Alabama

• "All passenger stations in this state operated by any motor transportation company shall have separate waiting rooms or space and separate ticket windows for the white and colored races."

Alaska

1923: Voting [Statute] In April 1925 the seventh Alaska Territorial Legislature enacted into law a measure requiring that voters in territorial elections be able to read and write the English language.

Arizona

• "The marriage of a person of Caucasian blood with a Negro, Mongolian, Malay, or Hindu shall be null and void."

Arkansas

• Various laws from 1884 to 1947 prohibited marriage or relations between whites and blacks or mulattoes, providing for specific fines and imprisonment of up to three years.^[17]

• Various laws from 1891 to 1959 segregated rail travel, streetcars, buses, all public carriers, race tracks, gaming establishments, polling places, washrooms in mines, tuberculosis hospitals, public schools and teachers' colleges.

• A poll tax was first imposed in the 1890s.

Arizona

1865: Miscegenation [Statute] Marriages between whites with "Negroes, mulattoes, Indians, Mongolians" were declared illegal and void. The word "Descendants" does not appear in the statute.

1901: Miscegenation [Statute] Revision of the 1865 statute which added the word "descendants" to the list of minority groups. The revised statutes also stated that marriages would be valid if legal where they were contracted, but noted that Arizona residents could not evade the law by going to another state to perform the ceremony.

1909: Education [Statute] School district trustees were given the authority to segregate black students from white children only where there were more than eight Negro pupils in the school district. The legislature passed the law over a veto by the governor.

1911-1962: Segregation, miscegenation, voting [Statute] Passed six segregation laws: four against miscegenation and two school segregation statutes, and a voting rights statute that required electors to pass a literacy test. The state's miscegenation laws prohibited blacks as well as Indians and Asians from marrying whites, and were not repealed until 1962.

1912: Voting rights [Statute] Required voters to be able to read the U.S Constitution in English "in such manner as to show he is neither prompted nor reciting from memory, and to write his name."

1912: Voting [Statute] Arizona passed a statute in 1912 stating that voters must be able to "read the Constitution of the United States in the English language in such manner as to show he is neither prompted nor reciting from memory, and to write his name."

1927: Education [Statute] In areas with 25 or more black high school students, an election would be called to determine if these pupils should be segregated in separate but equal facilities.

1928: Miscegenation [State Code] Forbid marriages between persons of the Caucasian, Asian and Malay races.

1956: Miscegenation [Statute] Marriage of person of "Caucasian blood with Negro, Mongolian, Malay, or Hindu void." Native Americans were originally included in an earlier statute, but were deleted by a 1942 amendment.

California

1866: Voting [Statute] The 1866 California registry act required electors to complete voter registration three months before a general election. Naturalized citizens were required to present original court-sealed naturalization papers.An 1878 act applying to San Francisco required each voter to register in person before every general election. Voters had to register in their own elector precinct. Because precincts were very small, if a voter moved he was required to re-register.In 1894, California passed a constitutional amendment that disfranchised any "person who shall not be able to read the constitution in the English language and write his name." An advisory referendum indicated that nearly 80% of voters supported an educational requirement. A similar amendment was again passed in 1911.From 1879 to 1926, California's constitution stated that "no native of China" shall ever exercise the privileges of an elector in the state." Similar provisions appeared in the constitutions of Oregon and Idaho.

1866: Voter rights [Statute] Required electors to complete voter registration three months before a general election. Naturalized citizens were required to present original court-sealed naturalization papers.

1866-1947: Segregation, voting [Statute] Enacted 17 Jim Crow laws between 1866 and 1947 in the areas of miscegenation (6) and education (2), employment (1) and a residential ordinance passed by the city of San Francisco that required all Chinese inhabitants to live in one area of the city. Four voting restriction laws were passed that targeted foreign born inhabitants, particularly the Chinese. Although school segregation was banned by 1880, this law was overturned in 1902, and included Asian children as candidates for separate schools. Similarly, a miscegenation law passed in 1901 broadened an 1850 law, adding that it was unlawful for white persons to marry "Mongolians."

The legislation reflects the dominant society's growing anxiety over the steady numbers of Asians immigrating to California by the early twentieth century. An 1893 statute barred public accommodation segregation, with seven additional civil rights laws passed by 1955.

1870: Education [Statute] African and Indian children must attend separate schools. A separate school would be established upon the written request by the parents of ten such children. "A less number may be provided for in separate schools in any other manner."

1872: Alcohol sales [Statute] Prohibited the sale of liquor to Indians. The act remained legal until its repeal in 1920.

1878: Voter rights [City Ordinance] The city of San Francisco required each voter to register in person before each general election in their own elector precinct. Because precincts were very small, if a voter moved he was required to reregister.

1879: Voter rights [Constitution] "No native of China" would ever have the right to vote in the state of

California. Repealed in 1926.

1879: Employment [Constitution] Prohibited public bodies from employing Chinese and called upon the

legislature to protect "the state…from the burdens and evils arising from"

their presence. A statewide anti-Chinese referendum was passed by 99.4

percent of voters in 1879.

1880: Miscegenation [Statute] Made it illegal for white persons to marry a "Negro, mulatto, or

Mongolian."

1890: Residential [City Ordinance] The city of San Francisco ordered all Chinese inhabitants to move into a

certain area of the city within six months or face imprisonment. The

Bingham Ordinance was later found to be unconstitutional by a federal

court.

1891: Residential [Statute] Required all Chinese to carry with them at all times a "certificate of

residence." Without it, a Chinese immigrant could be arrested and jailed.

1894: Voter rights [Constitution] Any person who could not read the Constitution in English or write his name

would be disfranchised. An advisory referendum indicated that nearly 80

percent of voters supported an educational requirement.

1901: Miscegenation [Statute] The 1850 law prohibiting marriage between white persons and Negroes or

mulattoes was amended, adding "Mongolian."

1909: Miscegenation [Statute] Persons of Japanese descent were added to the list of undesirable marriage

partners of white Californians as noted in the earlier 1880 statute.

1913: Property [Statute] Known as the "Alien Land Laws," Asian immigrants were prohibited from

owning or leasing property. The constitutionality of the land laws were

upheld by the United State Supreme Court in 1923 and 1925. The laws were

justified as a means of protecting white farmers. The California Supreme

Court struck down the Alien Land Laws in 1952.

1931: Miscegenation [State Code] Prohibited marriages between persons of the Caucasian and Asian races.

1933: Miscegenation [Statute] Broadened earlier miscegenation statute to also prohibit marriages between

whites and Malays.

1945: Miscegenation [Statute] Prohibited marriage between whites and "Negroes, mulattos, Mongolians and

Malays."

1947: Miscegenation [Statute] Subjected U.S. servicemen and Japanese women who wanted to marry to

rigorous background checks. Barred the marriage of Japanese women to white

servicemen if they were employed in undesirable occupations.

Colorado

1864: Miscegenation [Statute] Marriage between Negroes and mulattoes, and white persons "absolutely

void." Penalty: Fine between $50 and $500, or imprisonment between three

months and two years, or both.

1864-1908: [Statute] Passed three Jim Crow laws between 1864 and 1908, all concerning

miscegenation. School segregation was barred in 1876, followed by

segregation of public facilities in 1885. Four laws protecting civil

liberties were passed between 1930 and 1957, when the antimiscegenation

statute was repealed.

1876: Voting rights [Statute] Gave the General Assembly the authority to prescribe educational

qualifications for electors, but laws could not take effect before 1890. An

1891 statute provided for assistance to any voter who could not read or

write. Interpreters were provided for non-English speakers.

1908: Miscegenation [Statute] Marriage between Negroes and mulattoes, and whites prohibited. Penalties:

Punishable by imprisonment from three months to two years, or a fine of

between $50 to $500, or both. Performing a marriage ceremony punishable by

a fine of $50 to $500, or three months to two years' imprisonment, or both.

1930: Miscegenation [Statute] Miscegenation declared a misdemeanor.

Connecticut

1879: Military [Statute] Authorized state to organize four independent companies of infantry of

"colored men." Companies were to receive same pay as other companies,

including one company parade in the Spring and one in September.

1908: Miscegenation [Statute] Prohibited intermarriage between white persons and those persons having

one-eighth or more Negro blood. Penalty: Performing such a ceremony subject

to a fine between $100 to $1,000. If the white person knows the other is of

Negro or mixed blood, subject to a fine between $100 and $1,000. Could be

imprisoned in state prison between one and ten years.

1925: Antidefamation [Statute] Prohibited motion picture theaters from showing any film which ridiculed

the Negro race.

1933: Miscegenation [Statute] Miscegenation declared a felony.

1935: Education [Statute] Upheld school segregation as originally authorized by statute of 1869.

Florida

• "All marriages between a white person and a Negro, or between a white person and a person of Negro descent to the fourth generation inclusive, are hereby forever prohibited."

• "Any Negro man and white woman, or any white man and Negro woman, who are not married to each other, who shall habitually live in and occupy in the nighttime the same room shall each be punished by imprisonment not exceeding twelve (12) months, or by fine not exceeding five hundred ($500.00) dollars."

• "The schools for white children and the schools for Negro children shall be conducted separately."

Georgia

• "All persons licensed to conduct a restaurant, shall serve either white people exclusively or colored people exclusively and shall not sell to the two races within the same room or serve the two races anywhere under the same license."

• "It shall be unlawful for any amateur white baseball team to play baseball on any vacant lot or baseball diamond within two blocks of a playground devoted to the Negro race, and it shall be unlawful for any amateur colored baseball team to play baseball in any vacant lot or baseball diamond within two blocks of any playground devoted to the white race."

Idaho

Passed four laws prohibiting miscegenation and a statute that prevented

Native Americans who had not severed their tribal relations from voting ^[18] . An

1889 constitutional amendment barred segregation in Idaho schools. The

miscegenation statute was repealed in 1959.

1867: Miscegenation [Statute] Prohibited marriage between white persons and Negroes or mulattoes.

1887: Miscegenation [Statute] A restatement of the law passed in 1867.

1889: Voter rights [Constitution] "Indians not taxed, who have not severed their tribal relations and adopted

the habits of civilization" were excluded from voting.

1908: Miscegenation [Statute] Intermarriage prohibited between Negroes and white persons. A marriage

valid where consummated outside the state would be valid in Idaho.

1932: Miscegenation [Statute] Prohibited marriages between persons of the Caucasian and Asian races.

Illinois

1927: Housing [Municipal Code] Chicago adopted racially restrictive housing covenants beginning in 1927^[19] ,

although other tactics had been used in earlier years to maintain a

segregated city. At one time, as much as 80 percent of the city may have

been covered by restrictive covenants. In 1924, Nathan MacChesney, a

prominent Chicago attorney and a member of the Chicago Planning Commission,

drafted an addition to the Code of Ethics of the National Association of

Real Estate Boards that "forbade realtors to introduce members of any race

or nationality" into neighborhoods where their presence would damage

property values. In 1927, MacChesney drafted a model racial restrictive

covenant for the Chicago Real Estate Board, solely targeting African

Americans. The Chicago Real Estate Board promoted the covenant to YMCAs,

churches, women's clubs, PTAs, Kiwanis clubs, chambers of commerce and

property owners' associations. Hyde Park, Woodlawn, Park Manor, South

Shore, and other neighborhoods on Chicago's South Side adjacent to the so-

called "black belt," responded as well as outlying Chicago neighborhoods

and suburbs. Additionally, the University of Chicago was a strong supporter

of the covenant campaign in Washington Park, although they denied their

affiliation for many years. In 1948, the United States Supreme Court ruled

that enforcement of racial restrictive covenants was unconstitutional. The

Supreme Court's ruling, however, did not put an end to the problem of

blacks finding adequate housing. Homeowner associations continued to push

for segregation. Shortly after the court decision, the Woodlawn Property

Owners wrote:

If the colored people are convinced that life in Woodlawn would be

unbearable, they would not want to come in. There must be ways and means to

keep whites from selling, causing colored not to want to come in because

life here would be unbearable. We are going to save Woodlawn for ourselves

and our children! (Deeds of Mistrust: Race, Housing, and Restrictive Covenants in Chicago,

1900-1950)

1953: Housing [Municipal Code] In August 1953, the first black family to move into Trumbull Park, an all-

white project of the Chicago Housing Authority, came under attack by nearly

fifty teenagers who hurled stones, bricks and racial slurs at their

apartment. Venturing outside of their home was equally frightening, and

required a police escort. Additionally, blacks traveling through the area

now became targets of violence. As more black families moved into the

project, they, too, were harassed daily. When blacks received a permit to

organize a baseball game at the neighborhood park, tensions intensified. A

hostile crowd gathered at the park. When a firecracker tossed from the

crowd hit a player, the police sat motionless. A player who went to

retrieve a foul ball was attacked by the crowd and a fight broke out. When

the police arrested the white who started the fight, the crowd quickly

turned their frustrations on the police. Reactions intensified after the

fight and there was talk among whites to "burn the dirty bastards out."

Another disturbing incident occurred in July 1954 when three black women

attended mass at a local Catholic church. After the mass the women waited

until most of the crowd had left and exited from a side door. A crowd of

about thirty awaited the women as they left the church. One white woman was

so incensed that she attacked the black women with her umbrella. Father

Michael Commins, the rector of the church, reproached his parishioners in a

bulletin later that month, saying, "Hissing, hooting and assaulting anyone

for going to Mass is very un-Christian like." Although there was much less

violence within Trumbull Park by the early 1960s, anti-black sentiments

were still firmly in place. Neighborhood taverns featured Members Only

signs, African Americans stayed away from the park, the public swimming

pool and local churches. As Arnold R. Hirsch wrote in a journal article

published on Trumbull Park, "The decade of resistance that prevented all

but a token of African American presence maintained South Deering as a

white domain even as King negotiated the desegregation of Birmingham,

Alabama." (Massive Resistance in the Urban North: Trumbull Park, Chicago,

1953-1966, The Journal of American History, Sept. 1995)

Indiana

Enacted seven Jim Crow laws in the areas of education and miscegenation

between 1869 and 1952^[20] . Persons who violated the miscegenation law could be

imprisoned between one and ten years. The state barred school segregation

in 1877, followed by a law giving equal access to public facilities in

1885.

1869: Education [Statute] Separate schools to be provided for black children. If not a sufficient

number of students to organize a separate school, trustees were to find

other means of educating black children.

1905: Miscegenation [Statute] Miscegenation prohibited.

1952: Miscegenation [Statute] Marriage between whites and Negroes void.

1955: Adoption [Statute] Required that due regard be given to race on adoption petitions.

Kansas

1905: Education [Statute] Schools in Kansas City, Kansas, may organize and maintain separate schools

for education of white and colored children, including high schools; "but

no discrimination on account of color shall be made in high schools, except

as provided herein." ^[21]

Kentucky

• "The children of white and colored races committed to the houses of reform shall be kept entirely separate from each other."

Louisiana

• "Any person who shall rent any part of any such building to a Negro person or a Negro family when such building is already in whole or in part in occupancy by a white person or white family, or vice versa when the building is in occupancy by a Negro person or Negro family, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five ($25.00) nor more than one hundred ($100.00) dollars or be imprisoned not less than 10, or more than 60 days, or both such fine and imprisonment in the discretion of the court."

Maine

1795 law prohibiting intermarriage between whites and blacks repealed.

1893: Voter rights [Constitution] Required an elector to be able to read the Constitution in English and write his name.

1893: Voting [State Code] A Constitutional amendment was passed in 1893 requiring electors to be able to read the Constitution in English and write his name.

Massachusetts

1892: Voting rights [Statute] Required voters to be able to read state Constitution in English and write

their name.

Maryland

• "All railroad companies and corporations, and all persons running or operating cars or coaches by steam on any railroad line or track in the State of Maryland, for the transportation of passengers, are hereby required to provide separate cars or coaches for the travel and transportation of the white and colored passengers."

Michigan

1957: Adoption [Statute] required that race be used as a consideration in

adoption petitions.

Mississippi

• "Any person...who shall be guilty of printing, publishing or circulating printed, typewritten or written matter urging or presenting for public acceptance or general information, arguments or suggestions in favor of social equality or of intermarriage between whites and Negroes, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to fine not exceeding five hundred (500.00) dollars or imprisonment not exceeding six (6) months or both."

Missouri

• "Separate free schools shall be established for the education of children of African descent; and it shall be unlawful for any colored child to attend any white school, or any white child to attend a colored school."

Montana

Four Jim Crow laws were enacted in Montana between 1871 and 1921. The

school segregation act was repealed in 1895. A 1909 miscegenation law

prohibited marriage between Caucasians and blacks as well as Chinese and

Japanese.

1871: Education [Statute] Children of African descent would be provided separate schools.

1897: Voting rights [Statute] Excluded "any person living on an Indian or military reservation" from

residency, unless that person had acquired a residence in a county of the

state and is in the employment of the government while living on a

reservation. Without residency, a person could not vote.

1897: Residency [Statute] An 1897 statute excluded "any person living on an Indian or military

reservation" from residency, unless that person had acquired a residence in

a county of MT and is in the employ of the government while living on a

reservation."

1909: Miscegenation [Statute] Prohibited intermarriage between whites and Negroes, Chinese and Japanese.

Penalty: Misdemeanor, carrying a fine of $500 or imprisonment of one month,

or both.

1921: Miscegenation [State Code] Miscegenation prohibited. Nullified interracial marriages if parties went

to another jurisdiction where legal. Also prohibited marriages between

persons of the Caucasian and Asian races.

Nebraska

1865: Miscegenation [Statute] Declared marriage between whites and a Negro or mulatto as illegal.

Penalty: Misdemeanor, with a fine up to $100, or imprisonment in the county

jail up to six months, or both.

1911: Miscegenation [Statute] Marriages between a white and colored person declared illegal. Also noted

that marriages between whites and those persons with one-quarter or more

Negro blood were void.

1929: Miscegenation [Statute] Forbid marriages between persons of the Caucasian race and those persons

with one eighth or more Asian blood.

1943: Miscegenation [Statute] Prohibited marriage of whites with anyone with one-eighth or more Negro,

Japanese or Chinese blood.

Nevada

Enacted four miscegenation laws and a school segregation statute between

1865 and 1957. The education statute declared that blacks, Asians and

Indians were prohibited from attending public schools, and that a separate

school would be established for them if "deemed advisable." The state's

miscegenation law offered an extensive list of inappropriate marriage

candidates by race and color for Caucasians, including blacks, "Malay or

brown race, Mongolian or yellow race, or Indian or red race." The

miscegenation statute was repealed in 1959.

1865: Education [Statute] Negroes, Asians, and Indians prohibited from attending public schools. The

Board of Trustees of any district could establish a separate school for

educating Negroes, Asians, and Indians, if deemed advisable.

1912: Miscegenation [Statute] Unlawful for a white person to intermarry with any person of "Ethiopian or

black race, Malay or brown race, Mongolian or yellow race, or Indian or red

race, within the State." Penalty: Misdemeanor for participants and the

minister who performs such a ceremony. White persons found to be living

with the above mentioned groups would be fined between $100 and $500, or

confined in the county jail from six months to one year, or both.

1929: Miscegenaion [Statute] Miscegenation declared a misdemeanor. Also forbid marriages between persons

of the Caucasian, Asian and Malay races.

1955: Miscegenation [Statute] Miscegenation illegal. Penalty: $500 to $1,000 and/or six months to one

year imprisonment.

1957: Miscegenation [Statute] Gross misdemeanor for white to marry person of black, brown, or yellow

race.

New Hampshire

1902: Voting [Constitution] A constitutional amendment passed in 1902 required voters to be able to

read the constitution in English and to write. Exceptions made for those

currently enfranchised; those 60 years old and those with physical

disabilities.

1910: Voting [Constitution] 1910 constitutional amendment excluded Indians not taxed from voting.

1955: Adoption [Statute] Race to be considered in adoption petitions.

New Mexico

• "Separate rooms [shall] be provided for the teaching of pupils of African descent, and [when] said rooms are so provided, such pupils may not be admitted to the school rooms occupied and used by pupils of Caucasian or other descent."

New York

1908: Voting [State Code] In 1908 New York City held voter registration on the Jewish Sabbath and on

the Yom Kippur holiday.

1921: Voting rights [Constitution] Required electors to be able to read and write in English. Did not apply to

those with physical disabilities that prevented them from reading or

writing, or those who were electors prior to January 1922. Prospective

voters had to pass a stringent literacy reading and writing test or present

evidence that they had at least an 8th grade education in an approved

school. This statute had the potential to disfranchise countless foreign-

born Jews who spoke Yiddish. The law was backed overwhelmingly by upstate

voters and received a majority in New York City.

1930: Education [Statute] Trustees of a school district had the authority to establish separate

schools.

1947: Housing [Municipal Code] William Levitt, the developer of the nation's first modern-day suburb of

tract housing in Long Island, NY, believed that segregation was good for

business and used restrictive covenants to maintain racial homogeneity.

Following the Federal Housing Administration's lead which recommended

against "inharmonious racial or nationality groups," he used the following

covenant in 1947 to create a segregated community:

The tenant agrees not to permit the premises to be used or occupied by any

person other than members of the Caucasian race. But the employment and

maintenance of other than Caucasian domestic servants shall be permitted. Although Levitt eliminated the racial covenants after the 1948 Supreme

Court decision declaring such provisions as "unenforceable and contrary to

public policy," he continued to practice discrimination in his housing

developments in New Jersey and Maryland. The original Levittown never had

more than a handful of black families well into the 1980s, and remains 97

percent white today. Ironically, though Levitt was the grandson of a rabbi,

he also agreed to use restrictive covenants to ban Jews from his early developments. In his mind, it was strictly business. (LI History)

North Carolina

• "Books shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored schools, but shall continue to be used by the race first using them. "

• "The state librarian is directed to fit up and maintain a separate place for the use of the colored people who may come to the library for the purpose of reading books or periodicals."

North Dakota

The state passed three Jim Crow laws. A 1943 statute barring miscegenation

was repealed in 1955. An 1899 Constitutional amendment gave the legislature

authority to implement educational qualificaitons for electors.

1899: Voting rights [Constitution] Gave legislature authority to establish an educational qualifying test for

electors.

1899: Voting [Constitution] In 1899, a constitutional amendment passed declaring "The legislature

shall, by law, establish an educational test as a qualifier for suffrage

should such a measure be deemed necessary." (Legislature declined to do

so.)

1933: Education [Statute] Law stated that "it would not be expeident to have the Indian children

mingle with the white children in our educational institutions by reason of

the vastly different temperament and mode of living and other differences

and difficulties of the two races.

1943: Miscegenation [State Code] Cohabitation between blacks and whites prohibited. Penalty: 30 days to one

year imprisonment, or $100 to $500 fine.

Ohio

Enacted a miscegenation statute in 1877 and a school segregation law in

1878. Segregation of public facilities was barred in 1884, and the earlier

miscegenation and school segregation laws were overturned in 1887. However,

in 1953, the state enacted a law requiring that race be considered in

adoption decisions.

1877: Miscegenation [Statute] Unlawful for a person of "pure white blood, who intermarries, or has

illicit carnal intercourse, with any Negro or person having a distinct and

visible admixture of African blood." Penalty: Fined up to $100, or

imprisoned up to three months, or both. Any person who knowingly officiates

such a marriage charged with misdemeanor and fined up to $100 or imprisoned

in three months, or both.

1878: Education [Statute] School districts given discretion to organize separate schools for colored

children if "in their judgment it may be for the advantage of the district

to do so."

1953: Adoption [Statute] Race to be taken into account on adoption petitions.

Oklahoma

• "The [Conservation] Commission shall have the right to make segregation of the white and colored races as to the exercise of rights of fishing, boating and bathing."

• "The baths and lockers for the negroes shall be separate from the white race, but may be in the same building."

• "The Corporation Commission is hereby vested with power and authority to require telephone companies... to maintain separate booths for white and colored patrons when there is a demand for such separate booths. That the Corporation Commission shall determine the necessity for said separate booths only upon complaint of the people in the town and vicinity to be served after due hearing as now provided by law in other complaints filed with the Corporation Commission."

1903: Mining-bath facilities [Statute] "The baths and lockers for the Negroes shall be separate from the white

race, but may be in the same building." (Martin Luther King, Jr. NHS)

1904: Education-Teaching [Statute] "Any instructor who shall teach in any school, college or institution where

members of the white and colored race are received and enrolled as pupils

for instruction shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon

conviction thereof, shall be fined in any sum not less than ten dollars nor

more than fifty dollars for each offense." (Martin Luther King, Jr. NHS)

1907: Voting [Constitution] In 1907, an amendment passed requiring electors to read and write any

section of the state constitution. Exempted were those who were

enfranchised on Jan. 1, 1866, and lineal descendants of such persons.

(Declared unconstitutional in 1915; however, the provision for literacy was

upheld.)

Persons of Indian descent allowed to vote as noted in 1907 amendment.

1907: Funerals [Statute] Blacks were not allowed to use the same hearse as whites.

1908: Voting [State Code] In 1907, inmates of institutions were excluded from voting. "Any person

kept in a poorhouse at public expense, except federal, Confederate, and

Spanish-American ex-soldiers or sailors."

1928: Recreation--Fishing, Boating, and Bathing [Statute] "The [Conservation] Commission shall have the right to make segregation of

the white and colored races as to the exercise of rights of fishing,

boating and bathing." (Martin Luther King, Jr. NHS)

1937: Telephone Booths [Statute] "The Corporation Commission is hereby vested with power and authority to

require telephone companies...to maintain separate booths for white and

colored patrons when there is a demand for such separate booths. That the

Corporation Commission shall determine the necessity for said separate

booths only upon complaint of the people in the town and vicinity to be

served after due hearing as now provided by law in other complaints filed

with the Corporation Commission." (Martin Luther King, Jr. NHS)

Oregon

Enacted two miscegenation laws in 1867 and 1930 prohibiting intermarriage

between whites and blacks, Chinese, Kanaka (Indian tribe) or any person

having more than one half Indian blood. A 1953 statute required that

adoption petitions note the race of prospective adopting parents. A 1924

statute required electors to read the Constitution in English.

1867: Miscegenation [Statute] Unlawful for any white person to intermarry with any "Negro, Chinese, or

any person having one-quarter or more Negro, Chinese or kanaka blood, or

any person having more than one-half Indian blood." Penalty: Imprisonment

in the penitentiary or the county jail for between three months and one

year. Those who licensed or performed such a ceremony could be jailed for

three months to one year, or fined between $100 and $1,000.

1924: Voting rights [State Code] Required electors to read the Constitution in English and write their name.

1924: Voting [Statute] Statute and constitutional amendment passed in 1924 required electors to

read the constitution in English and write their name.

1930: Miscegenation [State Code] Miscegenation declared a felony. Also forbid marriages between persons of

the Caucasian race and those persons with one fourth or more Chinese or

Kanaka blood.

1953: Adoption [Statute] Adoption petition must state race or color of adopting parents.

Pennsylvania

1869: Education [Statute] Black children prohibited from attending Pittsburgh schools.

1956: Adoption [Statute] Petition must state race or color of adopting parents.

Rhode Island

1872: Miscegenation [State Code] Prohibited intermarriage. Penalty: $1,000 fine, or up to six months'

imprisonment.

1960: Voting [Statute] Not until 1928 did Rhode Island permit men and women who did not own

property to vote in city elections.

South Carolina

• "No persons, firms, or corporations, who or which furnish meals to passengers at station restaurants or station eating houses, in times limited by common carriers of said passengers, shall furnish said meals to white and colored passengers in the same room, or at the same table, or at the same counter."

• "It shall be unlawful for any parent, relative, or other white person in this State, having the control or custody of any white child, by right of guardianship, natural or acquired, or otherwise, to dispose of, give or surrender such white child permanently into the custody, control, maintenance, or support, of a negro."

South Dakota

Enacted three miscegenation laws between 1809 and 1913, and a 1952 statute

that required adoption petitions to state the race of both the petitioner

and child. A 1913 miscegenation law broadened the list of races

unacceptable as marriage partners for whites to include persons belonging

to the "African, Korean, Malayan, or Mongolian race." This law reflected

the nation's growing tension over the massive waves of immigrants entering

the country during the early twentieth century. The miscegenation law was

repealed in 1957.

1909: Miscegenation [Statute] Intermarriage or illicit cohabitation forbidden between blacks and whites.

Penalty: Felony, punishable by a fine up to $1,000, or by imprisonment up

to ten years, or both.

1913: Miscegenation [Statute] Law expanded to prohibit marriage between whites and persons belonging to

the "African, Corean, [Korean] Malayan, or Mongolian race." Penalty:

Felony, punishable by a fine up to $1,000, or by imprisonment in state

prison up to ten years, or both.

1929: Miscegenation [Statute] Miscegenation declared a felony. Also forbid marriages between persons of

the Caucasian, Asian and Malay races.

1952: Adoption [State Code] Adoption petitions must state race of petitioner and child.

Texas

Twenty-seven Jim Crow laws were passed in the Lone Star state from 1866 to 1958. Some examples include:

• 1950: Separate facilities required for white and black citizens in state parks

• 1953: Public carriers to be segregated

• 1958: No child compelled to attend schools that are racially mixed. No desegregation unless approved by election. Governor may close schools where troops used on federal authority.

Utah

Four miscegenation laws were passed in Utah between 1888 and 1953,

prohibiting intermarriage between whites and those of African or Asian

descent. School segregation was barred in 1895. The state's miscegenation

law was repealed in 1963.

1888: Miscegenation [Statute] Intermarriage prohibited between a Negro and a white person, and between a

"Mongolian" and a white person.

1907: Miscegenation [Statute] Marriage laws amended, with earlier intermarriage provision remaining the

same.

1933: Miscegenation [Statute] Prohibited marriages between persons of the Caucasian and Asian races.