed that
the islands only operating airport was closed, offering the students
no escape. In reality, scores of people left the island on charter
flights the day before the U.S. invasion, noting that there was not
even a visible military presence at the airport and that customs
procedures were normal. Regularly scheduled flights as well as sea
links from neighboring Caribbean islands had ceased as of October
21, however, though this came as a direct result of pressure placed
on these governments to do so by U.S. officials.

Apparently, by limiting the ability of Americans who wished to
depart from leaving, the Reagan administration could then use their
continued presence on the troubled island as an excuse to invade.
The Reagan administration admitted that no significant non-military
means of evacuating Americans was actively considered.

The 800 American students at the U.S.-run St. Georges University
School of Medicine were never actually in any danger prior to the
invasion itself. Grenada and Cuban officials had met only days
earlier with administrators of the American medical school and
guaranteed the students safety. Staff members from the U.S. embassy
in Barbados visited Grenada and saw no need to evacuate the
students.

The medical schools chancellor, Charles Modica, polled students and
found that 90% did not want to be evacuated.

The U.S. media focused great attention on the students who were
first evacuated, however, virtually no attention was given to those
who stayed behind. There were no confirmed reports of any American
civilians harmed or threatened before or during the invasion. It was
three days after U.S. troops initially landed before they decided to
take control of the second medical school campus, raising questions
as to whether the safety of Americans was really the foremost
priority.

A second major justification for the invasion was the reported Cuban
military buildup on the island. President Reagan claimed that U.S.
troops found six warehouses "stacked to the ceiling" with weapons
that were earmarked for Cuban military intervention in Central
America and Africa. In reality, there were only three warehouses
that were only one-quarter full of antiquated small arms that had
been confiscated a few days earlier by the coup leaders from the
popular militias.
A major concern for the Reagan administration was an airport under
construction on the southern tip of the island at Port Salines, near
the capital of St. George's. President Reagan repeatedly charged
that it was to be a Soviet/Cuban air base. However, it has since
been acknowledged that its sole purpose was for civilian airliners.
Like other Caribbean islands, the tourist industry is an important
source of income.

While many of the new airport's construction workers were Cuban, the
contractor was Plessey, a British firm underwritten by Conservative
Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's government.
A third major pretext cited for the U.S. invasion was a request for
intervention by the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS),
the charter of which allows for "arrangements for collective
security against external aggression." However, since Grenada was a
member of the OECS, there was no external aggression. The article
stipulates that decisions for such actions must be unanimous among
member states, which was not the case, since Grenada, St. Kitts-
Nevis, and Montserrat did not support it.

The U.S. assault was resisted almost exclusively Grenadans. Many
observers speculate that this was the primary reason for the refusal
by the Reagan administration to allow media access to the island
during the initial phases of the invasion when most of the fighting
took place. The U.S. estimates that only about 35 Cubans died, but
has never released Grenada casualty figures. Less than 100 of the
750 Cubans on the island were military personnel.

The current center-right government, for example, has engaged in
some major irregularities in awarding contracts for public works
projects to foreign investors with criminal ties and has set up
offshore banking operations with little oversight.

//// In his race for the Senate in Connecticut, Joseph Lieberman
attacked his Republican opponent incumbent, Senator Lowell Weiker,
for having raised Constitutional objections to the invasion of
Grenada.///

Sources : http://www.fpif.org/papers/grenada2003.html

1c.  Confessions of an Economy Hit Man by John Perkins page 174
----

Panama:

Theodore Roosevelt used the Monroe Doctrine to justify interventions
in The Dominican Republic and Venezuela, and in 1903 invaded Panama –
  then a part of Colombia. He declared it an independent nation,
installed a puppet government, and signed the first Panama Canal
Treaty. We then assured our domination of the Canal Zone by
maintaining a succession of right-wing dictators connected with
Washington, the CIA, and American corporations such as Standard Oil
and United Fruit (eventually purchased by George H. W. Bush). The
U.S. military intervened on some dozen occasions in Panama to
protect these dictators from "leftist" uprisings between 1903 and
1968 when a popular and populist leader independent of Washington
finally emerged, Omar Torrijos.[3]

3. Moral Politics, by George Lakoff, Univ. of Chicago Press, 2002.

-----------
When the French construction of the canal began in 1881, Panama was
part of Columbia. The project ended in financial disaster is 1889.
Under Theodore Roosevelt, the United States requested that Columbia
sign a treaty turning the isthmus over to a North American
consortium. Columbia refused this treaty so in 1903 Roosevelt sent
the warship Nashville with a full bevy of troops and invaded the
defenseless little country of Panama. They killed the local militia
commander and declared Panama an independent nation. A puppet
government was installed and a treaty was signed which established
an American zone on both sides of the future waterway. Washington
assumed full control over this "new" nation. Thereafter Panama was
ruled by Washington sponsored wealthy right-wing dictators whose
first priority was American interests. This included big American
interests like Standard Oil and United Fruit Company (later
purchased by George H. W. Bush). Meanwhile Panamanian citizens lived
in poverty.

This ended with a declaration of Panamanian independence in 1968.
U.S. endorsed dictator Arnulfo Arias was overthrown and Omar
Torrijos became head of state, though he was not a part of the coup.
The unique characteristic about this leader Torrijos was his
integrity thus he was unjustifiably vilified by our media. [7]

He could not be swayed by Washington nor would he cave to communism
for support. He wanted to remove the U.S. military and claimed that
Panamanians "had its own rights – to sovereignty over its people,
its lands, and a waterway that bisected it – and that these rights
were as valid and as divinely bestowed as any enjoyed by the United
States."[8]

Carter and Torrijos signed a treaty on 7 September 1977 Washington,
DC. "That moment had a significant importance ongoing struggle of
Panamanians for their liberation, their independence, and for
strengthening their sovereignty. Omar Torrijos dared to break the
colonialist circle imposed on Panama by the United States." "We
Panamanians understood that the United States, a powerful,
imperialist and aggressive nation would not yield easily the
benefits it had gained by its political, economic and military
presence in the Republic of Panama." [9]

If hyped up economic promises with burgeoning debt are ineffective
then the second method – assassination by CIA jackals is permanently
effective and certainly serves as a deterrent to other like minded
leaders. In addition to Arbenz, Mossadegh and Allende and many
others both Jaime Roldós, president of Ecuador, and Omar Torrijos,
president of Panama died in 1981. CIA assassinations of the leaders
of other countries are a well known fact. Even a popular religious
leader recently called for the assassination of the elected leader
of Venezuela, an uncooperative individual currently being demonized
by our press.

Torrijos died on 1 August 1981 in a plane crash. "Torrijos' death
generated charges and speculation that he was the victim of an
assassination plot. For instance, in pre-trial hearings in Miami
May, 1991 Noriega's attorney Frank Rubino was quoted as
saying `General Noriega has in his possession documents showing
attempts to assassinate General Noriega and Mr. Torrijos by agencies
of the United States'. Those documents were not allowed as evidence
in trial, because the presiding judge agreed with the government's
claim that their public mention would violate the Classified
Information Procedures Act." [10]

Confessions of an Economic Hit Man by John Perkins, page 19, a must
read book
  4. Ibid, page 15
5.  Ibid, page 15-16
6 . Ibid, page 17
7.  Ibid
8.  Ibid, page 61
9.  http://www.skepticfiles.org/socialis/panama7.htm
10. http://omar-torrijos.biography.ms

-----
In December 20, 1989, twenty thousand American soldiers invaded
Panama. Some of them were from my former unit, 3d Bde (-), 7th Inf
Div (L). During the US attack on Panama, there were 23 Americans
soldiers killed and 322 wounded and three to five thousand
Panamanian civilians were killed and wounded and 25,000 left
homeless.  Following U.S. bombardment, the US Army, had prohibited
the press and the Red Cross from entering the heavily bombed areas
for three days, while soldiers incinerated and buried casualties.[1]
page 177.

The stated goal by Pres Bush Sr. of this invasion was to arrest Gen.
Manual Antonio Noriega and shut down his drug trafficking and money
laundering operations. Noriega was using the banks in Panama to
launderer billion of dollars for the Columbian drug cartels and
allowed drug traffickers to refuel their drug airplanes in Panama.

The real reason Pres. Bush Sr. invaded Panama are the following:

1.  In June 12, 1986, Noriega became a symbol of corruption, drug
trafficking and money laundering due to a New York Time front-page
article.

In early September 1989, a major government-media blitz was launched
by the President. If you looked at television, every news program
had a big section on how drugs were destroying our society, becoming
the greatest threat to our existence, etc.  After the media blitz,
concern over the budget was way down and drugs had soared to about
40% to 45%, which is highly unusual for an open question (where no
specific answers are suggested). [2]

2.  Pres. Bush Sr. suffered from an image problem, the "wimp
factor".

3.  Noriega adamantly refused to consider a fifteen-year extension
for the U.S. School of the Americas.

4.  Noriega consider one of his most important project as the new
leader of Panama, a plan to finance and construct a new canal with
the help of the Japanese.   Pres. Bush Sr. feared this would mean a
U.S. construction firm, Bechtel would lose billions of dollars to
Japanese firms.  This project would force the U.S. to live up to the
terms of the Canal Treat. [1] page 174-176.


Yet in Dec 98, Noriega appealed his 40-year prison sentence. In
March of 1999, Noriega's jail sentence was slashed from 40 years to
10 years, making him eligible for parole in less than a year. During
this appeal, Donald Winters, a former CIA Chief of Station in Panama
testified that Noriega should be given a break. Also Former US
Ambassador to Panama, Arthur Davis testified on Noriega's behave.

As Senator Carl Levin summarizes the record: "Estimates are that
$500 billion to $1 trillion of international criminal proceeds are
moved internationally and deposited into bank accounts annually. It
is estimated that half of that money comes to the United States".

1.  Confessions of an Economic Hit Man, by John Perkins.
2.  Norman Chomsky    http://deoxy.org/usdrugs.htm

President Bush's replacement for Noriega, Guillermo Endara, was a
director and secretary of Banco Interoceánico, targeted by both the
FBI and DEA as a major money laundry for both the Cali and Medellín
cocaine cartels. Just before the December 1989 Panama invasion,
Endara's business partner, Carlos Eleta, was arrested in Georgia for
conspiring to import a half-ton of cocaine per month. The charges
were dropped as soon as Bush installed Endara as Panamanian
president and Eleta became an "asset."
"http://www.drugwar.com/active%20army.shtm"

In one of the most mysterious events in the case, BCCI bank records
from Panama City relating to Noriega "disappeared" in transit to
Washington while under guard by the Drug Enforcement Administration.
After an internal investigation, the DEA said it had no idea what
had happened to the documents.
"http://www.stewwebb.com/Money%20Laundering%20B.C.C.I.%20The%
20Dirtiest%20Bank%20of%20All.html"
----

Secret Government within our government - Team B

In 1978, Congress passed the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
to try to stop electronic surveillance of US citizens by American
Intelligence. This act, however, did not cover British wiretapping
of Americans using US equipment at National Security Agency sites
and then passing on information about American back to the US
intelligence agencies. For the past fifty years, British
Intelligence has been allowed to wiretap Americans without warrants
and then pass information back to American intelligence or the FBI.
Also the American have provided the same service to British
Intelligence, allowing Americans intelligence to wiretap their
citizens from within Great Britain without warrants.(Source: Loftus,
John The Secret War Against the Jews, New York: St Martin's Press)

See more detail below regarding NSA :

----
Pres. Reagan in 1981 installed a highly compartmentalized
organization separate from his National Security Council. He signed
a top secret National Security Decision Directive #3 which
established a new intelligence organization headed by VP Bush
resulting in a separate spy agency within the White House. This
group was formed to set up a special mercenary unit (yes, you heard
right) to "take hostages and rescue them" as an option against
terrorists. The ideas was to kidnap or assassinate terrorists and/or
their families. Pres. Carter had signed a order outlawing
assassinations, you recall. Oliver North's boss in the Iran-Contra
debacle was VP Bush, the head of this White House covert action
group. (Source: Loftus, John The Secret War Against the Jews, New
York: St Martin's Press, p. 49).

----
Tatum states it was in 1981 that "President Reagan signed National
Security Decision Directive Number 3 (NSDD-3), which authorized the
vice president to chair the Special Situation Group (SSG). The
Special Situation Group was a division under the National Security
Council (NSC). One entity formed to support the SSG was the
Terrorist Incident Working Group (TIWG). TIWG was formed in April
1982, by authority of President Reagan in NSDD-30. This group
consisted of representatives of the following: Director of Central
Intelligence, Department of Defense, FBI, NSC staff and others as
required.

As a deep cover (allegedly) CIA and DIA operative, Gene "Chip" Tatum
(aka Major Gene Duncan) saw or participated in a remarkable series
of covert operations. Foremost in his mind are the years 1986-92,
when he operated for a group he called Pegasus(codename) . This
group operated on behalf of the US and other governments undertaking
tasks that ranged from narcotic smuggling to assassinations.

In a very real sense, Chip Tatum's story has now gone full circle.
In March 1996, Tatum wrote to former Director of Central
Intelligence, William Colby. Readers will recall that it was Colby
who originally recruited Tatum into the CIA in 1971, and set him on
his career as a covert intelligence operator. Since that time, Tatum
had developed a fondness for the super-spook and Colby, in turn,
played the role of mentor.

"The purpose of TIWG is to provide SSG with direct operational
support. TIWG then recommended to the President that a Terrorism
Task Force be formed and chaired by the head of SSG (the vice
president). Reagan approved NSDD-138 in April 1984, which extended
TIWG's arm and ability to form sub-groups. As a result of NSDD-138
was the formation of the Operation Sub-Group. The subgroup was a
select NSC-DOD-CIA-FBI-Foreign Intelligence Agency which operated so
as to by-pass the regular operations of intelligence/military/law
enforcement agencies. OSG was formed in February 1986."

Having revealed the framework of the authorizing Presidential
Directives necessary for the conduct of these covert operations,
Tatum then details the nitty-gritty of the OSG. "I was an operative
for OSG from April, 1986 through January, 1992. When I was operating
under the authority of the OSG I would report directly to the OSG,
not to the CIA or DIA. This `secret government' apparatus, built by
Vice President Bush from 1981 to 1986, was able to draw upon assets
from the CIA, the DOD Special Operations Units, and the private
sector. Using the private sector clause, Don Gregg, VP Bush's
National Security Advisor, included a representative from British
Intelligence and Israeli Intelligence. To date I have called this
group Pegasus in an attempt not to divulge it's true identity until
I was on safe ground. Although most of the missions performed by OSG-
2 are classified, the existence of the organization is now
declassified."

Until Tatum forwarded these details, the existence of more than one
Operations Sub-Group (OSG) were unknown. In fact, Tatum has now
revealed the existence of three OSGs. OSG-1 was headed by Ted
Shackley and was "our anti-narcotics group.' OSG-2 was the anti-
terrorism group and OSG-3 was "our alignment group." (aka a US death
squad)  Tatum was originally posted to OSG-2 which was commanded by
Col. Oliver North. The third group, OSG-3 was commanded by Richard
Secord. Following the exposure of Oliver North's role in Contragate
in 1987 he resigned as head of OSG-2, and his spot was taken over by
Secord. Tatum moved up to command OSG-3 at the same time.

All three OSG's answered to those individuals who sat on the TIWG.
General Colin Powell, represented the Department of Defence, William
Casey the CIA, Donald Gregg for the National Security Council. "FBI
guys rotated in and out…" Tatum says. "It was like they couldn't get
anyone," he concludes. Representing British Intelligence was Sir
Colin Figure. Formerly head of MI6, Sir Colin transferred in 1986 to
become "Security Co-coordinator" one of the top slots at the Cabinet
office, under the Premiership of Margaret Thatcher. He retired in
1989. Amiram Nir represented Israeli interests until his
assassination by an "Archer" team led by Tatum - at the request of
high level Israeli individuals - in 1988. Any of these six
could "call a mission." In addition, VP George Bush could do
likewise. Of significance too, was the occasional representation on
the TIWG of Lord Chalfont. The British lord was an adviser on "Mid-
East affairs" between 1986 and 1990.

From the moment Tatum was recruited to the OSG, he was posted to up
state New York where he established a number of cover businesses.
Tatum's up-state New York operation was also involved in shipping
the most sophisticated weapons across the border to Canada. Not
least are the known connections between Oliver North's related gun-
running operations that saw dirty money being laundered through the
British Channel Islands and the London based BCCI bank. Money
laundering was one of the principal activities of Col. Oliver North.

Tatum has stated that it was routine for all the OSG operatives to
establish their own businesses as "covers."   Funding was provided
as a line of credit with the Key Bank of Central New York,
Watertown, New York state by Republican Harry Hyde. The company was
formed by attorney, Ben Whitaker. Legal representation was through
O'Hara and Crough in Syracuse, NY. Tatum also operated through a
number of other similar "fronts."
http://www.deepblacklies.co.uk/the_pegasus_file-part2.htm

Tatum would be tasked by Bush Sr. with the neutralization (kill) of
a Mossad agent in 1988, an army Chief of Staff in 1989, the
President of a third world country in 1989, and the leader of a
revolutionary force in Central America in 1991.

o Ami Nir was killed in 1988.
o General Gustavo Alverez was killed in 1989.
o Enrique Bermudez, Contra leader and overseer of the cocaine
kitchens, was killed in 1991.

In 1992 I was tasked to neutralize an American citizen (Ross
Parot) . I refused. I decided that day to leave the Black Operations
unit. When I told Mr. Colby of my decision, he told me that one
can't just walk away. I explained to him that I understood the fate
of those who walk away. For that reason, I began documenting my
activities on film, on audio tapes, and with copies of documents,
all of which I compiled through the years. I explained that the film
and tapes were placed in strategic locations around the world to
insure my safety.

"http://www.whatreallyhappened.com/RANCHO/POLITICS/MENA/TATUM/tatum.h
tml"



CIA/DOD used KLA terrorist as a proxy force in Kosovo Albanian oil

From 1992-95 the Pentagon assisted the movement of thousands of
Islamic fighters from central Asia to fight alongside Bosnian
Muslims and remove the Milosevic barrier, and so extend US influence
in a key area of oil geopolitics -- a "pact with the devil", as
Richard Holbrooke, America's former chief Balkans peace negotiator
put it.

The 78-day bombing of Yugoslavia in the spring of 1999, directed by
the US general Wesley Clark, was said to be stopping an
alleged "genocide" by the Serbs in Kosovo (some 2,000 bodies were
later exhumed). The US goal was to assist the Kosovo Liberation Army
(KLA). Yet the year before, the US state department had branded the
KLA a terrorist organization, financing its operations from the
heroin trade and funds from Islamic countries and individuals,
including Osama bin Laden.

As James Bissett, the former Canadian ambassador to Yugoslavia, has
subsequently reported: "This did not stop the US from arming and
training KLA members in Albania and sending them back into Kosovo to
assassinate Serbian mayors, ambush Serbian policemen and intimidate
hesitant Kosovo Albanians ... Despite a UN arms embargo, and with
the support of the US, arms, ammunition and thousands of fighters
were smuggled into Bosnia to help the Muslims ... Bin Laden and his
network were also active in Kosovo, and KLA members trained in his
camps in Afghanistan and Albania." According to reports in April
1999, assistance was also provided by Britain's SAS.

Through much of the 1990s, US support for Islamic militants in
former Yugoslavia was backed up by covert US airdrops of arms,
especially at Tuzla in northern Bosnia. These took place in the face
of Operation Deny Flight, the UN-imposed and Nato-policed no-fly
zone over Bosnia.

But the airdrops were only the tip of the iceberg. Retired US
officers heading Military Professional Resources Inc, a private
paramilitary firm based in Virginia, planned the bloody
Croatian "liberation" of the Serb-held Krajina
enclave, which resulted in the ethnic cleansing of Serbs. The US
Congress also failed to authorize the war under the War Powers Act,
making it illegal.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,1179206,00.html

New Iraqi Prime minister was a terrorist for the CIA

Dr. Iyad Allawi, now the designated prime minister of Iraq, ran an
exile organization intent on deposing Saddam Hussein that sent
agents into Baghdad in the early 1990's to plant bombs and sabotage
government facilities under the direction of the C.I.A. between 1992
and 1995, several former intelligence officials say. Dr. Allawi's
group, the Iraqi National Accord, used car bombs and other explosive
devices smuggled into Baghdad from northern Iraq.  The Iraqi
government at the time claimed that the bombs, including one it said
exploded in a movie theater, resulted in many civilian casualties.
But whether the bombings actually killed any civilians could not be
confirmed  because, as a former C.I.A. official said.

The former intelligence officials, while confirming C.I.A.
involvement in the bombing campaign, would not say how, exactly, the
agency had supported it.

Dr. Allawi is not believed to have ever spoken in public about the
bombing campaign. But one Iraqi National Accord officer did. In
1996, Amneh al-Khadami, who described himself as the chief bomb
maker for the Iraqi National Accord and as being based in
Sulaimaniya, in northern Iraq, recorded a videotape in which he
talked of the bombing campaign and complained that he was being
shortchanged money and supplies. Two former intelligence officers
confirmed the existence of the videotape.

Mr. Khadami, it added, also said he worried that the C.I.A. might
view him as "too much the terrorist." (Source: NYTimes, NEW
PREMIER,June 9, 2004)
----

In 1967, CIA Director Richard Helms appointed Thomas Karamessines as
deputy director of operations.

Karamessines' first assignment was to take on the anti-war press.
This task replaced domestic political espionage as the highest
priority within the United States. Karamessines formed the Special
Operations Group (SOG), a clandestine group, and placed Richard Ober
in charge of coordinating the program. Ober expanded SOG to
investigate and infiltrate the anti-war underground press which
included over 500 newspapers. SOG was later renamed MHCHAOS,
the "MH" for the world-wide area of operations and "CHAOS"
for "chaos."

Helms later appointed Ober to the Intelligence Evaluation Committee
(IEC), a secret interagency. Ober met with officials from the
Justice Department, Defense Department, Secret Service, and the
National Security Agency. The IEC reported directly to John Dean,
President Nixon's White House counsel. The role of the IEC was to
prevent better methods of preventing leaks while performing domestic
intelligence operations.

The IEC recommended that there were times that the it would be in
the best interest of the government to deliberately leak classified
information. It also concluded that it would be difficult to
prosecute individuals who released secret documents, since those
people could hold high positions in the government. The IEC also
recommended that contacts with media personnel by federal officials
be recorded and that procedures be clearly defined. The committee
said that leakers should be fired and that laws should be enacted to
prosecute them.

In 1996, Colby testified to the Senate that the CIA had infiltrated
the peace movement in New York City and that the agency had
collected approximately 10,000 files on Americans.

THE McCOY CASE. The CIA also targeted Alfred McCoy when he was about
to publish The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia in 1972. McCoy
researched the CIA's role during the Vietnam war era and concluded
that the agency was involved in heroin trade in Southeast Asia. He
wrote how the CIA collaborated with right wing mercenaries and
warlords in Laos and how "Air America" was used to transport heroin
out of the country. McCoy explained that the CIA operated in
Thailand with paramilitary units trained in Taiwan and that agents
operated alongside mercenaries who controlled up to 90 percent of
Burma's opium trade which was destined for the United States.

Mackenzie pointed out how Karamessines once again was assigned to
block the book which was being published by Harper and Row.
Karamessines had an inside connection with senior editor Cord Meyer
who, despite heavy lobbying, refused to freeze McCoy's contract.
Fearful that the book would jeopardize CIA operations abroad and
damage the agency's credibility, Karamessines finally convinced
McCoy to submit the manuscript to CIA censors who would be given ten
days to make an evaluation.

Since the outset of the Cold War, the media had always taken a pro-
administration, anti- communist stance. The country's print media
and their journalists had faithfully worked with the CIA to help the
agency further its objectives throughout the world. Some media
groups provided "cover" for CIA personnel overseas by allowing the
agency's personnel to pose as reporters. The CIA also provided
monetary incentives to journalists in exchange for information.

However, Seymour Hersh, a reporter for the New York Times, had
broken tradition and reported stories critical of the CIA. Earlier,
he had run a story of CIA surveillance of dissidents in New York
City during the anti-war and civil rights movement of the late 1960s
and early 1970s. Hersh also reported that the White House and the
CIA lied to Congress about American involvement just two years
before the 1973 coup that overthrew Salvador Allende in Chile.

Now Hersh got hold of the McCoy story on the very day that the
whistle-blower turned his manuscript over to the CIA censors. Hersh
had a front page story that explained how the CIA was trying to
block the book. Days later, the CIA censors gave McCoy a list of
their objections in a 20 page document. But since the agency had no
contractual agreement with McCoy, it was impossible for the courts
to prevent the book's publication.

Months later, beginning on December 22, 1972, Hersh wrote a series
of 33 articles entitled "CIA Assails Asian Drug Charge." In the
stories, he revealed that the CIA had gathered 10,000 files on
American citizens and had conducted illegal break-ins, wiretaps, and
mail openings. The New York Times also investigated and reported on
the CIA's role in a reported scandal in Singapore which occurred
nine years earlier in 1965. Two CIA agents were arrested when their
polygraph machine was discovered in a Singapore hotel, and they were
arrested. The CIA offered a $3.3 million bribe to the Singapore
government for the release of the two agents. At first the State
Department denied the allegations but later apologized for the
incident. In addition New York Times journalist Ronald Kessler
revealed that FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover had compiled files on the
personal lives members of Congress and that two FBI agents said that
they would testify to the validity of those allegations.

-----

The CIA has maintained the largest news service in the world and has
retained a budget larger than all the news agencies. The Senate
Intelligence Committee discovered that the CIA owned "more than 200
wire services, and book publishing companies" and even subsidized
more. It was revealed that more than 50 media outlets were run by
the CIA both within and outside the United States. They involved 12
publishing companies, which marketed 1,200 books secretly written by
the CIA. Some included books written in Russian, Chinese, and the
languages of numerous Third World countries.

INVESTIGATING THE CIA IN THE 1970s: THE HUSTON PLAN. In 1955,
President Eisenhower put together the 5412 Group to regulate covert
operations. 5412 Group consisted of senior officials in the State
and Defense Departments, the director of the CIA, and the national
security adviser. In the Kennedy administration, the name was
changed to the Special Group, President Johnson renamed it the 303
Committee, and Nixon called it the 40 Committee. When Nixon moved
into the White House, he moved to increase the role and power of the
CIA. The "Huston plan," named after Nixon's aide for internal
security affairs, authorized intelligence organizations to open
mail, examine cables, eavesdrop on conversations, and break into
homes and businesses of Americans who disagreed with the
administration's policies.

The report did document the CIA's "excessive" use of covert action,
and it included 900 projects and several thousand minor ones since
1961. It disclosed that the CIA:

Placed 1.5 million names of Americans, who were potential
subversives, into a computer database.

Opened files on over 7,000 Americans during its domestic spying
program.

Opened 38,000 letters along with help from the FBI.

And the report disclosed that the FBI conducted 500,000
investigations of dissidents, and they did not obtain one conviction.

The Church Committee recommended that the Senate form a permanent
oversight committee. However, the Senate responded by passing
legislation which created a "temporary" oversight committee which
only had the jurisdiction to "study" the issue for a mere 15 months.

----------

In 1976, President Ford attempted to curtail the power of the CIA by
issuing a presidential order that stated: "No employee of the United
States shall engage in, or conspire to engage in, political
assassination." Two years later, President Carter strengthened
Ford's order with another one which prohibited assassinations by the
United States government. And on December 4, 1981 President Reagan
issued Executive Order 12333 which was similar to Ford's decree: "No
person employed by or acting on behalf of the United States
government shall engage in, or conspire to engage in,
assassinations."

However, Reagan reversed his policy on November 13, 1984. A month
before, the CIA had paid hit-men to kill a Muslim sheik named
Fadallah. The car bomb exploded, killing 80 people, but Fadallah was
not among the dead. At the same time, Reagan was losing support
among members of Congress and the American people for the Contra war
in Nicaragua. As a result, he canceled his executive order from
three years earlier that had banned assassinations. On August 11,
1985 Reagan reinstated the "license to kill" clause after the
hijacking of an American TWA plane that summer. However, pressured
by members of Congress, Reagan issued a new executive order on May
12, 1986.

Less than a year into President Bush's administration, he issued
a "memorandum of law" that allowed "accidental" killing if it was a
byproduct of legal action. On October 14, 1989 the Los Angeles Times
reported the memo. It read: "A decision by the President to employ
overt military force ... Would not constitute assassination if
United States forces were employed against combatant forces of
another nation, a guerrilla force, or a terrorist or other
organization whose actions pose a threat to the security of the
United States."

-----

In 1985, Casey and his successor, Robert Gates, warned of a
nonexistent Soviet plot against Pope John Paul II.

In 1986, Gates stated that the Soviets were deploying an underground
laser defense system, aimed at incoming missiles. Presumably, this
piece of disinformation was to stir up more fear of the Soviet Union
in order to funnel more revenue into the military-industrial complex.

http://www.angelfire.com/ca3/jphuck/BOOK3Ch3Part1.html

US Black Buget is $1.1 trillion a year



David K. Steensma, Acting Assistant Inspector for auditing DoD wrote
in a 2002 report that "DoD processed $1.1 trillion in unsupported
accounting entries to DoD Component financial data used to prepare
departmental reports and DoD financial statements for FY 2000." [82]
Elaborating on the significance of the DoD Inspector General
reports, O'Meara has written:


[T]he deputy IG [Inspector General] at the Pentagon read an eight-
page summary of DOD fiduciary failures. He admitted that $4.4
trillion in adjustments to the Pentagon's books had to be cooked to
compile the required financial statements and that $1.1 trillion of
that amount could not be supported by reliable information. In other
words, at the end of the last full year on Bill Clinton's watch,
more than $1 trillion was simply gone and no one can be sure of
when, where or to whom the money went. [83]
According to the Office of the Inspector General, the accounting
irregularities for fiscal year 1999 were even larger and added up to
2.3 trillion dollars; and for fiscal year 1998, these irregularities
were 1.7 trillion

The Inspector General reports are important evidence that trillions
of dollars were siphoned through the Department of Defense (DoD) for
the fiscal years 1998-2002. [89] Using the Inspector General reports
of accounting anomalies, it can be estimated that Fitts and
O'Meara's estimates of missing money from the DoD is a close
approximation to the CIA's `unofficial' black budget. Consequently,
the CIA black budget is annually in the vicinity of 1.1 trillion
dollars – a truly staggering figure when one considers that the DoD
budget for 2004 will be approximately 380 billion dollars. [90] This
suggests that the vast size of the DoD in terms of its personnel,
weapons systems and research into `conventional weapons systems', is
dwarfed by something that in funding terms is almost three times
larger than the entire conventional military system funded by the
DoD budget.



The method used in guiding the analysis in this report is to simply
follow the money trail created by the CIA's black budget that
enables a number of important insights to be drawn by the
institutions playing key roles in generating, protecting and
distributing black budget funds. Critical in this analysis has been
the experience of individuals and companies such as Catherine Fitts
and Hamilton Securities that experienced what evidence indicates was
a CIA orchestrated covert campaign to discredit the financial
tracking reforms that threatened to make more transparent the
financial flows of HUD and other government agencies.

  The systematic accounting problems experienced by HUD and other
agencies points to the existence of an unofficial black budget of up
one trillion dollars annually. The size of the black budget and the
CIA activities used to generate funds for it, point to a vast secret
network of projects that is funded outside of the normal
Congressional appropriation process. Consequently, what follows is a
discussion of some of the primary conclusions that can be drawn and
arguments made concerning the CIA's `unofficial' black budget and
the Manhattan II project it has been argued to fund.

Thus the CIA generates the black budget that in turns transfers
these funds to projects that are institutionally located in the
military intelligence and special operations units of the DoD. The
various military intelligence agencies in turn hire private
contractors and/or provide the necessary military resources for
these covert programs to be conducted in national laboratories,
military bases, private corporations or other classified locations.
The program managers of each of the classified projects associated
with Manhattan II answer directly to an `executive committee' that
is outside of the regular oversight process in DoD, CIA, Congress
and the Executive Office.

It is unclear when the full scope and impact of annual black buget
will be disclosed to the American public. However, the consequences
in terms of increased loss of trust in federal government agencies,
loss of morale among senior agency officials instructed to cover up
black budget transactions, non-transparency in the flow of
government appropriations, targeting of policy makers and business
leaders who discover the fraudulent accounting and money laundering
that occurs with the black budget, all warrant a serious examination
of the need for maintaining the secrecy of Manhattan II and the
black budget that funds it. Finally, the classified adversary
against whom Manhattan II is directed requires immediate
declassification due to the inherent dangers of dealing with what
appears to be an undisclosed security threat in a non-transparent
and unaccountable manner, and totally outside of the moral/legal
restrictions that emerge from vigorous public debate in democratic
societies.

http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0401/S00151.htm

In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, this material is
distributed without profit for research and educational purposes. MY
NEWSLETTER has no affiliation whatsoever with the originator of this
article nor is MY NEWSLETTER endorsed or sponsored by the originator.

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A summary of Jim Norman work:

December 7th, 1995 -- In the early 80s when Bill Casey came into
office in the CIA under Ronald Reagan. That's when our government
decided to embark on this amazing and extremely unbelievably
successful effort to spy on the world's banks. We did it! We have
been spying on world banking transactions for more than a dozen
years. The way we do it is by basically forcing foreign banks,
wittingly or unwittingly, to buy bugged software and bugged
computers that let our NSA (National Security Agency) which is the
intelligence arm of the government, to basically surveil wire
transfers all over the globe.  The whole idea was to track terrorist
money.

And NSA knew the Saudi Arabians were funding islamic fundamentalist
schools and terrorist groups.[2]

The Jackson Stephens Sr'  (see more about him below) software firm
Systematics was to become the nation's biggestsupplier of back-
office banking software, and would eventually work closelywith the
National Security Agency to facilitate intelligence monitoring of
banking transactions. [1]  Systematics in Arkansas, now called
Alltel Information Services. They had another company called Boston
Systematics, an affiliate based in Israel mainly.

The Israelis were key partners with us in this bank spying effort.
This is a joint allied government effort, and the Israelis were one
of the key front people in this, in selling and supporting this
software all over the world, so that people weren't thinking they
were getting the software directly from the U.S. An Israeli front
company used to sell this stuff to foreign banks including the
Moscow bank.

The software had back doors, just a few lines of code, that would
allow somebody to dial into a computer without leaving any
footprints, any audit trail that you were in there. Then you could
go around and look around in files or you could collect information
from a system without the user even knowing it.  this software,
which was originally called PROMIS.  It Started out as software
designed to track prosecutorial cases around the country.   It
became sort of a basic platform database (mining) tracking system
for most of our intelligence agencies and many of those abroad
(foreign intel agencies).  The whole computer world is much more
porous and transparent than anybody wants you to believe.   It was a
half million lines of code.  It's a couple of million lines anyway.
It's gone through many, many modifications over the years.

This bank snooping began in earnest soon after Ronald Reagan became
president in 1981. Its primary aim was to track the money behind
intl terrorist groups and soon came to be dubbed, "Follow the
money", according to program originator Norman A. Bailey. Now a
private Washington consultant on intl banking, Bailey was an
economist and Reagan advisor on the National Security Counsel. It
was Bailey's idea to begin using powerful new computer & electronic
eavesdropping technologies then emerging to let the intelligence
community monitor the previously confidential flow of bank wire
transfers. This was no small task; more than $1 trillion a day moves
through NY alone.

Systematics, I understand, had an attorney who was kind of off the
record doing work for them, named Vince Foster.  Foster was a
trusted deal guy for Stevens at the law firm. Although Foster never
shows up officially as an attorney of record for Systematics, he was
definitely in the loop, basically smoothing out things between
Systematics and the NSA, which was the main government agency that
was contracting for a lot of this stuff.  (source: The House Banking
Committee investigation, headed by Rep. Jim Leach Committee
Chairman).

Mid 80s. Foster is at the Rose Law Firm. Think of him as a high-
level marketing guy between Systematics and the NSA.

Hillary Clinton was actually an attorney of record for Systematics
back in 1978 when Stevens tried to take over the Financial General
Bank shares in Washington. Those bank holding companies later became
First American.

Even before the bank spying stuff (data mining) Stevens was fronting
for the BCCI crowd and trying to take over this Washington Bank
Holding Co. (see more about BCCI below).  They had been what
amounted to a laundromat for covert funds for the CIA and the
intelligence community, quite legally, probably. It was done for the
national interest. Somebody had to move this money around and
Systematics was in a perfect place to do it because they owned the
computers and a whole bunch of small banks. They could move this
money around electronically without the bankers even knowing about
it necessarily, and it wouldn't go through the normal clearing
houses. The regulators wouldn't see it. It would just crop up
wherever the CIA needed it in whatever bogus front company account,
and it was all just bits and bytes; it was a cyberbank -- it still
is.

A small cadre of CIA computer hackers known as the Fifth Column have
been raiding foreign bank accounts from BCCI, drug laundering,
defense kickbacks, arms trades. etc. They've pulled back $2.5
billion, more than $2.5 billion with a "B" dollars from 300, 400,
500 of these accounts. There is probably 3,000 coded Swiss and other
foreign bank accounts that they have been rifling through the
computers on.

  Over the past 2 years, they say, more than $2 billion has been
swept out of offshore bank accounts belonging to figures connected
to the U.S. govt with nary a peep from the victims or their banks.
The claim that Foster and other U.S. figures have had offshore
accounts has been confirmed by a separate high-ranking CIA source
and another in Justice Dept.


Hundreds of these accounts already raided, and nobody, NOBODY has
been able to stand up and say, "I was robbed." Why? Because, the
money came from exactly what you said -- kickbacks on drugs,
kickbacks on arms, insider trading, and they never paid any taxes on
this stuff. They've never disclosed it, and the minimum sentence for
willful tax evasion is ten years, that's the minimum.

What you have going on right now in Congress is basically, there
are "Angels of Death" (a code name for two vigilantes) . Actually,
there are two I'm told. There is one on the Democratic side and one
on the Republican side.  These vigilantes are just going to take
this situation into their own hands and release this stuff, I'm
convinced.  The Angels of Death are telling Congress men and women
tied to Swiss bank accounts to get out of government.  These people
(in government) have been confronted. They've been given 24 hours
basically to clean out their desks. That's what it amounts to.
They're gonna try and get all these people out who have Swiss bank
accounts before it hits the fan.

A record 45 members of congress have decided not to run for
reelection or outright resigned from office. Not in a hundred years
has there been such an exodus. Nor are these departees obscure back-
benchers. They are among the most powerful people in the most
powerful govt that has ever existed on earth, with egos to match.
Committee chairmen, or ranking minority members who would be
committee chairmen if the Democrats regained control, powerful
committees or subcommittees: appropriations, rules, armed services,
agriculture.[3]


Sen. Sam Nunn & Alan Simpson claim they just don't have that
ol' "fire in the belly" any more. Tearful Rep. Jack Fields R-TX
House Telecommunications & Finance committee chair held a press
conference to say he wants to spend more time with his kids. Veteran
Rep. Patricia Schroeder D-CO says she wants to give up her $133,600
a year job to be a writer. GOP Sen. Nancy Kassebaum, Senate Labor
Committee chair and daughter of GOP legend Alf Landon, wants to go
back to her little farmhouse on the prairie.[3]

Mark O. Hatfield, Senate Appropriations Committee chair, or Veterans
Affairs Committee chair Sen. Simpson, or Rep. Robert Walker, close
confidante & ally of Gingrich who was almost elected House Majority
Leader. All hold safe seats.[3]


Patsy Schroeder:  Somebody noted on the Internet that at the news
conference where she was announcing she wasn't going to run, there
had already been re-elect Schroeder bumper stickers printed up. I
mean, she... take this guy Ron Coleman from Texas, a Congressman
down there. He made his announcement at his supposed re-election
campaign kickoff party.

You could not launder all of that money without the knowing, willing
cooperation and participation of major banks, major brokerage
houses, and Goldman Sachs.  Goldman Sachs were the underwriter on a
bunch of these $8 billion or so of bonds that Arkansas Development
Finance Authority (ADFA) marketed to who knows whom.

There are records of transactions of $80 million of money transfers
to the Fuji Bank  in the Cayman Islands ( the Switzerland of the
Caribbean) from ADFA, the Arkansas Development Financial Authority,
who I believe never had more than $8 million to begin with. Where
did they get $80 million, and what's it going to the Fuji Bank for?

http://www.constitution.org/quinnorm.htm

JACKSON STEPHENS, SR.is a billionair from Arkansas. He was a top
donor to the Reagan and GEORGE H.W.BUSH campaigns, he suddenly
switched to Clinton in 1990. He brought BCCI to US shores in 1979
and helped to launder cocaine profits from CIA drug smuggling in
Mena, Arkansas and elsewhere.  Mena story being spiked a year ago by
Katherine Graham at the Washington Post.

Mochtar Riady is the Indonesian billionaire who was a joint investor
with Little Rock billionaire Jackson Stephens in Worthen Bank when
an investor group that included Jackson Stephens took over First
American Bank in Washington, D.C.[1]

Stephens, with the help of Bert Lance and others, brought in BCCI
(Bank ofCredit and Commerce International) to wrest control of the
bank from that group, and to put it into the hands of friendlier
partners.

AGHA HASAN ABEDI founded BCCI, the largest criminal bank in human
history, in 1972. Its
board and shareholders were rife with spooks from the US, Saudi
Arabia, Pakistan, etc. A key part of the October Surprise (helping
Pres.Carter get defeated by Reagon) , BCCI laundered billions in
covert and drug money for the CIA' Central American and Afghanistan
ops. Through BCCI, Abedi was involved with figures such as GEORGE
H.W. BUSH, JACKSON STEPHENS, Manuel Noriega, and others.

BCCI had also been the CIA's principal liaison for the entire Middle
East from the mid- 1960's through
1979. The CIA utilized BCCI for its own payments. For example,
ManuelNoriega, who was recruited by the U.S. Defense Intelligence
Agency in 1959,who went on the CIA payroll in 1967, and who became
head of Panamanian military intelligence in 1968, was paid through
the Panamanian branch of BCCI. The CIA also used BCCI branches in
Pakistan to launder payments to the Afghan rebels, and Pakistani
officials used the same bank to launder heroin profits.

Since Iran-Contra that the government has sort of been involved in
the drug business. It goes way back before then, actually. It goes
back even to the Vietnam War days -- remember the Golden Triangle,
Laos, Cambodia and all that, Pakistan and Afghanistan, but it was
always on a much smaller scale. What apparently happened was that in
the 80s we got into it in a big way, basically nationalizing the
wholesale importation of drugs from Central and South America. The
idea was that we control it somehow that way.

It's become the funding source for just about anything that the
government covertly wants to do, and for the moneys that various
elements of the government don't want to ask the Congress for, nor
do they want Congress to know about.  And it's an arms business, too.

Stephens' principal motive in bringing BCCI to America was
apparently to connect up his own financial institutions to the
global laundry--not only First American, but those in Little Rock
also. To avoid the type of SEC  scrutiny involved in the Financial
General takeover, Webster Hubbell, who had represented Stephens'
software company Systematics, was employed to draw up the charter
for the Arkansas Development Finance Authority (ADFA).

Intelligence community sources says Vince Foster was under
investigation for espionage. Foster had... actually he had several
accounts, and there was one in particular in this bank, bank at
Villa Switsaria Italiano in Chaso on the Italian border. It is a
little kind of a Mafia kind of community there reputed, and so he
was taking the money in there for the payments from the Swiss. He
was going to Geneva every six or eight months, and his curious one-
day trips -I don't think it was for sightseeing.

You know the money would go into a Swiss bank. Somebody would have
to go physically and take it out and take it to a friendly bonded
dealer or something like that, buy bearer bonds or other kinds of
bonds or something that you could pledge as collateral for loans
back in the states and turn it back into cash again legitimately,
and so that is how money laundering works.

The Fifth Column armed with a Cray supercomputer, had been
monitoring Foster's Swiss account. They had located it by tracking
money flows from various Israeli govt accounts after finding
Foster's name while secretly snooping through the electronic files
of Israel's Mossad. Then by snooping through the bank files, they
gathered all information needed to withdraw the money. Foster was
one of the first of scores of high level U.S. political figures to
have their secret Swiss accounts looted of illicit funds, according
to both this veteran CIA source & a separate source in another
intelligence agency.[3]

One man who uncovered the link between Systematics, Foster and
covert money movements from arms & drugs was Bob Bickel, who was an
undercover Customs investigator in the 1980s. "We found Systematics
was often a conduit for the funds" in arms & drug transactions, says
Bickel, now living in Texas: "They were the money changers." His
story is corroborated by a former CIA employee who says it was well
known within the agency in the late 1970s that Foster was involved
with Systematics in covert money management.
Another source is Michael Ricoposciuto, former research director of
the covert arms operation at California's tiny Cabazon Indian
Reservation in the early 1980s. Ricoposciuto claims his crew of
computer programmers helped customize PROMIS there for banking &
other uses. He is now serving 80 years in a South Carolina federal
prison ostensibly on drug charges. Though maybe not a credible
source on his own, his story fits well with other sources.[3]


The day Foster died he had like a two-hour meeting with another
person from the Arkansas contingent there. I think the problem was
that they were afraid that Vince was going to talk or that he was
going to crack under questioning, and here's a guy who was now, at
this point, under intense surveillance. I mean, he had not only CIA
counter intelligence people, but you had NSA. You had FBI
surveilling him. There was a four-person IRS team we know was
assigned to tail this guy, probably in connection with the money
laundering aspect of the Swiss bank account.

This was a political assassination carried out on U.S. soil by a
foreign government.   The Israelis were involved in this. There was
apparently a threeperson Mossad-contracted team.


Source:  http://www.constitution.org/quinnorm.htm

Jim Norman,  a business writer and former Senior Editor at Forbes
Magazine, and currently writing for Media Bypass Magazine after
having uncovered Caspar Weinberger's Swiss bank account..

Norman got into this story while investigating an oil company
bankruptcy up in Stamford, Connecticut, There is no reason why this
company went bust and, in fact, when I actually got into it and
started redoing the oil trading transactions, the reason they lost
money: they weren't losing it. They were hiding it. They were
parking it off shore with another company that was financing arms
sales to Iraq, cluster bombs and stuff like that all through the
80s. And, this Chilean arms dealer, Cardone, who was providing
weapons, was also, it turns out, brokering some of the sales of this
stolen software.

  1.  http://www.aci.net/kalliste/lippo.htm

2.  Confessions of an Economic Hit Man, by John Perkins, pages 96
and 97.

3.  http://www.sjcite.info/oswald.html

----------------------------

FOSTERGATE by James R. Norman

  http://192.80.61.73/view/1996/norman.html


From another source, Norman had acquired some account numbers that
had been found among the personal effects of Barry Seal , a cocaine-
smuggling CIA asset who'd worked out of the Mena airport, and was
murdered by Colombian hitmen in Baton Rouge in 1986. (See
HighWitness News, Jun. '86).
...
"In a suitcase in the trunk of Seal's car was a scrap of paper,"
says Norman, "with a curious string of ten letters. One source who'd
been involved in money-laundering in the past was quite confident it
was a Swiss bank-account number in encrypted form." Norman passed it-
  KPFBMMBODB along to Charles Hayes.
...
It was not long thereafter that Norman was informed that
his "Fostergate" story was being abruptly spiked, on orders from the
very top: Forbes publisher emeritus Caspar Weinberger, Secretary of
Defense under Reagan.

Norman was later forced to resign from Forbes after coming across
evidence that Forbes Inc. Chairman, Casper Weinberger himself had
more than $2 million raided from a Swiss account by the Fifth Column.

------------

In June of 2000, I was stunned to see an announcement in the
Arkansas Democrat-Gazette that a retiring Wesley Clark was going to
go to work for billionaire investment banker and Presidential
kingmaker Jackson Stephens in Little Rock. This set off alarm bells
that Clark was someone to watch. In his current campaign literature,
Clark lists his profession as an investment banker. And he is still
employed by Stephens.

http://www.fromthewilderness.com/free/ciadrugs/gray_money.html

http://www.fromthewilderness.com/free/ww3/102003_beyond_bush_2.html

In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, this material is
distributed without profit for research and educational purposes. MY
NEWSLETTER has no affiliation whatsoever with the originator of this
article nor is MY NEWSLETTER endorsed or sponsored by the
originator.)
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or the best of N&V at
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/newsviewsnolose2

  http://groups.yahoo.com/group/RunningOnEmptyDemocratCaucusWA/

and http://groups.yahoo.com/group/RunningOnEmptyCaucusDemocratsUSA

Pres. Clinton found out that from 1980 on, the CIA annual assessment
report of the Soviet Union was being doctored and that essentially
two different reports were being produced. There was a real CIA
document, which was called the Annual Assessment Report of the
Economic and Military Strength of the Soviet Union.

As early as 1979  when Carter was still president, the CIA
assessment clearly indicated that the Soviet Union was beginning to
crumble internally. Its economy was virtually in shambles. What
little export business it had was quickly going down the tubes. Its
infrastructure was falling apart.

Then in 1981, the started CIA sending its annual assessment report
to the White House directly and not to anybody else. (Later in the
1980s Tommy Rheinhardt the CIA liaison officer to Congress lied
extensively about this very same subject matter.)  The White House
then would reproduce a whole new CIA report that showed the exact
opposite of what was really happening,

The Bush Sr. Cabal then used this as a justification to embark upon
a policy of enormous defense buildup and the wasteful expenditure
thereunto and the enormous amount of debt necessary to finance said
defense buildup.

The Soviet Union was very close to bankruptcy in 1987 and the Bush
Cabal was scared. They knew that if the Soviet Union fell apart
economically in 1987, the jig was up and people would know they had
lied (about the threat and the corporate welfare) . Everybody would
know that they had lied about the military and economic strength of
the Soviet Union. Therefore the West Germans secretly lent the
Soviets $80 billion and the Japanese secretly under Bush pressure
lent them another $40 billion. However, the money was lent with the
understanding that the US treasury and the people of the United
States would be ultimately responsible for the$120 billion should
the Soviet Union default on said loans.

http://news4florida.tripod.com/indexfraud.html


A secret government within a government

  In his landmark historical study, Operation Mind Control, author
Walter Bowart describes the cryptocracy as "a secret bureaucracy
still supported by all the power of the federal government, but
which operates outside the chain of government command."

     Former Assistant Secretary of State Elliott Abrams called it "a
shadow government in the United States." A Lt. Commander from the US
Naval Reserves, Al Martin's own words, it's a "Government Within a
Government, comprising some thirty to forty thousand people the
American Government turns to, when it wishes certain illegal covert
operations to be extant pursuant to a political objective."

     Bowart describes the cryptocracy as "a technocratic organization
without ideology, loyal only to an unspoken, expedient, and
undefined patriotism... Its funds are secret. Its operational
history is secret. Even its goals are secret."

One of Al Martin's roles was acting as a fundraiser for the "War
Against Communism" in Nicaragua. His expertise as a finance and
corporate securities specialist served "The Cause," as Oliver North
called the enterprise of raising cash for secret illicit operations.

At a meeting with General (Ret) Richard V. Secord and Lawrence
Richard Hamil, the US Governments own con man, Martin was briefed
about Iran Contra operations and allowed to view CIA white papers
on "Operation Black Eagle," the code name for the illegal George
Bush/Bill Casey/Oliver North program of government-sanctioned
narcotics trafficking, illicit weapons deals and wholesale fraud.
http://www.almartinraw.com/book.html

When the George Bush, Bill Casey and Oliver North State-sanctioned
fraud and drug smuggling, Iran Contra, finally fell apart, they had
ended up using 5,000 operatives and making $350 billion.


     After he retired as from the Navy, Al Martin's life went into
the fast lane as a black ops specialist and an Office of Navy
Intelligenc (ONI) officer. In his book "The Conspirators," Al Martin
tells the facts that have been ignored, ripping off the covers of
the sleaziest secrets of the Washington power-mongers.

     Because of his failing health, Al Martin has decided to go
public and tell the whole story of the Iran-Contra Conspiracy.  His
book The Conspirators is a secret history of the late 20th century.

He says while working as a black operations ONI agent he learned
that Peru would become a staging area for CIA cocaine production and
trafficking.  The CIA Deputy Station Chief in Lima at the time, the
famous Buzz Barlow, Eugene 'Buzz' Barlow.

http://www.almartinraw.com/uri1.html

Team B

October 26, 2005 --The classic case is the "missile gap" of the late
1950s. Air Force Intelligence was estimating that Soviets would
deploy 500 intercontinental ballistic missiles by the early '60s.
The intelligence branch of the Strategic Air Command figured the
Soviets would, or might already, have 1,000 or more. The CIA, on the
other hand, calculated the number at about 50. (By the time John F.
Kennedy took office in 1961, photos from spy satellites revealed
that the Soviets had just four ICBMs.)

Air Force Intelligence Chief Maj. Gen. George Keegan, had briefed
officials on the thousands of hidden Soviet missiles back in
the '50s. He later after retirement from the Air Force, became a
member of Team B in the 1970s.

In the 1970s, when President Richard Nixon's policy of detente was
under attack by some former military officials and conservative
policy intellectuals, Ford administration officials Dick Cheney and
Donald Rumsfeld were among those challenging as too soft the CIA's
estimate of Moscow's military power.

Rumsfeld and Cheney wanted to create a "Team B," which would have
access to the CIA's data on the Soviets and issue its own
conclusions. Cheney, as White House chief of staff, and Rumsfeld, as
secretary of Defense, championed Team B, whose members included the
young defense strategist Paul Wolfowitz, who a quarter-century later
would be one of the chief architects of the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

Vested interests can be ideological as well as institutional. In the
mid-1970s, a group of well-known hawks, mainly former policy-makers
and retired officers, started clamoring that the Soviets were
acquiring a first-strike capability and that the CIA was gravely
underestimating their prowess and might. President Gerald Ford,
under growing pressure from the right, succumbed to what seemed a
modest demand—to let a team of their analysts examine the same data
that the CIA had been examining and come up with alternative
findings. It was sold as an "exercise" in intelligence analysis, an
interesting competition—Team A (the CIA) versus Team B (the
critics). Yet once allowed an institutional footing, the Team B
players presented their conclusions—and leaked them to friendly
reporters—as the truth, which the pro-detente administration was
trying to hide.

The Team B report read like one long air-raid siren: The Soviets
were spending practically all their GNP on the military; they were
perfecting charged-particle beams that could knock our warheads out
of the sky; their express policy and practical goal was to fight and
win a nuclear war.

Almost everything in the Team B report turned out to be false. Yet
it provided the rallying cry for a movement against detente and arms-
control accords. Its spokesmen became outspoken figures of
opposition during the Jimmy Carter years (most notably, Paul Nitze
and his Committee on the Present Danger) and senior officials in the
Ronald Reagan administration and beyond.

CIA Director William Colby rejected the Team B idea and was fired.
Colby's successor as head of the spy agency, George H.W. Bush, the
current president's father, accepted it.

Team B's conclusion that the CIA was indeed soft on the Soviets was
leaked to sympathetic journalists and generated public support for a
new round of military spending, particularly on missiles. Team B's
conclusions turned out, years later, to be false.

Another run at controlling the CIA was taken when then-President
Ronald Reagan appointed businessman William Casey CIA director with
a mandate to ride herd on supposed agency liberals. Casey set up the
irregular, covert operation led by Marine Corps Col. Oliver North,
which eventually ended in the Iran-Contra arms-for-hostages scandal.
Likewise, when Reagan's Secretary of State George Schultz wanted to
secretly back Saddam Hussein against the Iranians, Schultz bypassed
the CIA and sent Rumsfeld, then a businessman, to Baghdad to seal
the deal.

http://www.node707.com/archives/005705.shtml

http://www.geocities.com/aberdenn/trud/rumsfeld_intelligence_unit.htm
l


AWOL Bush's Team B

  F. Michael Maloof, a former aide to Richard Perle, head a secret
intelligence unit, named the Counter Terrorism Evaluation Group, or
the "Wurmser-Maloof" project. The four- to five-person unit, a "B
Team" commissioned by Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, uses
powerful computers and software to scan and sort already-analyzed
documents.  Wurmser is a known advocate of regime change in Iraq,
having expressed his views in a 1997.  David Wurmser, the director
of Middle East studies for the American Enterprise Institute, to
serve as a Pentagon consultant.

F.Michael Maloof, a former journalist.  Maloof was also reportedly
involved in a bizarre scheme to broker contacts between Iraqi
officials and the Pentagon, channeled through Perle, in what one
report called a 'rogue [intelligence] operation' outside official
CIA and Defense Intelligence Agency channels." He was twice stripped
of his high-level security clearances.

http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1004272/posts

A secret government within a government (aka Team B)

This is the power that hides behind the open face of democratic
government that some have called the "Octopus." Activities include
high level narcotics trafficking, illegal transfers of ultra high-
tech weaponry, money laundering on a massive scale

  Tatum states it was in 1981 that  "President Reagan signed National
Security Decision Directive Number 3 (NSDD-3), which authorised the
vice president to chair the Special Situation Group (SSG). The
Special Situation Group was a division under the national Security
Council (NSC). One entity formed to support the SSG was the
Terrorist Incident Working Group (TIWG). TIWG was formed in April
1982, by authority of President Reagan in NSDD-30. This group
consisted of representatives of the following: Director of Central
Intelligence, Department of Defence, FBI, NSC staff and others as
required.

As a deep cover (allegedly) CIA and DIA operative, Gene "Chip" Tatum
(aka Major Gene Duncan) saw or participated in a remarkable series
of covert operations. Foremost in his mind are the years 1986-92,
when he operated for a group he called Pegasus. This group operated
on behalf of the US and other governments undertaking tasks that
ranged from narcotic smuggling to assassinations.

In a very real sense, Chip Tatum's story has now gone full circle.
In March 1996, Tatum wrote to former Director of Central
Intelligence, William Colby. Readers will recall that it was Colby
who originally recruited Tatum into the CIA in 1971, and set him on
his career as a covert intelligence operator. Since that time, Tatum
had developed a fondness for the super-spook and Colby, in turn,
played the role of mentor.

"The purpose of TIWG is to provide SSG with direct operational
support. TIWG then recommended to the President that a Terrorism
Task Froce be formed and chaired by the head of SSG (the vice
president). Reagan approved NSDD-138 in April 1984, which extended
TIWG's arm and ability to form sub-groups. As a result of NSDD-138
was the formation of the Operation Sub-Group. The subgroup was a
select NSC-DOD-CIA-FBI-Foreign Intelligence Agency which operated so
as to by-pass the regular operations of intelligence/military/law
enforcement agencies. OSG was formed in February 1986."

Having revealed the framework of the authorising Presidential
Directives necessary for the conduct of these covert operations,
Tatum then details the nitty-gritty of the OSG. "I was an operative
for OSG from April, 1986 through January, 1992. When I was operating
under the authority of the OSG I would report directly to the OSG,
not to the CIA or DIA. This `secret government' apparatus, built by
Bush from 1981 to 1986, was able to draw upon assets from the CIA,
the DOD Special Operations Units, and the private sector. Using the
private sector clause, Don Gregg, VP Bush's National Security
Advisor, included a representative from British Intelligence and
Israeli Intelligence. To date I have called this group Pegasus in an
attempt not to divulge it's true identity until I was on safe
ground. Although most of the missions performed by OSG-2 are
classified, the existence of the organisation is now declassified."

Until Tatum forwarded these details, the existence of more than one
Operations Sub-Group (OSG) were unknown. In fact, Tatum has now
revealed the existence of three OSGs. OSG-1 was headed by Ted
Shackley and was "our anti-narcotics group.' OSG-2 was the anti-
terrorism group and OSG-3 was "our `alignment' group." Tatum was
originally posted to OSG-2 which was commanded by Col. Oliver North.
The third group, OSG-3 was commanded by Richard Secord. Following
the exposure of Oliver North's role in Contragate in 1987 he
resigned as head of OSG-2, and his spot was taken over by Secord.
Tatum moved up to command OSG-3 at the same time.

All three OSG's answered to those individuals who sat on the TIWG.
General Colin Powell, represented the Department of Defence, William
Casey the CIA, Donald Gregg for the National Security Council. "FBI
guys rotated in and out…" Tatum says. "It was like they couldn't get
anyone," he concludes. Representing British Intelligence was Sir
Colin Figure. Formerly head of MI6, Sir Colin

transferred in 1986 to become "Security Co-ordinator" one of the top
slots at the Cabinet office, under the Premiership of Margaret
Thatcher. He retired in 1989. Amiram Nir represented Israeli
interests until his assassination by an "Archer" team led by Tatum -
at the request of high level Israeli individuals - in 1988. Any of
these six could "call a mission." In addition, George Bush could do
likewise. Of significance too, was the occasional representation on
the TIWG of Lord Chalfont. The British lord was an adviser on "Mid-
East affairs" between 1986 and 1990.

From the moment Tatum was recruited to the OSG, he was posted to up
state New York where he established a number of cover businesses.
Tatum's up-state New York operation was also involved in shipping
the most sophisticated weapons across the border to Canada. Not
least are the known connections between Oliver North's related gun-
running operations that saw dirty money being laundered through the
British Channel Islands and the London based BCCI bank. Money
laundering was one of the principal activities of Col. Oliver North.

Tatum has stated that it was routine for all the OSG operatives to
establish their own businesses as "covers." Funding was provided as
a line of credit with the Key Bank of Central New York, Watertown,
New York state by Republican Harry Hyde. The company was formed by
attorney, Ben Whitaker. Legal representation was through O'Hara and
Crough in Syracuse, NY. Tatum also operated through a number of
other similar "fronts."

http://www.deepblacklies.co.uk/the_pegasus_file-part2.htm

Tatum would be tasked by Mr. Bush with the neutralization (kill) of
a Mossad agent in 1988, an army Chief of Staff in 1989, the
President of a third world country in 1989, and the leader of a
revolutionary force in Central America in 1991.

o Ami Nir was killed in 1988.

o General Gustavo Alverez was killed in 1989.

o Enrique Bermudez, Contra leader and overseer of the cocaine
kitchens, was killed in 1991.

In 1992 I was tasked to neutralize an American citizen (Ross
Parot) . I refused. I decided that day to leave the Black Operations
unit. When I told Mr. Colby of my decision, he told me that one
can't just walk away. I explained to him that I understood the fate
of those who walk away. For that reason, I began documenting my
activities on film, on audio tapes, and with copies of documents,
all of which I compiled through the years. I explained that the film
and tapes were placed in strategic locations around the world to
insure my safety.

http://www.whatreallyhappened.com/RANCHO/POLITICS/MENA/TATUM/tatum.ht
ml

In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, this material is
distributed without profit for research and educational purposes. MY
NEWSLETTER has no affiliation whatsoever with the originator of this
article nor is MY NEWSLETTER endorsed or sponsored by the
originator.)
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/NewsViewsnolose

  http://groups.yahoo.com/group/RunningOnEmptyDemocratCaucusWA/

30 December 2005 --  Between 1960 and 1974, the FBI conducted half a
million investigations of so-called subversives, without a single
conviction, and maintained files on well over a million Americans.
The FBI tapped phones, opened mail, planted bugs, and burglarized
homes and offices. At least 26,000 individuals were at one point
catalogued on an FBI list of persons to be rounded up in the event
of a "national emergency." Hoover was particularly obsessed with
Martin Luther King and the civil rights movement, which he thought
was influenced by communists. The FBI proceeded to undermine the
civil rights movement, planting agents among the Freedom Riders (and
also the Ku Klux Klan). Hoover put spies into the ranks of labor
activists and of Democratic Party insurgents during the 1964
presidential campaign.
     Meanwhile, the CIA began spying domestically. The Agency planted
informants of its own within the United States, especially on
college campuses. Between 1953 and 1973, they opened and
photographed nearly a quarter of a million first-class letters,
producing an index of nearly 1.5 million names. Under something
called Operation CHAOS, separate files were created on approximately
7,200 Americans and over 100 domestic groups. In 1964, the CIA even
created a secret arm called the Domestic Operations Division, the
very name of which flew in the face of its legal charter. Back then,
there were no "communications problems" between the two agencies.

The FBI never stopped its domestic spying. During the '80s and '90s
the FBI spied on and/or infiltrated peace and solidarity groups
engaged in protesting U.S. involvement in the wars of Central
America, put agents into Earth First, and went after the far right,
again trying to plant agents and turn participants into informants.
Recent evidence suggests a federal agent may have penetrated the
gang that conducted the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995. The informant
told her superior, who sat on the information until long after the
bombing.

An FBI informant among the Muslim community in San Diego socialized
with two 9/11 hijackers and rented a room to one of them. When
Congress tried to figure out how this happened, the Bureau covered
it up, refusing to allow the informant to testify.  The FBI
reportedly was informed in April 2001 by a longtime reliable asset
of an impending attack using airliners as missiles. It did nothing.

http://www.truthout.org/docs_2005/123105A.shtml

  Former British Ambassador Goes Public on Torture

Britain's former ambassador to Uzbekistan, Craig Murray, has defied
the Foreign Office by publishing on the internet documents providing
evidence that the British Government knowingly received information
extracted by torture in the "war on terror."

  The first document published by Mr. Murray contains the text of
several telegrams that he sent to London from 2002 to 2004, warning
that the information being passed on by the Uzbek security services
was torture-tainted, and challenging MI6 claims that the information
was nonetheless "useful". The second document is the text of a
Foreign Office legal opinion which argues that the use by
intelligence services of information extracted through torture is
not a violation of the UN Convention Against Torture.

http://www.truthout.org/docs_2005/123105C.shtml

In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, this material is
distributed without profit for research and educational purposes. MY
NEWSLETTER has no affiliation whatsoever with the originator of this
article nor is MY NEWSLETTER endorsed or sponsored by the
originator.)
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/NewsViewsnolose

The History of US foreign policy crimes have only been superficially
recorded
a summary of the commentary by  Harold Pinter – Nobel Lecture

(Date line Possibly) December 7, 2005 --The United States supported
and in many cases engendered every right wing military dictatorship
in the world after the end of the Second World War. I refer to
Indonesia, Greece, Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay, Haiti, Turkey, the
Philippines, Guatemala, El Salvador, and, of course, Chile. The
horror the United States inflicted upon Chile in 1973 can never be
purged and can never be forgiven.

Hundreds of thousands of deaths took place throughout these
countries. Did they take place? And are they in all cases
attributable to US foreign policy? The answer is yes they did take
place and they are attributable to American foreign policy. But
(Americans) don't know this.  The USA masquerading as a force for
universal good.


Everyone knows what happened in the Soviet Union and throughout
Eastern Europe during the post-war period: the systematic brutality,
the widespread atrocities, the ruthless suppression of independent
thought. All this has been fully documented and verified.

But my contention here is that the US crimes in the same period have
only been superficially recorded, let alone documented, let alone
acknowledged, let alone recognised as crimes at all. I believe this
must be addressed and that the truth has considerable bearing on
where the world stands now. Although constrained, to a certain
extent, by the existence of the Soviet Union, the United States'
actions throughout the world made it clear that it had concluded it
had carte blanche to do what it liked.

Direct invasion of a sovereign state has never in fact been
America's favoured method. In the main, it has preferred what it has
described as 'low intensity conflict'. Low intensity conflict means
that thousands of people die but slower than if you dropped a bomb
on them in one fell swoop. It means that you infect the heart of the
country, that you establish a malignant growth and watch the
gangrene bloom. When the populace has been subdued – or beaten to
death – the same thing – and your own friends, the military and the
great corporations, sit comfortably in power, you go before the
camera and say that democracy has prevailed. This was a commonplace
in US foreign policy in the years to which I refer.
The tragedy of Nicaragua was a highly significant case. I choose to
offer it here as a potent example of America's view of its role in
the world, both then and now.
I was present at a meeting at the US embassy in London in the late
1980s.

The United States Congress was about to decide whether to give more
money to the Contras in their campaign against the state of
Nicaragua. I was a member of a delegation speaking on behalf of
Nicaragua but the most important member of this delegation was a
Father John Metcalf. The leader of the US body was Raymond Seitz
(then number two to the ambassador, later ambassador himself).
Father Metcalf said: 'Sir, I am in charge of a parish in the north
of Nicaragua. My parishioners built a school, a health centre, a
cultural centre. We have lived in peace. A few months ago a Contra
force attacked the parish. They destroyed everything: the school,
the health centre, the cultural centre. They raped nurses and
teachers, slaughtered doctors, in the most brutal manner. They
behaved like savages. Please demand that the US government withdraw
its support from this shocking terrorist activity.'

Raymond Seitz had a very good reputation as a rational, responsible
and highly sophisticated man. He was greatly respected in diplomatic
circles. He listened, paused and then spoke with some
gravity. 'Father,' he said, 'let me tell you something. In war,
innocent people always suffer.' There was a frozen silence. We
stared at him. He did not flinch.
Innocent people, indeed, always suffer.

Finally somebody said: 'But in this case "innocent people" were the
victims of a gruesome atrocity subsidised by your government, one
among many. If Congress allows the Contras more money further
atrocities of this kind will take place. Is this not the case? Is
your government not therefore guilty of supporting acts of murder
and destruction upon the citizens of a sovereign state?'
Seitz was imperturbable. 'I don't agree that the facts as presented
support your assertions,' he said.

As we were leaving the Embassy a US aide told me that he enjoyed my
plays. I did not reply.

I should remind you that at the time President Reagan made the
following statement: 'The Contras are the moral equivalent of our
Founding Fathers.'

The United States supported the brutal Somoza dictatorship in
Nicaragua for over 40 years. The Nicaraguan people, led by the
Sandinistas, overthrew this regime in 1979, a breathtaking popular
revolution.

The Sandinistas weren't perfect. They possessed their fair share of
arrogance and their political philosophy contained a number of
contradictory elements. But they were intelligent, rational and
civilised. They set out to establish a stable, decent, pluralistic
society. The death penalty was abolished. Hundreds of thousands of
poverty-stricken peasants were brought back from the dead. Over
100,000 families were given title to land. Two thousand schools were
built. A quite remarkable literacy campaign reduced illiteracy in
the country to less than one seventh. Free education was established
and a free health service. Infant mortality was reduced by a third.
Polio was eradicated.

The United States denounced these achievements as Marxist/Leninist
subversion. In the view of the US government, a dangerous example
was being set. If Nicaragua was allowed to establish basic norms of
social and economic justice, if it was allowed to raise the
standards of health care and education and achieve social unity and
national self respect, neighbouring countries would ask the same
questions and do the same things. There was of course at the time
fierce resistance to the status quo in El Salvador.
I spoke earlier about 'a tapestry of lies' which surrounds us.
President Reagan commonly described Nicaragua as a 'totalitarian
dungeon'. This was taken generally by the media, and certainly by
the British government, as accurate and fair comment. But there was
in fact no record of death squads under the Sandinista government.
There was no record of torture. There was no record of systematic or
official military brutality. No priests were ever murdered in
Nicaragua. There were in fact three priests in the government, two
Jesuits and a Maryknoll missionary. The totalitarian dungeons were
actually next door, in El Salvador and Guatemala. The United States
had brought down the democratically elected government of Guatemala
in 1954 and it is estimated that over 200,000 people had been
victims of successive military dictatorships.


Six of the most distinguished Jesuits in the world were viciously
murdered at the Central American University in San Salvador in 1989
by a battalion of the Alcatl regiment trained at Fort Benning,
Georgia, USA. That extremely brave man Archbishop Romero was
assassinated while saying mass. It is estimated that 75,000 people
died. Why were they killed? They were killed because they believed a
better life was possible and should be achieved. That belief
immediately qualified them as communists. They died because they
dared to question the status quo, the endless plateau of poverty,
disease, degradation and oppression, which had been their birthright.

The United States finally brought down the Sandinista government. It
took some years and considerable resistance but relentless economic
persecution and 30,000 dead finally undermined the spirit of the
Nicaraguan people. They were exhausted and poverty stricken once
again. The casinos moved back into the country. Free health and free
education were over. Big business returned with a
vengeance. 'Democracy' had prevailed.

© THE NOBEL FOUNDATION 2005
General permission is granted for the publication in newspapers in
any language after December 7, 2005, 5:30 p.m. (Swedish time).
Publication in periodicals or books otherwise than in summary
requires the consent of the Foundation. On all publications in full
or in major parts the above underlined copyright notice must be
applied.

http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/2005/pinter-lecture-e.html

30 December 2005 --GST, which is an abbreviation of a classified
code name for the umbrella covert action program.  The broad-based
effort, known within the agency by the initials GST, is
compartmentalized into dozens of highly classified individual
programs, details of which are known mainly to those directly
involved.

     GST includes programs allowing the CIA to capture al Qaeda
suspects with help from foreign intelligence services, to maintain
secret prisons abroad, to use interrogation techniques that some
lawyers say violate international treaties, and to maintain a fleet
of aircraft to move detainees around the globe. Other compartments
within GST give the CIA enhanced ability to mine international
financial records and eavesdrop on suspects anywhere in the world.

  The top-secret presidential finding Bush signed six days after the
Sept. 11 attacks empowered the intelligence agencies in a way not
seen since World War II, and it ordered them to create what would
become the GST program.

  Written findings are required by the National Security Act of 1947
before the CIA can undertake a covert action. A covert action may
not violate the Constitution or any U.S. law. But such actions can,
and often do, violate laws of the foreign countries in which they
take place, said intelligence experts.

  Besides fighting the war in Afghanistan, the agency set about to
put in place an intelligence-gathering network that relies heavily
on foreign security services and their deeper knowledge of local
terrorist groups. With billions of dollars appropriated each year by
Congress, the CIA has established joint counterterrorism
intelligence centers in more than two dozen countries, and it has
enlisted at least eight countries, including several in Eastern
Europe, to allow secret prisons on their soil.

Working behind the scenes, the CIA has gained approval from foreign
governments to whisk terrorism suspects off the streets or out of
police custody into a clandestine prison system that includes the
CIA's black sites and facilities run by intelligence agencies in
other countries.

The presidential finding also permitted the CIA to create
paramilitary teams to hunt and kill designated individuals anywhere
in the world, according to a dozen current and former intelligence
officials and congressional and executive branch sources.

In four years, the GST has become larger than the CIA's covert
action programs in Afghanistan and Central America in the 1980s,
according to current and former intelligence officials.

  "George (Tenet) could decide, even on killings," one of these
officials said. "That was pushed down to him. George had the
authority on who was going to get it."

Tenet, according to half a dozen former intelligence officials,
delegated most of the decision making on lethal action to the CIA's
Counterterrorist Center. Killing an al Qaeda leader with a Hellfire
missile fired from a remote-controlled drone might have been
considered assassination in a prior era and therefore banned by law.

The CIA has stuck with its overall approaches, defending and in some
cases refining them. The agency is working to establish procedures
in the event a prisoner dies in custody. One proposal circulating
among mid-level officers calls for rushing in a CIA pathologist to
perform an autopsy and then quickly burning the body, according to
two sources.

  Still, virtually all the programs continue to operate largely as
they were set up, according to current and former officials. These
sources say Bush's personal commitment to maintaining the GST
program and his belief in its legality have been key to resisting
any pressure to change course.

  "In the past, presidents set up buffers to distance themselves from
covert action," said A. John Radsan, assistant general counsel at
the CIA from 2002 to 2004. "But this president, who is breaking down
the boundaries between covert action and conventional war, seems to
relish the secret findings and the dirty details of operations."

-----

  But after Sept. 11, four former government lawyers said, it was
classified as an act of self-defense and therefore was not an
assassination. "If it was an al Qaeda person, it wouldn't be an
assassination," said one lawyer involved.

  This month, Pakistani intelligence sources said, Hamza Rabia, a top
operational planner for al Qaeda, was killed along with four others
by a missile fired by U.S. operatives using an unmanned Predator
drone, although there were conflicting reports on whether a missile
was used. In May, another al Qaeda member, Haitham Yemeni, was
reported killed by a Predator drone missile in northwest Pakistan.

  Refining what constitutes an assassination was just one of many
legal interpretations made by Bush administration lawyers. Time and
again, the administration asked government lawyers to draw up new
rules and reinterpret old ones to approve activities once banned or
discouraged under the congressional reforms beginning in the 1970s,
according to these officials and seven lawyers who once worked on
these matters.

  When the CIA wanted new rules for interrogating important terrorism
suspects the White House gave the task to a small group of lawyers
within the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel who believed
in an aggressive interpretation of presidential power.

   The White House tightened the circle of participants involved in
these most sensitive new areas. It initially cut out the State
Department's general counsel, most of the judge advocates general of
the military services and the Justice Department's criminal
division, which traditionally dealt with international terrorism.

"The Bush administration did not seek a broad debate on whether
commander-in-chief powers can trump international conventions and
domestic statutes in our struggle against terrorism," said Radsan,
the former CIA lawyer, who is a professor at William Mitchell
College of Law in St. Paul, Minn. "They could have separated the big
question from classified details to operations and had an open
debate. Instead, an inner circle of lawyers and advisers worked
around the dissenters in the administration and one-upped each other
with extreme arguments."

  At the CIA, the White House allowed the general counsel's job,
traditionally filled from outside the CIA by someone who functioned
in a sort of oversight role, to be held by John Rizzo, a career CIA
lawyer with a fondness for flashy suits and ties who worked for
years in the Directorate of Operations, or D.O.

John Rizzo is a classic D.O. lawyer. He understands the culture, the
intelligence business," Radsan said. "He admires the case officers.
And they trust him to work out tough issues in the gray with them.
He is like a corporate lawyer who knows how to make the deal happen."

     These lawyers have written legal justifications for holding
suspects picked up outside Afghanistan without a court order,
without granting traditional legal rights and without giving them
access to the International Committee of the Red Cross.

     CIA and Office of Legal Counsel lawyers also determined that it
was legal for suspects to be secretly detained in one country and
transferred to another for the purposes of interrogation and
detention - a process known as "rendition."

One way the White House limited debate over its program was to
virtually shut out Congress during the early years.  The
administration sometimes refused to give the committees charged with
overseeing intelligence agencies the details they requested. It also
cut the number of members of Congress routinely briefed on these
matters, usually to four members - the chairmen and ranking
Democratic members of the House and Senate intelligence panels.

     John D. Rockefeller IV (W.Va.), ranking Democrat on the Senate
Select Committee on Intelligence, complained in a 2003 letter to
Vice President Cheney that his briefing on the NSA eavesdropping was
unsatisfactory. "Given the security restrictions associated with
this information, and my inability to consult staff or counsel on my
own, I feel unable to fully evaluate, much less endorse, these
activities," he wrote.

   Duane R. "Dewey" Clarridge, who directed the CIA's covert efforts
to support the Nicaraguan contras in the 1980s, said the nature of
CIA work overseas is, and should be, risky and sometimes ugly. "You
have a spy agency because the spy agency is going to break laws
overseas. If you don't want it to do those dastardly things, don't
have it. You can have the State Department."

http://www.truthout.org/docs_2005/123005K.shtml

Comment:  This CIA Officer is a drug traffickeer.  This article
screwed up in allowing this asshole to say any damn thing in defense
of the CIA.

Duane "Dewey" Clarridge - Chief of CIA Contra support operations
from 1982 to 1984. Met regularly with Noriega, Morales and other
traffickers. Convicted of seven counts of perjury during Iran-Contra
trials and later pardoned by George Bush Sr, who as Vice President
was running the Iran/contra operation.

  ------------

CIA's New Secret Army

Jan. 26, 2003 via Time Magazine

Since the end of the Cold War, the CIA has been trying to clean up
its reputation hurt in the past by botched overseas coups and
imperial assassination attempts, and has shied away from getting its
hands dirty.

Five years ago when he took charge of the CIA, George Tenet began
rebuilding the supersecret Special Operations Group (SOG).

So in the past year, hundreds of millions of additional dollars have
been pumped into the CIA budget by President George W. Bush. He has
ordered SOG operatives to join forces with foreign intelligence
services. He has even authorized the CIA to kidnap "terrorists" in
order to break their cells or kill them.

Some longtime intelligence watchers are wondering whether a
reinvigorated paramilitary wing of the CIA could be a mixed blessing
for America once again. And the military itself is not too pleased.
It believes its special-ops forces are perfectly equipped to handle
these jobs. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld has reacted in part by
planning his own secret unit, which would function much like the SOG
but would answer to him rather than Tenet.

SOG's capacities are growing. Its maritime branch has speedboats to
carry commandos to shore, and the agency can rent cargo ships
through its front companies to transport larger equipment. The air
arm, which Pentagon officials have nicknamed the Waffen CIA, has
small passenger jets on alert to fly paramilitary operatives
anywhere in the world on two hours' notice. Other cargo planes,
reminiscent of the Air America fleet that the agency had in Vietnam,
can drop supplies to replenish teams in remote locations. For areas
like Afghanistan and Central Asia, where a Russian-made helicopter
stands out less, the agency uses the large inventory of Soviet-era
aircraft that the Pentagon captured in previous conflicts or bought
on the black market.

The part of the air arm that has received the most publicity lately
is the fleet of remote-controlled Predator drones, armed with 5-ft.-
long Hellfire missiles, that the agency bought from the Air Force.
In November 2001 the CIA deployed the drone to eliminate bin Laden's
lieutenant, Mohammed Atef. Last November's Predator hit in Yemen
killed an al-Qaeda commander and his entourage of five, though the
strike was controversial: one of the dead men turned out to be a
U.S. citizen. ...Administration officials say Bush did not
specifically order the Predator attack in Yemen. But after Sept. 11
he gave the CIA the green light to use lethal force against al-
Qaeda.

Comment: Where is the declaration to make war on Afghans or Teliban,
or foreigners within Afgahnistan that may be al-Quada or in this
case, one was a US Citizen?

The CIA had about 100 officers roaming in Afghanistan during the
U.S. invasion. But the agency teams were still critically short. "I
kept signing more and more deployment orders for folks to go to the
CIA," recalls Robert Andrews, who at the time was a deputy assistant
secretary of defense for special operations. "They were looking for
any medics, operational soldiers and even intelligence
specialists"... (to work with CIA SOG Teams). ...One reason the
agency was the first into Afghanistan was that the Special Ops
Command dragged its feet getting its soldiers ready for action.
Intelligence sources tell Time that the CIA had requested that
commandos from the U.S. Army's elite Delta Force join its first team
going into Afghanistan but that the Pentagon refused to send them.

Once deployed, In Afghanistan, CIA cargo planes were dropping warm-
weather clothing, saddles and bales of hay for allied Afghan foot
soldiers and cavalry. The CIA SOG soldiers also brought in $3
million in cash to buy the services of Afgan warlord's

CIA soldiers have fewer regulations to hamstring them than their
military counterparts do and "deals with... bottom feeders around
the world"...

Comment: Regulations like the freedom of information Act and DOD Dir
5100.77 which requires all war crimes (to include those committed by
allied persons) to be reported up the US military chain of command
(and/or investigated).

Before an SOG paramilitary team can be launched, the President must
sign an intelligence "finding" that broadly outlines the operation
to be performed. That finding, along with a more detailed
description of the mission, is sent to the congressional
intelligence committees. If they object to an operation, they can
cut off its funds the next time the agency's budget comes up.

Rumsfeld, nevertheless, is intent on building his own covert force.
He recently ordered the Special Operations Command to draw up secret
plans to launch attacks against al-Qaeda around the world, and he
intends to put an extra $1 billion in its budget next year for the
job. Elsewhere in the Defense Department, small, clandestine units,
coordinating little with the CIA, are busy organizing their own
future battles. Several hundred Army agents, with what was
originally known as the intelligence support activity, train to
infiltrate foreign countries to scout targets. With headquarters at
Fort Belvoir, Va., the unit is so secretive, it changes its cover
name every six months.

The CIA isn't amused. "Don't replicate what you don't need to
replicate," argues a senior U.S. intelligence officer. So who
referees this dispute? In addition to running the CIA, Tenet, as
director of Central Intelligence, is supposed to oversee all
intelligence programs in the U.S. government. But the Pentagon,
which controls more than 80% of the estimated $35 billion
intelligence budget, doesn't want him meddling in its spying.

"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101030203-
411370,00.html"

US death squads  -- Operation Power Geyser


Former Pres.Nixon brought a squad of a dozen Cuban-American assets
of the CIA up from Miami to beat up Daniel Ellsberg or kill him
("incapacitate Daniel Ellsberg totally") on May 3rd, 1973 on the
steps of the Capitol.

Daniel Ellsberg said "Right now there's at least one Special Forces
team under control of the White House operating in this country to
take "extra legal actions." Now, that sounds to me like a White
House-controlled death squad."
http://www.truthout.org/docs_2005/033105L.shtml
Meanwhile, The New York Times reported Saturday that a "small group
of super-secret commandos" were ready to protect AWOL Bush during
the inauguration in Washington last week. (a Special Security
Event). The Times reports that "these elite forces were poised to
act under a 1997 program that was updated and enhanced after the
Sept. 11 attacks, but nonetheless departs from how the military has
historically been used on American soil."

These commandos, operating under a secret counterterrorism program
code-named Power Geyser, were mentioned publicly for the first time
this week on a Web site for a new book, "Code Names: Deciphering
U.S. Military Plans, Programs and Operation in the 9/11 World,"
(Steerforth Press). The book was written by William M. Arkin, a
former intelligence analyst for the Army. ...
Mr. Arkin, in the online supplement to his book
(codenames.org/documents.html), says the contingency plan, called
JCS Conplan 0300-97, calls for "special-mission units in extra-legal
missions to combat terrorism in the United States" based on top-
secret orders that are managed by the military's Joint Staff and
coordinated with the military's Special Operations Command and
Northern Command, which is the lead military headquarters for
domestic defense. ...

Three senior Defense Department and Bush administration officials
confirmed the existence of the plan and mission, but disputed Mr.
Arkin's characterization of the mission as "extra-legal."

One of the officials said the units operated in the United States
under "special authority" from either the president or the secretary
of defense.

http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0125/dailyUpdate.html

Operation True Colors

December 8, 2005 -- Sources within United States intelligence
Special Operations Group.  The source he would be willing to come
forward at a later date if subpoenaed by the Fitzgerald grand jury
or possibly appear on a major cable news outlet.

Intelligence officials said the top-secret True Colors files dealt
with 1) government involvement in the 9-11 attacks, 2) White House-
sponsored "death squads"—including state and local police known
as "red squad" units also involving FBI Division 5 and other federal
counter-intelligence groups within government agencies, 3) the
Oklahoma City bombing and 4) evidence involving some 150 witnesses
implicating former President George H. W. Bush, former President
Bill and First Lady Hillary Clinton and then-Texas Governor George
W. Bush and others in the assassination of John F. Kennedy Jr., who
told family members he was planning to run against Hillary Clinton
or George W. Bush in 2000.

The agents said federal, state and local prosecutors were and still
are being employed to frame innocent citizens on false charges to
silence and neutralize patriot activists, whistleblowers and public
officials.

(snip)

Sources within United States intelligence Special Operations Group
told us yesterday that former congressional staff aide Lori Kaye
Klausutis was found dead at her desk in Scarborough's office and
that she had been reading secret explosive "True Colors" documents,
raising questions as to how and why Scarborough was in possession of
transcripts detailing illegal covert operations conducted by and
linked directly to White House crime families.

U.S. intelligence officials were specific in their reports that "a P-
2 team of three operatives from Central Intelligence suffocated her
in Rep. Joe Scarborough's (R-FL) Florida district office recently
after his divorce," information blacked out by all U.S. national
media outlets.

The source told us he would be willing to come forward at a later
date if subpoenaed by the Fitzgerald grand jury or possibly appear
on a major cable news outlet.

http://www.tomflocco.com/fs/911WidowQuestions.htm

DoD, Strategic Support Branch

Pentagon officials said they established the Strategic Support
Branch using "reprogrammed" funds, without explicit congressional
authority or appropriation. Defense intelligence missions, they
said, are subject to less stringent congressional oversight than
comparable operations by the CIA.

The Pentagon, expanding into the CIA's historic bailiwick, has
created a new espionage arm and is reinterpreting US law to give
[Department of Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld] broad authority
over clandestine operations abroad. ...
Designed to operate without detection and under the defense
secretary's direct control, the Strategic Support Branch deploys
small teams of case officers, linguists, interrogators and technical
specialists alongside newly empowered special operations forces.

In the report, the Post also points to a recent Pentagon memo
stating that "recruited agents may include 'notorious figures' whose
links to the US government would be embarrassing if disclosed."

http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0125/dailyUpdate.html

DIA's Counterintelligence Field Activity (CIFA)

The Pentagon inspector general authorized assigning military special
agents to 56 FBI Joint Terrorism Task Force operations at FBI field
offices. These military agents will pursue leads in local
communities of potential threats to the military. Lt. Gen. Edward G.
Anderson III, Eberhart also plans to have his own cadre of agents
working with local law enforcement.

. The new task force will be given nationwide responsibility for
working with law enforcement agencies. CIFA, moreover, has been
given a domestic "data mining" mission: figuring out a way to
process massive sets of public records, intercepted communications,
credit card accounts, etc., to find "actionable intelligence."

Comment: Data Mining equals,  Able Danger
November 17, 2005 -- Able Danger concluded in February 2000 that
military experts had identified Mohamed Atta by name (and maybe
photograph) as an al Qaeda agent operating in the U.S. and three
other 9/11 hijackers.  Able Danger intelligence ananlyists were
prevented by military lawyers from giving this information to the
FBI. Subsequently, military intelligence officers assigned to Able
Danger were prevented from sharing this critical information with
FBI agents, even though appointments had been made to do so.
Why?   And why did the 9/11 Commission ignore the information
about "Able Danger"?

The (9-11) commission, at the very least, should have interviewed
the 80 members of Able Danger, as the Pentagon did, five of whom say
they saw "the chart."

Source:  Former FBI Director Louis Freeh in the Wall Street Journal,
11/17/05.  Fred Burks for the WantToKnow.info Team  says virtually
no other major media reported this major story.

http://wwwwanttoknow.info/051126abledangerlouisfreeh



August 12, 2005 -- Pentagon outsources Iraqi security to
mercenaries, international brigands, and coup plotters. The U.S.
Army Contracting Agency, ignoring protests from human rights
organizations, is defending its award of an Iraq Reconstruction
Security Support Services (RSSS) contract to Aegis Defense Services
of Great Britain. The CEO of Aegis is former Scots Guard Regiment
Lt. Col Tim Spicer, a notorious international mercenary who has been
connected to guerrilla wars, extrajudicial killings, and coups in
Africa, Asia, Europe, and the South Pacific.

http://www.waynemadsenreport.com/


Strategic Support Branch "secret army of Northern Virginia."

  Known by several names since its inception as Project Icon on April
25, 2002, the Strategic Support Branch is an arm of the DIA's nine-
year-old Defense Human Intelligence Service, which until now has
concentrated on managing military attachés assigned openly to U.S.
embassies around the world.

  Perhaps the most significant shift is the Defense Department's bid
to conduct surreptitious missions, in friendly and unfriendly
states, when conventional war is a distant or unlikely prospect.

Comment: Note that WAR must be declared by Congress against a
specific country or countries.


Two longtime members of the House Intelligence Committee, a Democrat
and a Republican, said they knew no details before being interviewed
for this article.  Pentagon officials said they established the
Strategic Support Branch using "reprogrammed" funds, without
explicit congressional authority or appropriation. Defense
intelligence missions, they said, are subject to less stringent
congressional oversight* than comparable operations by the CIA.
A recent Pentagon memo states that recruited agents may
include "notorious figures" whose links to the U.S. government would
be embarrassing if disclosed.  Rumsfeld is laying claim to greater
independence of action as Congress seeks to subordinate the 15 U.S.
intelligence departments and agencies -- most under Rumsfeld's
control.

The latest commander, reserve Army Col. George Waldroup.   A
colorful Texan who refers to himself in the third person, as "GW.",
is not a graduate of the Army's Special Warfare Center or the CIA's
Field Tradecraft Course for intelligence officers.

Comment:  What makes Waldroup qualified to hold his command. He has
to lie to Congress during their investigation the Florida INS Office
headed by Waldroup.

Rumsfeld has designated SOCOM's leader, Army Gen. Bryan D. Brown, as
the military commander in chief in the war on terrorism. Rumsfeld
has also given Brown's subordinates new authority to pay foreign
agents*.  Known as "special mission units," Brown's elite forces are
not acknowledged publicly. They include two squadrons of an Army
unit popularly known as Delta Force, another Army squadron --
formerly code-named Gray Fox -- that specializes in close-in
electronic surveillance, an Air Force human intelligence unit and
the Navy unit popularly known as SEAL Team Six.

*Comment:  Recruiting drug lords, assassins and snippers, death
squads or tortuers?  See below article History of CIA Atrocities

The Strategic Support Branch's human intelligence "augmentation
teams" have deployed in Afghanistan and Iraq with a commando unit -
most recently called Task Force 626 - that drew the most demanding
intelligence missions, including the hunt for weapons of mass
destruction and the recruitment of informants in Iraq's insurgency.
said those assigned to work with them included out-of-shape men in
their fifties* and recent college graduates on their first
assignments.

*Comment:  In their "50s"...Now we know that the civilian
contractors are part ot this Strategic Support Branch.

Two US contractors, CACI International Inc and the Titan
Corporation, for their involvement in the functioning of Abu Ghraib.
CACI, has headquarters in Virginia,  Note above comment about
the "secret army of Northern Virginia."

History of US civilian covert operations connected to Bush Sr and
the infamious Oliver North:

The term "Enterprise" came out of the Iran/Contra investigation
where in references were made to a stand alone covert operation that
acted independent of Congressional funding, should Congress cut off
such funding and independent of Congressional oversight.

This subject is very complex.  The Enterprise is an off shoot of a
group called the World Anti-Communist League.

http://rightweb.irc-online.org/groupwatch/wacl.php

Cheney's shadow national security council

It turns out that Cheney had 15 military and political advisors on
foreign affairs, at a time when the president's own National
Security Council was being downsized.

http://www.truthout.org/docs_2005/102905X.shtml

Background:
  US national security murders  - really harsh interrogations


Comment:  The following is my analysis of evidence of US national
security murders.
Nov. 11, 2005 -- The House Government Operations Committee, under
the chairmanship of Rep. Bella Abzug (D-N.Y.), held several days of
hearings, beginning July 22, 1975, at which CIA General Counsel
Lawrence Houston was grilled about a Memorandum of Understanding,
dated March 1, 1954, between the Justice Department and the CIA,
exempting all CIA personnel from criminal prosecution for actions
they undertook in the national security interest of the United
States.

Early in 1962, Robert Kennedy was trying to prosecute a top Mafia
boss, Sam Giancana, when he found the CIA interceding on Giancana's
behalf. [2]

On Nov 1, 1975 after writing the letter to President Ford, Bill
Colby was fired as CIA Director in what came to be known as
the "Halloween Massacre." Colby was replaced by George H.W. Bush as
CIA Director. As for Dick Cheney, when his mentor and boss, Don
Rumsfeld was named as Secretary of Defense, he was promoted to White
House Chief of Staff, where he would continue to preside over the
coverup of the death of Frank Olson, a U.S. Army chemist.

Dr. Olson had died under mysterious circumstances in November 1953.
He had plunged from a 13th-floor window of the Statler Hotel in New
York City, at 2:30 in the morning of Nov. 28, while in the company
of a CIA officer, Dr. Robert V. Lashbrook.

Dr. William Sargant, a noted British psychiatrist who had worked on
secret MI5/MI6 and CIA mind control experiments from the 1940s
through the 1970s

Sargant had learned that Frank Olson was acting deputy head of SO
(Special Operations)....Sargant told me (Jeffrey Steinberg) he
believed Frank Olson had witnessed murder being committed with the
various drugs he had prepared.

Steve Saracco, during the course of his investigation, independently
corroborated through sources in Israel, that the Mossad did study
Frank Olson's death as a picture-perfect, deniable assassination.

In early May 2001, Eric Olson (Frank Olson's son)  received an
unexpected telephone call from one of his father's oldest friends
and closest collaborators at Fort Detrick. Norman Cournoyer had
served with Frank Olson during World War II, when the two men "had
designed the protective gear worn by U.S. troops in the Normandy
invasion in case they were met by biological weapons" (this quote is
from Eric Olson's contemporaneous memo on his three-day meeting with
Cournoyer).

Cournoyer had recently seen an April 1, 2000 New York Times Magazine
story on the Olson case by Michael Ignatieff, and had decided, after
much soul-searching, to provide Eric Olson with the missing pieces
of the story behind the U.S. Government's murder of his father.

Among the things that Cournoyer revealed to Eric: First, sometime in
1946 or 1947, Frank Olson's career turned onto a "new path." He went
to work for the CIA, and was drawn into a program euphemistically
called "information retrieval." Under such exotic code-names as
BLUEBIRD and ARTICHOKE and MKULTRA, Olson, an expert in chemical and
biological weaponry, was drawn into work on interrogation methods,
designed to draw information from even the most tight-lipped
targets. The drugs and other chemical techniques used in these
programs were tied to the most extreme forms of interrogation
techniques, often incorporating torture.

But beginning in 1950, according to Cournoyer, Olson began
travelling abroad, taking part in live interrogations
of "expendables," wartime Nazi criminals, suspected Soviet spies,
and double-agents.

Cournoyer told Eric Olson that, following a trip to Europe in July
and August of 1953, Frank Olson had come to him in confidence.
Cournoyer still maintained his top secret security clearances, so
Olson had no qualms about telling his friend that he had been
eyewitness to more than one murder-by-interrogation. Cournoyer later
told two German documentary filmmakers: "Frank told me, 'Norm, they
went to extremes. Did you ever see a man die? I did. People being
interrogated died.' He told me he was going to leave. He was getting
out of the CIA."

Cournoyer also told Eric Olson that his father had said that he
suspected that the United States had used biological weapons against
North Korea, a charge later explored by two Canadian researchers in
a book-length exposé.

Koch and Wech exposed secret CIA Cold War interrogation centers in
West Germany, including a facility in Oberursel, north of Frankfurt,
dubbed "Camp King." Here the CIA conducted torture/interrogation
experiments on Nazi convicts and Soviet spies. Among the "advisors"
working at "Camp King" was Professor Kurt Blome. Blome had been the
Deputy Surgeon General of the Third Reich, responsible for all of
the biological experiments conducted at concentration camps like
Dachau. Blome had been arrested at the end of World War II and put
on trial at Nuremberg, but under a secret U.S. Government
program, "Operation Dust-Bin," had been recruited to teach the
Americans how to conduct innovative interrogations.

According to Frank Olson's passport (he had been issued a diplomatic
passport in 1950, another indication of his new CIA employment), he
had made several trips to West Germany—to Frankfurt, Heidelberg, and
Berlin—between 1950-53. A careful review by Eric Olson of his
fathers slides and home movies confirmed he had been at the CIA's
clandestine headquarters for West Germany, at the old I.G. Farben
headquarters in Frankfurt. In August 1953, he had been at the U.S.
Army's headquarters in Berlin, where several top Soviet spies were
being interrogated by the "rough boys."

Every bit of evidence compiled over the last 30 years now convinces
Eric Olson that his father was murdered to prevent him from blowing
the whistle on the torture, the drug experimentation, the employment
of Nazi war criminals, and the possible use of biological weapons in
the Korean War.

What is clear is that Dick Cheney played a pivotal role in the
coverup of what has all the earmarks of a Government execution,
aimed at protecting some of the darkest secrets of the Cold War.
And if the past does illuminate the future, then the Frank Olson
case sheds some important light on "the Vice President of torture,"
whose crimes did not begin with Abu Ghraib or even on Sept. 11,
2001.

1. http://www.larouchepub.com/other/2005/3244cheney_olson_case.html

2. Crossfire, The Plot That Killed Kennedy, by Jim Marrs, p. 142

In a May 15, 1959 document written by Gen. Richard Stillwell as a
member of a special presidential committee, US foreign policy
outlined a new vision of the role of the US military in the world.
This document, "Training Under the Matual Training Program" offered
nothing less than a plan to provide nations ruled by a military
elite with training an ideology supplied by Americans to protect the
noncommunist world. [3]

3.  Crossfire, The Plot That Killed Kennedy, by Jim Marrs., p. 302.

Yuri Nosenko

During 1964, Soviet Col. Nosenko defected to the CIA after working
as a spy for the CIA for two years. When Nosenko defected he said he
had important information for the Warren Commission, but he was
never allowed to speak to them.

The CIA imprisoned Yuri Nosenko for three years to keep him from
talking to the Warren Commission.   CIA provided false evidence to
the Warren Commission that indicated Oswald had contacted the Cuban
and Soviet embassy's in Mexico prior to the Kennedy's
assassination.  Nosenko said -- based on two mental examinations
made of Oswald -- the KGB found (Oswald)... "mentally unstable" ...
and never considered recruiting him as a (KGB) asset/spy. [1]

Nosenko told the CIA that Oswald was never associated with Soviet
Intelligence and they suspected he was associated with American
Intelligence. He provided the CIA with the names of KGB spies as
proof of he was a real defector. Nosenko's story was corroborated by
one of the FBI's deepest secrets -- their own Soviet KGB defector,
code named, Fedora. 1.

Nosenko was imprisoned in solitary confinement in an 8 X 8 foot cell
for 1,277 days, had his teeth knocked out, and was subject to
hostile interrogation and drugged, all violation civil rights
granted to anyone on US soil. No one in the CIA has been tried for
this crime.  (Source: Plausible Denial by Mark Lane)

Nosenko underwent "hostile interrogation".  He was put on a diet of
weak tea, macaroni, and porridge, given nothing to read, a light was
burning in his unheated cell twenty-four hours a day, and his guards
were forbidden to speak with him or even smile.   His isolation was
so complete that Nosenko eventually began to hallucinate, according
to CIA testimony before the House Select Committee on Assassination.
[1]

1.  Crossfire, The Plot That Killed Kennedy, by Jim Marrs, p. 131-
132.

In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, this material is
distributed without profit for research and educational purposes. MY
NEWSLETTER has no affiliation whatsoever with the originator of this
article nor is MY NEWSLETTER endorsed or sponsored by the
originator.)
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/NewsViewsnolose

December 22, 2005 --The very people that lead the National Security Agency (NSA) have violated this holy edict of SIGINT and spied on Americans (US persons) using a vacuum cleaner approach wherein vast amounts of information are sucked in.

These acts involve the Director of the NSA, the Deputies Chief of Staff for Air and Space Operations, and the U.S. Secretary of Defense.

Russ Tice, former National Security Agency (NSA) intelligence analyst and action officer, has sent the following two letters to the chairs of the Senate and House Intelligence Committees. 

Tice wants to make an in person report of a top secret/SCI/Special Access Program to Congress of probable unlawful and unconstitutional acts conducted while he was an intelligence officer.

On a related matter note:

When Tice noted a report that FBI CI agents availed secrets to a China source for sex, he questioned the FBI's competence.  NSA retaliated by having him declared crazy, revoking his security clearance, and terminating his employment in May 2005.
http://www.buzzflash.com/alerts/05/12/ale05176.html

Comment:  It is a common practice within the Intell community to distroy someone's career by claiming they are crazy.    I want to say that the stress of being caught between a ethical rock and a hard place can cause someone to get very pissed off  or a little "OVER ZEALOUS".  But does that make them crazy?   It makes them a hero.

"The Secret War Against the Jews"
Authors: John Loftus and Mark Aarons