Listed below is an excerpt from post I made in
thread at another Mixed-Race discussion forum.
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Statement(s): (from "wergifts2" <soaptalk@h...>)
Fact #1) There is no such thing as a "light-skinned Black".
Fact #2) The term "light-skinned Black" is an OXYMORON.
Fact #3) If a person who has been categorized as "black"
is also "light skinned" that means that they are
Mixed-Race ... and that they are not 'Black'.
Fact #4) A person's Socio-Political "Identification" is not
the same thing as their "Ancestral Admixture"
Question: (from "chief_mulatto_native" <zacariascaramelo@...>):
I agree with you, but what about Frank
Sweet's view that there are light skinned
Africans -- without admixture -- in
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Answer: (from "wergifts2" <soaptalk@h...>)
Here is my view in regards to the speculations presented
by Mr. Sweet -- and thank you, by the way, for asking:
Fraud Sweet is not a Geneticist and he has absolutely
no background whatsoever in the field of Genetics.
Sweet is simply an individual who, now having completed
his Master's degree in History, enjoys falsely presenting
himself as being an alleged expert in the field of Genetics.
The TRUE expert in the field of Genetics is famed
scientist Dr. Luigi Cavelli-Sforza (who, by the
way, is not only the world's leading Geneticist, but is
also known as ' the Father of Modern Genetics' and is
the Executive Director of 'The Human Genome Project').
Dr. Cavelii-Sforza has proven repeatedly that various and
biased speculations -- such as those consistently made by the
Fraud Sweet's of the world -- wherein false claims are made
about "light-complexioned / non-admixed populations being
found in
Dr. Cavelli-Sforza and his team of the world's top experts in
the field of Genetics (and multiple teams besides his) have
done genetic studies on these light-complexioned Africans
(who are falsely alleged to have been non-admixed people).
Cavelli-Sforza's team of the world's top experts in the
field of Genetics -- has repeatedly proven that they were
ALL of continually Mixed-Race lineage throughout
the multiple generations of their various families.
They have proven the same thing in regards to
North African, East African, Polynesian
and Aboriginal populations as well.
In addition, Sweet (the guy with a Master's degree in History
and no background whatsoever in the field of Genetics) ----
is also one of those individuals who both believes in and who
chooses to tout the false so-called "statistic" that the various
MGM-Mixed members of the largely (+70%) multi-racially
admixed Ethnic group that is currently known by the misnomer
of African-American (AA) actually have a White / European
lineage of no more than a mere 18-20% (AND he also practically
refuses to acknowledge any of their Amerindian lineage altogether).
Dr. Cavelli-Sforza (the world's leading Geneticist) -- and his team
composed of the world's top experts in the field of Genetics has --
on the other hand -- repeatedly PROVEN that the average
(+70%) person born to two parents who are of the AA 'Ethnic' group
has a minimum White / European lineage of no less than 30%.
In addition, his team is currently looking into studies on
the rather obvious Amerindian lineage of the AAs as well.
Here is more information to support the studies,
the claims and the conclusions of the world's leading
Geneticist and the Father of Modern Genetics -----
Dr. Luigi Cavelli Sforza (who is the Executive Director
of the Human Genome Project) --- and his team of the
world's top experts in the field of Genetics in regards
to the documented and proven Mixed-Race lineage of
groups such as the so-called African-Americans (AAs):
[[[[
Most AAs have 20-30% European
& +25% Amerindian Admixture
The figures listed below clearly support data
repeatedly presented that says most people
who are born to two parents who are both
members of the largely `Multi'-racially-Mixed
`Ethnic' group that is currently referred to by
the misnomer of `African-American' (AA)
.... have, on average, a +20%-30%
European and a +25% Amerindian
ancestral blood lineage admixture.
[Note: The largely `Multi'-racially-Mixed `Ethnic'
group known as African-American (AA) is
not the same as the `Mono'-racial `Race'
group known as `Black-American' (BA).]
Some data is available via an internet link other
may require looking at a book or research thesis.
THE FACTS regarding the +30% White European admixture
that is found in the ancestral lineage of most (+70%) of all AAs
*****"MtDNA data exist for many of
these same groups; estimates of the
European-American genetic contribution to the
African-American gene pool were 27.5%-33.6%
In addition, admixture between African-Americans
and European-Americans may have occurred to
different extents in different parts of the U.S. further
contributing to geographic structure in the patterns
of genetic variation in African-American populations.
Similar concerns hold for the other ethnic
U.S. populations, in particular Hispanics,
as they are defined primarily by cultural
criteria and not geographic origin
. ~
27.5%-33.6% of African-American
Y-chromosomes were determined to
be of European-American ancestry
the resulting estimate of the European-American
genetic contribution to African-Americans was
32.6%, which is not significantly different
from the estimate of 33.6%...
We found no significant heterogeneity among
regional groups of African-Americans
........
the amount of admixture of African-Americans
with European-Americans is thought to have
varied across different geographic regions
of the U.S., with generally higher levels of
admixture observed in Northern groups
other studies find a more complex relationship between
the amount of admixture and geographic region ...
Our estimates of the European-American
genetic contribution to African-Americans
are quite similar across regional geographic
groups and do not vary significantly
A further complicating factor is migration among
geographic regions within the United States
migration of African-Americans within
the United States may have been extensive
The lack of geographic heterogeneity observed
in African-American mtDNA and Y-chromosome
types may thus reflect this
Previous studies 'based on nuclear loci '
have generally found ~20% European genetic
contribution to African-American populations
Our results indicate substantially
higher contribution of European-American
Y-chromosome (27.5%-33.6%)
this disparity
in admixture estimates for the Y-chromosome
versus mtDNA reflects the greater genetic
contribution of European-American men
than women to African-Americans
during the slavery period.
Our results support the view that the dynamics
of the European-American genetic contribution
to African-Americans is more complicated than
a simple north-south division would suggest
The European-American genetic
contribution to African-Americans was
estimated by two different methods.
--- The first method is based on a coalescent approach
that incorporates both allele frequencies as well
as the molecular distance among alleles
--- The second method is an assignment test
calculated on the basis of genotype frequencies
SOURCE:
[[(Destro-Bisol, G., Maviglia, R., Caglia, A., Boschi, I.,
Spedini, G., Pascali, V., Clark, A., and Tishkoff, S. 1999.
Estimating European admixture in African Americans by using
microsatellites and a microsatellite haplotype (CD4/Alu).
Hum. Genet. 104: 149-157 .Jackson, F. 2000.
Anthropological measurement:
The mismeasure of African Americans.
Ann. Am. Acad. Pol. Soc. Sci. 568: 154-171 .
Parra, E., Marcini, A., Akey, J., Martinson, J.,
Batzer, M., Cooper, R., Forrester, T., Allison,
D., Deka, R., Ferrell, R. 1998.
Estimating African American admixture proportions
by use of population-specific alleles.
Am. J. Hum. Genet. 63: 1839-1851."
http://www.shouxi.net/journal/articleinfo.aspx?art_id=43735]]]]
FACT:
*****"African Americans, on the average,
have
30% European ancestry.
Skin color is an imperfect measure
Possibly the best method tests blood groups;
different racial groups have different rates
of certain blood groups, allowing one to
make a statistical estimate of ancestry."
SOURCE:
[[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2699/is_0005/ai_2699000597]]
And it is also recommended that people either
purchase of pick up a copy from their local
library of the book "Genes, People and Languages"
-- written by Dr. Luigi Cavelli-Sforza (who is
the world's leading geneticist and director
of the Human Genome Diversity Project).
wherein Dr. Cavelli-Sforza concludes a 30%
European admixture found within the ancestral
lineage of the average person who is a member
of the African-American `ethnic' group.
FACT:
[[[Other
terms [used] to refer to
African-Americans are mulatto and colored.
While not as common as "mixed" or "biracial,"
or even "multiracial," mulatto is still
sometimes used to refer to people of
mixed parentage and, despite its origin.]]
SOURCE:
http://www.tea-center.com/articles/African_American
http://www.ranau.net/articles/African_Americans?mySession=dcfbc604d85635cd1bd4f54a0cf3933c
http://www.1-bike.com/articles/African_American?mySession=267816c413c3b3960847c142399cbf87 ]]]
Listed below are some links regarding the AAs and a brief essay on
the impact that the dreaded, racist `One-Drop Rule' has had on them
in acknowledging that they are a largely(+70) multi-racial `Ethnic'
group much like Latinos, Arabs, Metis, etc. are also Mixed-Race.
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ADDITIONAL COMMENTARY:
[["From the very beginning, racial categorization
was an expression of social status (value)
of particular groups in society.
Race was considered by the "White" elite
as a natural distinction in human identity.
Following the US Constitution, "Blacks" were
counted as three-fifths of a person, and
until 1850 "Blacks" in the
categorized as either "slave" or "free colored".
Early censuses did not count Indians unless
they were "Civilized" the latter being those who
did not live on reservations and who paid taxes.
The 1870 census classified the indigenous
population as "Pure Indians" and "Half-breeds".
Only after 1924, when American Indians were
given citizenship, they began to be classified in a
single racial category according to the
The 1850 and 1860 censuses used the categories
"Black" and "Mulatto" (tabulations would aggregate
under the term "colored") for free African descended
people, and from the 1910 to the 1930 census the
term "Mulatto" was used again together with
"Negro" to classify African descendents.
The temporary usage of a term [mulatto] to
classify admixed people in the
supported the polygenist theory of the superiority
of "Whites", which additionally contended that
hybrid racial species were less fertile and
had shorter life spans than pure-race persons.
For this purpose, the class "Mulatto" was
defined as including anyone having
any percentage of African blood.
"Mulatto" was perceived by the color of the
skin by census enumerators and was not
based on genealogical history.
It referred to people in whom the mixture
of "White" and "Black" was visible.
[As a result, a lot of people who actually were
'authentic mulattoes' -- yet had a phenotype which
reflected more of their 'Black' lineage rather than
their non-Black lineage -- were not included in the
numeration if the census worker decided that they
would choose to see them as 'Black' instead.
In addition, many people who were actually
of Quadroon or Octoroon lineage were
erroneously listed as Mulatto prior to 1890.]
The 1890 census "refined"
this admixed racial category:
Besides "Mulattos" it included the categories
"Quadroon" (one Black grandparent or one
mulatto parent and the other white) and
"Octoroon" (a Black great-grandparent or
one Quadroon parent and the other White)
to further distinguish the level of Black blood.
The "Mulatto" category remained in the 1910
and 1920 censuses, but was dropped in 1930 by
census officials who claimed it was inaccurate.
Consistent with racist laws, the terminology
for admixed populations was eventually
substituted by "Non-White" categories based
on the "One Drop of non-White Blood" rule.
The 1930
of mixed White and Negro blood should be
returned [classified] a Negro,
p.1741).
The ideology behind the "One-Drop" rule was one
against miscegenation and shaped the "Black"
and "White" racial divide of the
It was not that admixture did not exist .... but that it
was seen as something to be prevented and reduced.
From then until the 2000 census,
racial classification in the
not give any room for multiracial classification.
Nonetheless, in earlier censuses, a small
number of persons checked the "other"
race category and specified that they
belonged to multiple-race categories.
The concept of race based on ancestry in
the US racial taxonomy and the absence
of a multiracial category is likely to raise
difficulties for many admixed people."]]
SOURCE:
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-311X2004000300003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
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MORE COMMENTARY:
[[[Other
terms [historically used] to refer to
African-Americans are Mulatto and Colored.
While not as common as "mixed" or as
"biracial," or even "multiracial," mulatto is
still sometimes used to refer to people of
mixed parentage and, despite its origin.]]
SOURCE:
http://www.tea-center.com/articles/African_American
http://www.ranau.net/articles/African_Americans?mySession=dcfbc604d85635cd1bd4f54a0cf3933c
http://www.1-bike.com/articles/African_American?mySession=267816c413c3b3960847c142399cbf87
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"chief_mulatto_native" <zacariascaramelo@...> wrote:
I agree with you, but what about Frank Sweet's view that
there are light skinned Africans without admixture in Africa?
I want to hear your comment on that one.
"wergifts2" <soaptalk@...> wrote:
Fact #1) There is no such thing as a "light-skinned Black".
Fact #2) The term "light-skinned Black" is an OXYMORON.
Fact #3) If a person who has been categorized as "black"
is also "light skinned" that means that they are
Mixed-Race ... and that they are not 'Black'.
Fact #4) A person's Socio-Political "Identification" is not
the same thing as their "Ancestral Admixture"
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